旋流燃烧室内冷态和热态流场的三维数值模拟分析

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型以及有限化学反应速率涡破碎模型(Eddy break up)对Allied Signal公司75 kW微型燃气轮机旋流燃烧室内冷态和热态时气流三维流动过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明,燃烧室火焰筒内热态时与冷态时的流场相似,烧室火焰筒内都有3个回流区,3个回流区的存在将有助于燃料的连续点火和火焰的稳定;燃烧室内热态三维流场的中心回流区长度小于冷态时的中心回流区长度,气流的轴向速度也大于相应的冷态轴向速度,而且掺冷孔空气射流对环向速度分布的影响小于冷态时的影响。     

Triggering Detonation in an Annular Flow Chamber

The Navier–Stokes equations were used to carry out the numerical modeling of chemically reactive gas flow in an annular flow chamber. The model was based on laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy for nonstationary two-dimensional compressible gas flow in the case of axial symmetry with a tangential component of the gas velocity. Viscosity, thermal conductivity, and turbulence were taken into account. Fuel and oxidizer were fed into the chamber separately, and heat release in the chemical reaction zone was largely determined by the rate of turbulent mixing of the gas components. The possibility of burning out of the mixture in the chamber was demonstrated numerically. Detonation failure can occur if reagents temporarily cease to be fed into the chamber, which can be caused by high pressure in the reaction zone. With short combustion chamber lengths, there are the underburning of fuel and the release of unreacted hydrogen into the atmosphere.     

含细长颗粒的洗涤冷却室内的多相分布特性

采用改进的直接取样法,在按几何尺寸缩小的工业气化炉洗涤冷却室冷模装置内,同时测量不同操作条件下的轴径向局部固含率和气含率,对细长颗粒在洗涤冷却室内的多相分布特性进行研究。结果表明：以下降管出口截面为界,洗涤冷却室可分为上部气液固混合区和下部固液流动区,其中上部区域由下降管出口区、破泡板作用区和气垫层区组成,下部区域由气相湍动作用区、回流区和二次流动区组成;在颗粒阻碍效应减速沉降和团聚效应加速沉降的共同作用下,轴向固含率呈现波动分布;环隙气速、固相体积分数和长径比的增加均会增强床层的湍动,促进气体的径向扩散;操作条件的改变使颗粒的漂移速度发生改变,径向固含率分布出现波动;在气相扰动和回流作用下,二次流动区呈现环状流动,流体和颗粒的"壁面效应"使该区域的固含率呈现中心高边壁低的特点。     

通过技术创新提高气-气换热器的可靠性

介绍了Aker Solutions公司的最新技术创新——OPx~（TM）换热器及其在硫酸装置冷换热器、冷再热换热器和SO_3冷却器中的应用。该换热器采用带丝网垫的分离室捕集SO_2气体夹带的大颗粒酸雾,并采用热SO_3气体分流的逆/并流设计确保最低管壁温度始终高于酸蒸气露点。这些特点可有效减轻酸雾和酸蒸气冷凝腐蚀,提高气-气换热器的运行可靠性。     

Initiation of detonation in flows of fuel-air mixtures

Regimes of self-ignition of the fuel mixture obtained by controlled separate injection of hydrogen and air into a plane-radial vortex chamber with a rapid (0.2 msec) transition to detonation have been realized for the first time. Self-ignition occurs in the stoichiometric region with a slightly higher (up to 6–30%) content of hydrogen and, normally, in a subsonic flow. The energy of guaranteed detonation initiation is determined for combustors of different geometries and different ratios of fuel components by using a thermal pulse produced by blasting a wire by electric current. Detonation initiation is ensured by using energy of 0.1 J. It is found that the main contribution of energy into the flow of the mixture occurs at the stage of evaporation (ionization) of copper of the blasted wire. The continuous spin detonation regime is found to decay as the exit cross section of the combustor is reduced. In the regime of combustion, both detonation and conventional turbulent combustion, the pressure at the periphery of the plane-radial vortex chamber is lower and the pressure at the edge of the exit orifice is higher than that in the case of exhaustion of cold fuel components. __________ Translated from Fizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 110–120, May–June, 2007.     

方型多火嘴石油化工管式炉中辐射室三维流动及传热的数学模拟

提出方型石油化工管式炉中辐射室的三维流动和传热的数学模型.对某焦化炉计算的结果与实测数据进行了初步比较并作出讨论.     

Strömungsturbulenz und Verbrennung

Turbulent flow and combustion . Flame-generated turbulence was long a topic of lively discussion. Since the hot gases arising on combustion are much more viscous than, e.g. cold air and cold natural gas, the Reynolds number of a flow system is more likely to fall. Indeed, combustion is observed to promote laminar flow at low Reynolds numbers. The concept of “flame-generated” turbulence was imprecisely defined; a predominant thought was concerned with the turbulence-reinforcing effect of combustion in an existing field of turbulent flow. Some authors doubted whether such an effect is possible. Meanwhile, it has been established that combustion can affect turbulent exchange in various ways, as demonstrated in this paper.     

Coal char temperature profile estimation using optical reflectance for a commercial-scale Sasol-Lurgi FBDB gasifier

In the Sasol-Lurgi fixed-bed dry-bottom (FBDB) gasifier the temperature in the combustion zone should not exceed the melting point of the ash-forming minerals, causing them to melt/flow and agglomerate. Sintering of ash particles is considered desirable in Sasol-Lurgi FBDB gasification, since it promotes easy gas flow, whereas clinkering creates channeling and localized “hot spots”, leading to unstable gasifier operation. Due to the counter-current mode of operation, hot ash exchanges heat with the cold incoming agent (steam and oxygen), while at the same time hot raw gas exchanges heat with cold incoming coal. This results in the ash and raw gas leaving the gasifier at relatively low temperatures compared to other types of gasifiers, which improves the thermal efficiency and lowers the steam consumption.Vitrinite reflectance analyses were performed on a range of Sasol-Lurgi MK IV commercial-scale gasifier turn-out samples, applying ISO standards 7404-5. Average temperature profile measurements of the solid particles, successfully revealed the temperature range occurring within the various zones of the gasifier. The average (mean) temperature ranged from ca. 400 °C up to 850 °C within the pyrolysis region. In this region of the gasifier, the particle surface temperature and peak temperature showed visible evidence of heat transfer limitations occurring through lump coal when compared to the mean particle temperature. This provides some evidence of the complex radial and localized behaviour occurring within the averaged axial sample slices. In the oxidizing and combustion regimes, exothermic conditions prevail and heat transfer differences across the particles are minimized. A characteristic spike, indicative of an increase in temperature, was found in the sample taken directly above the ash-grate, seeming to indicate that agent distribution through the nozzles positioned just above the grate is not uniform, resulting in localized oxygen concentration increases with subsequent “hot-spots” and channel-burning occurring. Homogenization of the ash bed could help to optimize the agent distribution within the reactor.The surface temperature profile of the gasifier solids was thus found to be in reasonable agreement with literature, albeit that different coal types and temperature profile estimation methods were utilized.     

相变蓄热冷凝热回收实验研究

当今能源紧缺问题严重,回收空调冷凝热用来制备生活热水可以节约部分能源,因此设计制作了相变蓄热冷凝热回收系统,并进行了相变蓄热实验、空调运行及有无相变蓄热器运行参数对比实验、蓄热器放热实验及冷水温升与流量的关系实验、空调运行制取热水实验。可以看出,利用在空调系统中增加相变蓄热器的方法可以有效回收空调机组的冷凝显热。空调系统在增加蓄热装置后,运行状况良好。相变蓄热器放热过程中,大流量情况下冷水的温升偏小。如放热过程中空调机组同时运行,可以相应提高冷水升高的温度。     

Numerical modelling of hydrothermal fluid flow and heat transfer in a tubular heat exchanger under near critical conditions

Continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis processes are of interest for the manufacture of nanoparticle metal oxides. In such processes, nanoparticle nuclei (in a slurry) which are initially formed, may continue to grow and agglomerate to generate larger particles as they pass through the synthesis apparatus. These processes can widen the size distribution and also affect the ultimate particle shape in the recovered product. Therefore, fast cooling or quenching the initial nanoparticle slurry using a highly efficient heat exchanger may minimise or stop further crystallisation/agglomeration processes. This may be achieved by optimising the design of the heat exchanger based on detailed examination of flow patterns and heat transfer profiles using a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling approach. The predicted flow and heat transfer patterns in the heat exchanger can also provide detailed information for the identification of any heat transfer deterioration or hot spots where further reactions may occur. This paper employs a CFD modelling approach to simulate the heat transfer processes in a tubular heat exchanger of a continuous hydrothermal flow synthesis system and also to examine the effect of various operating conditions, including inlet temperature and flowrate of hot slurry and inlet flowrate of cooling water, on the fluid and thermal features in the heat exchanger. The simulated results show that the predicted temperature and heat transfer coefficient are in good agreement with experimental measurements.     

Dynamic modeling and simulations of the behavior of a fixed‐bed reactor‐exchanger used for CO2 methanation

A multidimensional heterogeneous and dynamic model of a fixed‐bed heat exchanger reactor used for CO₂ methanation has been developed in this work that is based on mass, energy and momentum balances in the gas phase and mass and energy balances for the catalyst phase. The dynamic behavior of this reactor is simulated for transient variations in inlet gas temperature, cooling temperature, gas inlet flow rate, and outlet pressure. Simulation results showed that wrong‐way behaviors can occur for any abrupt temperature changes. Conversely, temperature ramp changes enable to attenuate and even fade the wrong‐way behavior. Traveling hot spots appear only when the change of an operating condition shifts the reactor from an ignited steady state to a non‐ignited one. Inlet gas flow rate variations reveal overshoots and undershoots of the reactor maximum temperature. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 468–480, 2018     

Computational Fluid Dynamics of Co-Production of Zinc and Syngas in a Solar Reactor

In this paper, the production of Zn and H₂ in a 4 kW solar reactor has been investigated. Utilization of a renewable energy source increases the importance of this work. The effect of changes in reactor geometry was analyzed, and, with changing different parameters, their effects were investigated. At constant thermal energy rate, with increasing CH₄ inlet gas flow rate there is a decrease in reaction chamber temperature and therefore in reactor efficiency. Increasing rotation of reaction chamber causes its temperature to increase, where an increase of 150% in rotation caused a 1% increase in efficiency. With the increase in thermal energy rate, thermal efficiency was increased. Also, with increasing rate of thermal energy, the rate of chemical reaction that produces Zn and H₂ increased. The geometry used in the light beams concentrator section causes the occurrence of maximum temperature in the desired point (cylindrical chamber) which increases system efficiency significantly.     

新型中空纤维空气隙式膜蒸馏用于海水淡化

利用自制的添加隔热管状隔网并呈螺旋缠绕结构编排的中空纤维膜组件进行了空气隙式膜蒸馏(AGMD)海水淡化过程性能研究, 实验以模拟标准海水(质量分数3.5%, 总溶解性固体含量35000 mg·L^-1)为热料液进水, 考察了热料液进水温度、热料液流量、冷凝液进水温度和冷凝液流量对膜通量、造水比和热效率的影响。结果表明, 随着热料液进水温度增加, 膜通量、造水比和热效率均增加;冷凝液进水温度增加, 膜通量下降而造水比和热效率增加;热料液流量增加, 膜通量上升而造水比和热效率明显下降;冷凝液进水流量对膜蒸馏过程性能影响较小。实验过程中产水TDS始终保持在3.0 mg·L^-1以下, 相应的离子去除率高于99.99%, 膜通量、造水比和热效率最高可分别达5.87 L·m^-2·h^-1、5.37和0.943。研究表明, 引入清洁能源取代传统电加热驱动热源将进一步突出膜蒸馏技术的实际应用潜力。     

A Parametric Study of Spray Drying of a Solution in a Pulsating High-Temperature Turbulent Flow

Spray drying of a concentrated common salt (NaCl) solution carried out in the intense oscillating high-temperature turbulent flow field generated in the tailpipe of a pulse combustor was simulated. Simulation of such transport process problems is especially crucial since the environmental conditions are too hostile for detailed and reliable measurements. The momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes between the gas and droplet phases during drying were simulated using a computational fluid dynamic solver. The simulated profiles of flow field, temperature, and humidity of gaseous phase, and particle trajectories in a drying chamber are presented and discussed. The effects of gas temperature, pulse frequency and amplitude, and gas mass flow rate on the transient flow patterns, droplet trajectories, and overall dryer performance were investigated. Different turbulence models were also tested. Simulation results show that the flow field and droplet drying conditions vary widely during a single pulsating period. Very short drying times and very high drying rate characterize pulse combustion spray drying. Thus, pulse combustion drying can be applied to drying of fine droplets of highly heat-sensitive materials although the jet temperature initially is extremely high.     

A Parametric Study of Spray Drying of a Solution in a Pulsating High-Temperature Turbulent Flow

Spray drying of a concentrated common salt (NaCl) solution carried out in the intense oscillating high-temperature turbulent flow field generated in the tailpipe of a pulse combustor was simulated. Simulation of such transport process problems is especially crucial since the environmental conditions are too hostile for detailed and reliable measurements. The momentum, heat, and mass transfer processes between the gas and droplet phases during drying were simulated using a computational fluid dynamic solver. The simulated profiles of flow field, temperature, and humidity of gaseous phase, and particle trajectories in a drying chamber are presented and discussed. The effects of gas temperature, pulse frequency and amplitude, and gas mass flow rate on the transient flow patterns, droplet trajectories, and overall dryer performance were investigated. Different turbulence models were also tested. Simulation results show that the flow field and droplet drying conditions vary widely during a single pulsating period. Very short drying times and very high drying rate characterize pulse combustion spray drying. Thus, pulse combustion drying can be applied to drying of fine droplets of highly heat-sensitive materials although the jet temperature initially is extremely high.     

Stationary and traveling hot spots in the catalytic combustion of hydrogen in monoliths

In the course of catalytic combustion of hydrogen (1-5% H₂ in air) in monolith reactors, strongly localized stationary and traveling hot spots arise in response to a sudden and persistent rise of gas flow velocity. Such hot spots may occur, e.g. in a catalytic converter following the acceleration of a car or in a catalytic combustor as a result of a load increase. This phenomenon is illustrated by simulations using a two-phase reactor model. The temperature overshoot of the adiabatic limit is typically of the order of the adiabatic temperature rise itself.The following mechanism underlies this behavior. Light fuel is supplied to the catalytic wall by fast diffusion (in the direction perpendicular to flow), while the heat released by reaction is removed from the wall by the slower, mixture-averaged heat conduction. This leads to accumulation of heat at the catalytic surface that eventually saturates at high temperatures. The hot spots may exhibit intricate dynamics, propagating downstream or upstream, or they may remain stationary. The direction of propagation depends on the relative strength of convective downstream and conductive upstream contributions to the overall displacement of reaction fronts. Generally, the hot spot tends to drift downstream at low flow velocities, remain stationary at intermediate flow velocities, and drift upstream at high flow velocities.     

基于湍流模型的S-CO2干气密封流场与稳态性能分析

为探究湍流效应对S-CO₂干气密封性能的影响规律,以螺旋槽干气密封为研究对象,引用考虑离心惯性力效应的湍流Reynolds方程,选择Ng-Pan湍流系数表达式,采用物性软件REFPROP对CO₂真实物性进行计算。之后,根据普适能量方程,通过引入包含湍流效应、离心惯性力效应的平均速度,建立了可压缩流体简化能量方程。通过对湍流Reynolds方程与简化能量方程进行耦合求解,分析讨论了不同工况参数与平均膜厚下湍流效应对密封性能的影响。研究表明：湍流效应使得气膜流场内压力与温度分布发生显著变化,流场计算时不可忽略;在不同进口压力、进口温度下,湍流下的开启力和泄漏率显示出与层流一致的变化趋势;在不同平均膜厚下,考虑湍流效应后的开启力呈现出与层流不同的变化规律,而泄漏率表现出与层流相同的变化趋势;在不同进口压力、进口温度、平均膜厚下,湍流下的开启力和泄漏率均比层流下的低,且在两种流态下的这种差异随着进口压力、进口温度、平均膜厚的增大而逐渐增大;在不同转速下,开启力和泄漏率在湍流下分别表现出与层流不同的变化趋势。这些结果为进一步研究湍流效应对S-CO₂干气密封的影响提供了支撑。     

Experimental Studies on the Influence of Operational Parameters on the Cold Start of a 2 kW Fuel Cell

In this paper, experimental investigations on the influence of operational parameters on PEM fuel cell cold start are presented. The effect of current density, stack impedance at 1 kHz prior to start, as well as gas flow rate, gas pressure, coolant flow rate and surrounding subfreezing temperature are studied. The experimental apparatus is briefly described. It includes a main unit at room temperature and a smaller separate unit in a climatic chamber. Low current density, high impedance prior to start, moderate subfreezing temperature (–5 °C), high gas flow rate, low gas pressure and low coolant flow rate are found to have a positive impact on the cold start performance. Combining these parameters, self start‐up of the fuel cell without additional energy is achieved at –5 °C in 30 min. The whole set of observations leads to the following hypotheses on freeze mechanism: in the first phase, dry membranes and low current lead to a transient phase of membrane humidification. Then, in the second phase, ice clogging of the active layers occurs. In the third phase, a variable quantity of the produced water reaches the gas diffusion layers and channels.     

CFD simulations of hydrodynamic/thermal coupling phenomena in a bubble column with internals

CFD simulations have been carried out in a full three‐dimensional, unsteady, Eulerian framework to simulate hydrodynamic/thermal coupling in a bubble column with internals. A first part of the study, dedicated to the hydrodynamic/thermal coupling in liquid single‐phase flows, showed that assuming constant wall temperature on the internals constitutes a reasonable approximation in lieu of comprehensive simulations encompassing shell flow and coolant flow together. A second part dealing with the hydrodynamics of gas–liquid flows in a bubble column with internals showed that a RNG k–ε turbulence model formulation accounting for gas‐induced turbulence was a relevant choice. The last part used these conclusions to build a hydrodynamic/thermal coupling model of a gas–liquid flow in a bubble column with internals. With a per‐phase RNG k–ε turbulence model and assuming constant wall temperature, it was possible to simulate heat transfer phenomena consistent with experimentally measured heat transfer coefficients. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010