先进非能动压水堆核电站燃料组件轴向燃耗分布研究

燃料组件的轴向燃耗分布以及末端效应是燃耗信任制技术应用中的难点。基于先进非能动压水堆核电站的运行模式及组件设计特点,结合可能的燃料管理策略,统计轴向两端使用低富集度抑制区的乏燃料组件,生成轴向燃耗包络线。以 AP1000堆型的乏燃料贮存单元为例,通过分析统计,证明生成的轴向燃耗包络线用于临界安全分析是保守的。在此基础上,详细研究燃料组件顶部的低富集度抑制区对末端效应的贡献,并对燃料组件进行设计改进,减小至消除末端效应,为简化乏燃料组件相关的临界安全分析提供了一个方法。相关研究工作及成果,是先进非能动压水堆核电站乏燃料组件相关的设施设备的临界安全设计的基础,可为其他堆型的相应研究提供参考和借鉴。     

燃耗信任制临界计算中保守性因素研究

在运用燃耗信任制技术进行乏燃料储存、运输等环节的临界安全分析时,临界计算所采用的条件是否具有足够的包络性十分关键。本文借助于OECD/NEA发布的若干燃耗信任制临界安全基准题,使用SCALE5.1软件中的STARBUCS模块进行分析,对信任核素选取、乏燃料冷却时间以及端末效应等因素对乏燃料系统临界安全性的影响进行了研究,得出了各参数保守性的有关结论。     

燃耗信任在PWR乏燃料贮存水池临界安全设计中的应用和发展综述

本文述评了燃耗信任在PWR乏燃料贮存水池核临界安全设计中的应用和发展现状，主要包括燃耗信任对临界应用的原理、规范和标准现状、国外发展动态，燃耗信任水平，信任同位素组选择，辐照历史、运行条件和冷却时间的考虑，轴向燃耗分布的末端效应，装载曲线和燃耗验证等．     

压水堆核电厂反应堆轴向功率分布控制

本文介绍了采用低维等效原理和综合法技术,研制成功的压水堆轴向功率偏移控制和负荷跟踪计算程序。该程序为我国秦山二期2×600MW 核电厂反应堆的核设计提供了急需的计算手段。程序的计算精度满足工程设计的要求。本文还利用此程序完成了该反应堆负荷跟踪计算和各种典型的运行功率瞬态分析,初步确定了该反应堆的运行控制方式和轴向功率偏移的安全保护定值。     

HFETR乏燃料元件密集贮存计算与分析

由于高通量工程试验堆（ＨＦＥＴＲ）乏燃料元件密集贮存的必要性和急迫性,用３个程序（ＦＧ２ＤＢ、ＣＥＬＬ、ＣＩＴＡＩＯＮ）做了临界计算,对密集贮存的乏燃料元件的剩余释热进行了计算分析。结果表明,不锈钢管式密集贮存架有足够的监界安全裕度和剩余释热裕度,如果采用燃耗信任制,密集贮存架的容量还可进一步增大５０％。     

燃耗信任制的应用方法

在临界安全分析中采用燃耗信任制可在确保安全性的基础上带来巨大的经济效益。本文详细介绍了当前燃耗信任制的应用方法,如何确定所考虑的核素种类和确定燃耗计算状态得出保守的核素核子密度以及如何确定轴向燃耗分布不均匀的组件的置信燃耗深度,最后将燃耗信任制应用于某乏燃料溶解器,比较了此方法带来的效果。     

基于燃耗信任制的核电厂乏燃料贮存水池临界计算

为研究初始富集度为4.95%的新型燃料组件卸料后高密度贮存的可行性,以岭澳核电站3、4号机组乏燃料贮存水池为例,利用SCALE5.1程序系统中基于燃耗信任制的STARBUCS临界计算程序,分析了该新型燃料组件在不同燃耗情况下,锕系核素和裂变产物的产额变化及其对反应性的影响;基于锕系加裂变产物信任水平,计算了燃料组件在不同燃耗深度和不同贮存年限情况下的乏燃料贮存水池临界安全性;给出了乏燃料贮存水池Ⅱ区的参考装载曲线。计算表明:该新型燃料组件在燃耗达到45 GWd.t-1(U)后可以高密度贮存在乏燃料贮存水池Ⅱ区。     

乏燃料贮存燃耗信任制计算的敏感元素分析

燃耗信任制的应用分析需要计算乏燃料系统的反应性,为了保证临界安全需要保证分析结果的包络性,为此需要考虑到各种不同燃耗因素对于分析结果的影响。采用SCALE程序包中的STARBUCS模块,通过对OECD/NEA发布的Phase-IA及Phase-IIA基准题的验证分析,研究了不同信任等级、堆芯运行参数等因子对乏燃料贮存系统临界安全的敏感性分析,并得出有益的结论。     

核电厂乏燃料贮存中燃耗效应的反应性余量研究

以秦山、大亚湾核电厂乏燃料贮存水池为模型，研究了燃料组件燃耗后，裂变产物积累所产生的中子附加吸收及燃料中易裂变材料的消耗对反应性的影响。     

Current status of spent fuels and the development of computer programs for the PWR spent fuel management in Korea

Nuclear power has supplied the national electric power demand for three decades in the Republic of Korea, which has resulted in the accumulation of a large amount of spent fuels. The government has a policy on the temporary storage of these at nuclear power plants at present. In order to establish a proper policy for spent fuel management in the near future, the characteristics and amount of spent fuels should be figured out properly. In this paper, the current status of spent fuels in the Republic of Korea is outlined focusing on the major characteristics of spent fuels such as initial enrichment and discharge burnup. According to the current trend, the average burnup of PWR spent fuels will reach 55 GWd/MtU by the middle of 2010s. Three different kinds of computer programs were developed to supply crucial data regarding spent fuels. The first one was developed to project the amount of spent fuels in the future based on three different projection models. The projection was verified with real spent fuel data. The second Database program was prepared for the analysis of statistics regarding PWR spent fuels. Each PWR spent fuel assembly was specified with 18 items of data such as fuel type, initial enrichment, and discharge burnup. The usefulness of the Database program was illustrated through an analysis of the geological disposal density and cooling time of PWR spent fuels. Disposal area could be reduced by 50% through a proper analysis of the cooling time of PWR spent fuels. Finally, A-SOURCE program was developed to easily calculate source-terms such as decay heat and radionuclide concentration after the pyro-processing of PWR spent fuel assemblies. Linked to the Database program, the A-SOURCE program selected PWR spent fuel assemblies and could calculate the source-terms for any combination of them. An illustration of the usage of the program was demonstrated.     

Implementation of the batch composition preserving genetic algorithm for burn up extension of a typical PWR

Nuclear reactor core is the heart of a power plant producing power from fissile fuel fission. Refueling is needed periodically when it becomes impossible to maintain the reactor operating at nominal power as a result of fuel burn up. In PWR core reloading, attention is drawn to the configuration that meets safety requirements and minimizes energy cost. This paper focuses on finding the best core configuration for a typical two-loop, 300 MWe PWR satisfying the objectives of power peaking factor minimization to enhance safety of the reactor and maximization of multiplication factor to increase fuel burn up. Multi-objective optimization of the first core has been accomplished by implementing the batch composition preserving genetic algorithms (GA). Neutronic calculations and burn up analysis of the optimized loading patterns have been carried out using available reactor physics codes. It is found from this study that burn up of the optimized core has been extended by 48 effective full power days (EFPD's) while satisfying safety criterion by keeping power peaking factor below the reference value.     

Numerical solutions for the kinematic model of pebble flow velocity profiles and its applications in pebble-bed nuclear reactor

The modular pebble-bed nuclear reactor (PBR) is a candidate Generation IV reactor being developed. The pebble flow in the very slow draining of fuel pebbles draws attention for its implications on core physical design and reactor physics analysis. One of the effective and simplified methods to address this problem is the kinematic model which is based on continuous theory to derive a diffusion equation for vertical velocity. This paper investigates the appropriate numerical solutions for the kinematic model of pebble flow velocity profiles in PBR geometry. Our method is based on a previously proposed transformed Cartesian coordinates and uses the implicit Crank–Nicholson integration scheme with two different treatments of the boundary conditions. Validations show that this numerical solution gives preferable agreements with the experimental results in the reference. Finally, the simulated velocity profiles are applied in the investigation of two pebble burnup-related issues, which are the pebble residence time prediction and the channel scheme in realistic high-temperature reactor pebble-bed modules reactor core geometry.     

Thinking outside the box: options for transport of high burnup spent fuel

Abstract

The current uncertainty surrounding the licensing and eventual opening of a long term geologic repository for the nation’s civilian and defense spent nuclear fuel and high level radioactive waste has shifted the window for the length of time spent fuel could be stored to periods of time significantly longer than the current licensing period of 40 years for dry storage. An alternative approach may be needed to the licensing of high burnup fuel for storage and transportation based on the assumption that spent fuel cladding may not always remain intact. The approach would permit spent fuel to be retrieved on a canister basis and could lessen the need for repackaging of spent fuel. This approach is being presented as a possible engineering solution to address the uncertainties and lack of data availability for cladding properties for high burnup fuel and extended storage time frames. The proposed approach does not involve relaxing current safety standards for criticality safety, containment, or permissible external dose rates.     

高通量工程试验堆燃料元件进一步加深燃耗研究

本文通过三维网程序对所选择的高通量工程试验堆参考堆芯作了三维计算，通过已知的实验结果论证了计算结果的准确性。从物理计算分析的角度看，ＨＦＥＴＲ元件在不超过最大燃耗为６７％这个限制值的提前下，盒平均燃耗限值可以由４５％和提高到５０％，同时元件的安全性能不变。     

Survey of experiments and code development for the passive residual heat removal system of PWR in China

Three different kinds of experiments and their typical results are surveyed for the passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) of PWR performed in Nuclear Power Institute of China (NPIC) recent ten years. The typical results of MISAP. a special code for PWR passive residual heat removal system developed and assessed by NPIC,are also described briefly in this paper.     

Study on severe accident mitigation measures for the development of PWR SAMG

In the development of the Severe Accident Management Guidelines （SAMG）, it is very important to choose the main severe accident sequences and verify their mitigation measures. In this article, Loss-of-Coolant Accident （LOCA）, Steam Generator Tube Rupture （SGTR）, Station Blackout （SBO）, and Anticipated Transients without Scram （ATWS） in PWR with 300 MWe are selected as the main severe accident sequences. The core damage progressions induced by the above-mentioned sequences are analyzed using SCDAP/RELAP5. To arrest the core damage progression and mitigate the consequences of severe accidents, the measures for the severe accident management （SAM） such as feed and bleed, and depressurizations are verified using the calculation. The results suggest that implementing feed and bleed and depressurization could be an effective way to arrest the severe accident sequences in PWR.     

压水堆核电站主回路安装设计改进

分析了现有压水堆核电站主回路安装设计的特征,并提出相应改进方案,通过对现有技术和改进技术的对比,阐述了反应堆冷却剂系统主回路安装设计改进技术的优点,希望能对提高压水堆核电站主回路的安装及质量控制水平起到促进作用。     

流体物性对冷中子源冷包截面含气率的影响模化研究

采用差压法测出了冷中子源模拟冷包中环形通道内不同层面的平均含气率,发现液相的表面张力与密度的比值是决定截面含气率的主要物性因素;此比值越大,含气率越低。氟利昂113的表面张力与密度的比值比液氢的相应值低。故可以选用氟利昂113作为模拟工质对中国先进研究堆冷中子源中气液两相氢循环的含气率进行模拟研究,且试验结果将偏于保守。