利用计算机模拟太阳能光伏发电

太阳能光伏发电是利用太阳能电池这种半导体电子器件有效地吸收太阳光辐射能,并使之转换成电能的直接发电方式。开发利用太阳能这种可再生的清洁能源发电是解决能源短缺、保护环境的重要途径。本文概述了太阳能光伏发电技术的研究情况,根据传热学及相关知识建立数学模型,并运用Lab VIEW软件对该系统进行动态模拟与仿真。     

Off-grid solar powered charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles including fuel cell and hydrogen storage

This paper designs an off-grid charging station for electric and hydrogen vehicles. Both the electric and hydrogen vehicles are charged at the same time. They appear as two electrical and hydrogen load demand on the charging station and the charging station is powered by solar panels. The output power of solar system is separated into two parts. On part of solar power is used to supply the electrical load demand (to charge the electric vehicles) and rest runs water electrolyzer and it will be converted to the hydrogen. The hydrogen is stored and it supplies the hydrogen load demand (to charge the hydrogen-burning vehicles). The uncertainty of parameters (solar energy, consumed power by electrical vehicles, and consumed power by hydrogen vehicles) is included and modeled. The fuel cell is added to the charging station to deal with such uncertainty. The fuel cell runs on hydrogen and produces electrical energy to supply electrical loading under uncertainties. The diesel generator is also added to the charging station as a supplementary generation. The problem is modeled as stochastic optimization programming and minimizes the investment and operational costs of solar and diesel systems. The introduced planning finds optimal rated powers of solar system and diesel generator, operation pattern for diesel generator and fuel cell, and the stored hydrogen. The results confirm that the cost of changing station is covered by investment cost of solar system (95%), operational cost of diesel generator (4.5%), and investment cost of diesel generator (0.5%). The fuel cell and diesel generator supply the load demand when the solar energy is zero. About 97% of solar energy will be converted to hydrogen and stored. The optimal operation of diesel generator reduces the cost approximately 15%.     

Entirely renewable energy-based electricity supply system (small scale & large scale)

Our future energy needs will be supplied by a combination of many different sources, ranging from small wind turbine to provide power for a single house to central power stations that provide power in very large scale fed into the national grid. Computer control systems will integrate the performance of all these systems to make sure that as much power as possible comes from environmentally friendlier sources. As alternative sources become more widely available, small scale systems meeting local needs may start to replace current large scale central power stations. The author is investigating the feasibility of an entirely renewable energy - based electricity supply system. The developed system find so many applications as it can be used as small scale power system for Remote Area Power Supply, wind energy/battery or solar energy/battery, as well as large scale for interconnection with national grid.     

Weather data and energy balance of a hybrid photovoltaic-wind system with hydrogen storage

This article presents and discusses the results of measurements of solar radiation and wind speed obtained during the operation of a test-bed hybrid wind/solar generator with hydrogen support designed and constructed at the Industrial Engineering School at the University of Extremadura, Badajoz (Spain). An energy balance analysis is made of the different components of the system, calculating their conversion efficiencies, and proposing future improvements to increase the efficiency of the use of the surplus energy produced by the wind/solar generator. The continued collection of this data series will make it possible to perform energy and exergy analyses to allow extrapolation of the results to real stand-alone applications providing an uninterrupted power supply to receptors isolated from the grid.     

科学用能与分布式能源系统

从对能源的中长期需求和能源供应能力的缺口出发,论证了节能和科学用能应当是我国能源发展战略的核心。阐述了科学用能的研究内容、方法和主要特点,指出应重点抓住高耗能产业和科学用能的共性科技问题。对建筑科学节能,提出尽可能采用可再生能源和环境能源以节约化石能源和电能。分布式能源系统是科学用能的范例,它与集中式发电的有机结合是新世纪电力工业和能源工业的重要发展方向。开发小型和微型燃气轮机可以提升我国动力工业的技术水平;正确确定冷热电三者的关系,充分发挥中低温余热的作用,是使分布式能源系统获得最大节能效果和最大经济效益的关键。     

城市建筑冷热电能源提供模式的探讨

21世纪能源以及环境问题已经成为了各国的头等问题。我国建筑耗能的数字非常惊人：在建造和使用过程中直接消耗的能源占全社会总能耗的20%。根据发达国家的发展经验,这一比例将逐步提高35%左右,建筑能耗极有可能在不远的将来成为我国第一耗能大户。本文介绍了城市建筑中提供冷热电能量的四种方式。结合作者自身能源审计的经验比较了传统的中央空调加锅炉供能系统、分布式三联供系统以及地源热泵、太阳能供能的新能源供给系统的能效与减排量。得出了传统的能源供给系统虽然操作简单但是比较耗能而且排出的有害气体较多,三联供系统受天然气价格影响偏大,太阳能、地热能如不受限制应该尽可能运用的结论。最后笔者提出了我国建筑节能的设计方法以及发展前景。     

混合能源互补供电在武器装备中应用研究

综述了混合能源互补供电系统(Hybrid Energy Power Supply System,HEPSS)在武器装备中应用的研究现状。首先分析了武器装备供电系统存在的问题,概述了HEPSS在武器装备中的应用现状。从实际工程角度出发,给出了HEPSS中风能、太阳能、蓄电池组等配置计算公式,重点研究了发展HEPSS的若干关键技术及其可能的解决方案,从而提高供电系统性能,满足武器装备对供电品质及技战指标的要求。最后,阐述了HEPSS的应用前景及经济军事效益。     

我国亟需尽快启动快堆核能系统的技术开发

本文概述核能对保障我国能源安全从而促进国民经济可持续发展的重要作用,指出我国的压水堆核电技术从第二代向第三代发展,总体上可以说是“今天”核电产业的技术升级工程。快堆及其燃料闭合循环可以充分利用铀资源和实现核废物的最少化,从而保证核裂变能的可持续发展。作者强调,我国核能科技的发展战略不仅要重视“今天”的核电产业的技术升级,更应着眼于“明天”的核能产业的技术开发。尽快启动我国快堆核能系统的技术开发具有极其重要的战略意义。     

西藏以可再生能源为主导的能源体系构建研究

未来5～10年是西藏经济由快速发展实现跨越发展的关键时期,是西藏的工业化水平和人民生活水平得到普遍提高的关键时期,作为经济发展的物质基础,能源需求的大幅度快速增加势在必然,西藏经济的腾飞无疑需要能源行业的率先发展。西藏是全国水能、地热和太阳能蕴藏量最丰富的地区之一,但常规能源匮乏,解决西藏能源供应的唯一出路在于发挥该区的资源优势,多元化的利用得天独厚的可再生能源资源,建立以水能、地热能、太阳能为主体的安全、可持续的能源供应体系,保证能源与经济协调发展,保证能源与生态环境的和谐发展。     

Electricity Production Using Solar Energy

Abstract

In this study, a solar-powered development project is used to identify whether it is possible to utilize solar technologies in the electricity production sector. Electricity production from solar energy has been found to be a promising method in the future. Concentrated solar energy can be converted to chemical energy via high-temperature endothermic reactions. Coal and biomass can be pyrolyzed or gasified by using concentrated solar radiation for generating power. Conventional energy will not be enough to meet the continuously increasing need for energy in the future. In this case, renewable energy sources will become important. Solar energy is an increasing need for energy in the future. Solar energy is a very important energy source because of its advantages. Instead of a compressor system, which uses electricity, an absorption cooling system, using renewable energy and kinds of waste heat energy, may be used for cooling.     

Energy system analysis of 100% renewable energy systems—The case of Denmark in years 2030 and 2050

This paper presents the methodology and results of the overall energy system analysis of a 100% renewable energy system. The input for the systems is the result of a project of the Danish Association of Engineers, in which 1600 participants during more than 40 seminars discussed and designed a model for the future energy system of Denmark. The energy system analysis methodology includes hour by hour computer simulations leading to the design of flexible energy systems with the ability to balance the electricity supply and demand. The results are detailed system designs and energy balances for two energy target years: year 2050 with 100% renewable energy from biomass and combinations of wind, wave and solar power; and year 2030 with 50% renewable energy, emphasising the first important steps on the way. The conclusion is that a 100% renewable energy supply based on domestic resources is physically possible, and that the first step towards 2030 is feasible to Danish society. However, Denmark will have to consider to which degree the country shall rely mostly on biomass resources, which will involve the reorganisation of the present use of farming areas, or mostly on wind power, which will involve a large share of hydrogen or similar energy carriers leading to certain inefficiencies in the system design.     

Energy scavenging for small-scale unmanned systems

Several energy scavenging concepts are reviewed and analyzed to determine their potential for supplementing the on-board energy of small electric unmanned systems to enable increases in endurance and range. Photonic (solar), kinetic-flow (wind), thermal, and electromagnetic sources of energy are considered as well as autophagous structure–power concepts that allow for energy generation through self-consumption of system structure. Notional designs for each scavenging concept are evaluated with regard to their power collection capability and multifunctional potential. Power collection levels ranging from fractions of a watt to tens of watts are possible depending on the weight and size allowed for the energy collection or autophagous storage elements and the efficiency of conversion from scavenged energy to system electrical energy. An analysis methodology is developed to link energy scavenger performance to changes in unmanned system performance. The methodology is demonstrated by analyzing solar scavenging on unmanned air vehicles as a means of extending the flight endurance time.     

Review of modern methods and technologies for using of solar energy in the operation of anaerobic digestion systems

The article presents various methods and technologies for using of solar energy in anaerobic bioconversion systems. Various methods of convertion of solar radiation are consistently considered – from its direct use to photovoltaic, thermal, photovoltaic thermal and concentrating. Schemes for introducing solar energy converters into anaerobic bioconversion systems, as well as various solar radiation converters for heat and electricity supply of anaerobic bioconversion systems, are proposed. As power generating components in the article also discusses photovoltaic modules with an extended rated power period, photovoltaic thermal roofing panels with a two-component polysiloxane compound, thermal and photovoltaic thermal solar roofing panels, air-cooled photovoltaic thermal siding panel and concentrator solar photovoltaic thermal module with high-voltage matrix photovoltaic converters. The proposed schemes of systems and design of solar modules will ensure a reduction in the use of thermal energy from the produced gas for power supply for the own needs of anaerobic bioconversion systems, which will make them cheaper and more efficient in operation.     

建筑节能新方向:太阳能光伏-地源热泵系统

减少我国冬季采暖所造成的大气污染,降低供暖系统的能耗,节约能源一直是建筑节能追求的目标.目前太阳能光伏发电已经成为人类利用太阳能的最主要方式之一,地源热泵已被作为一项旨在解决建筑冷热源问题的新技术,日渐受到人们的重视.将光伏转换与热泵循环有机结合在一起,从而形成了太阳能光伏-地源热泵系统.该系统提高了光电转换和光热吸收效率,光电/光热综合利用,极大地提高了单位面积太阳辐照的利用效率,同时可提高热泵系统在寒冷地区运行的适用性;利用光电效应把太阳能中高能带区域的光能直接转化成电能,可大大提高太阳能的可用能效率;在增加能量储存装置和逆变器的条件下,可以使系统脱离公用电网运行,从而增加了系统的适用性和灵活性;与普通的空气源热泵相比,太阳能地源热泵具有较高的热性能,具有一机多用的功效;与建筑物相结合的太阳能热泵系统,可以增加建筑物的隔热效果,起到减少建筑物冷暖负荷的作用,同时可极大地减少环境污染.     

Electricity generation of hybrid PV/wind systems in Iraq

Renewable resources gained more attention in the last two decades due to persisting energy demand coupled with decrease in fossil fuel resources and its environmental effect to the earth. In Iraq, the electric power generated is not enough to meet the power demand of domestic and industrial sectors. In this article, a hybrid system was proposed as a renewable resource of power generation for grid connected applications in three cities in Iraq. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB solver, in which the input parameters for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected locations and the sizes of PV and wind turbines. Results showed that it is possible for Iraq to use the solar and wind energy to generate enough power for some villages in the desert or rural area. It is also possible to use such a system as a black start source of power during total shutdown time. Results also indicated that the preferred location for this system is in Basrah for both solar and wind energy.     

光伏发电在我国电力能源结构中的战略地位和未来发展方向

保障能源和环境可持续发展,特别是保证一次能源的供给是我国面临的重大战略问题。可再生能源将逐步替代化石能源,成为人类可持续发展的能源。在可再生能源中,潜力最大的是太阳能,到本世纪中期太阳能将成为电力能源中的重要组成部分,而到本世纪末成为电力能源中的主要部分。我国拥有丰富的太阳能资源,是中华民族赖以生存的最宝贵的资源。光伏发电技术目前已经成熟,发展势头迅猛,正在努力突破高成本的制约瓶颈,有望在30年左右的时段内成为重要的电力能源之一。在今后10～20年,我国的光伏发电将主要应用于下述方面:农村离网供电,分布电源,大规模荒漠电站以及其它商业应用。国家应首先加强光伏发电各项能力建设,包括资源普查和评估、研发能力建设、培训体系建设、质量监督服务体系建设,并积极开展国际合作,引进技术、人才和资金,为我国光伏发电的健康、可持续发展奠定坚实的基础。     

Power generation of solar PV systems in Palestine

In Palestine, the electric power generated is not enough to meet the power demand of domestic and industrial sectors. In this article, a PV system of 220 kW peak was proposed as a renewable resource of power generation for grid connected applications in residential quarter in north Palestine. The proposed system was simulated using MATLAB solver, in which the input parameters for the solver were the meteorological data for the selected location and the size of PV panels. Results showed that it is possible for Palestine to use the solar energy to generate enough power for some villages or rural area. It is also possible to use such a system as a black start source of power during total shutdown time. Results also indicated that solar PV systems can be more economical than grid electricity.     

Design consideration of sustainable self‐sufficient energy system using ferroelectric material for wearable healthcare

Design of the sustainable self‐sufficient energy generator and storage devices using ferroelectric material were considered for wearable healthcare device. Recently, personal health‐monitoring system is expected to be one of the most important and attractive applications of wearable electronics. It becomes more important for us to develop power generator and storage devices used in monitoring our health condition status on an aging society. The power generator and storage devices are desirable to be embedded into clothes or textile intangibly. In this paper, button type solar cell for power generator and film capacitor on fiber for power storage were considered by using ferroelectric material. The target power consumption for wearable healthcare device is more than 3.6 mW for communication means and sensing ECG, SpO₂, temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure that were essential for our health condition monitoring. The target capacity of power storage is more than 150 mAh for 5 days' operation. Clothes are thought to be suitable for embedding sufficient energy system. One proposed circuit that consists of solar cell and film capacitor is considered. The button type solar cell of the four pieces of 20 mm diameter and the film capacitor on fiber are proposed as power generator and storage. The proposed circuit will make it possible to use the healthcare devices more than 5 days without sunshine when we put on clothes of more than 160 g such as thin coat or outerwear. Moreover, the proposed circuit will make it possible to use the devices more than 30 days without sunshine when we put on clothes of more than 960 g such as thick coat or outerwear. As we don't forget to put on clothes that embedded the self‐sufficient energy system, the self‐sufficient system will become useful for sustainable society in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Front Cover

Until recently, the efficiency of generation and transmission of electric power was enhanced by increasing capacities of generating units and the voltages of transmission lines. Capabilities of new energy technologies (high-technology and high-efficiency gas-turbine units of small capacity, fuel cells, energy storage systems, FACTS, etc.) change this tendency radically. In the area of electric power generation, it resulted in a new notion, dispersed generation. In the past, these tendencies for capacity increase were also characteristic of Russia, including its Asian part, Current conditions make one review many fundamental concepts. On the whole, the trend to reject construction of large thermal and hydro power plants has been observed. The use of the up-to-date, economically efficient, and ecologically clean coal-combustion technologies is envisaged, since, in East Siberia and Far East Russia, coal will make up a considerable fraction of fuel supply to power plants for the foreseeable future. Construction of gas-fired power plants is also considered. Economic conditions for growth of dispersed generation in some areas arise. Available natural resources (geothermal energy, wind, gas and hydro energy, etc.) are conducive to it. In electric networks, DC transmission lines are the only possible solution for constructing interstate ties in the region. Firm rates of development in these directions will be determined by the global tendencies and prevailing conditions.     

Modeling of hydrogen and electrical energy storages in wind/PV energy system on the Lake Baikal coast

The paper presents a research on a green power supply system (producing no carbon dioxide and other harmful emissions) in the area of Baikal Lake, for the maximum loads of 10 kW and 100 kW. The system includes photovoltaic converters, wind turbines, batteries for electric energy storage and a system for hydrogen production, storage and energy use. Calculations based on the optimization mathematical model demonstrated the efficiency of the combined use of wind and solar energy in the considered areas, as well as the simultaneous storage of electric energy and hydrogen. The electric energy storage is most efficient for short-term time intervals whereas an increase in the duration of continuous energy “standstills” up to several days makes the storage of hydrogen more cost-effective.