润滑油漆膜的成因及其消除方法

文章介绍了润滑油漆膜的定义和形成过程,以及通过对润滑油漆膜形成过程的分析,得出影响漆膜形成的因素,以及润滑油的溶解性对漆膜形成过程的影响。利用动态平衡过程,解释漆膜形成过程的模型图,通过薄膜比色法预测漆膜的形成倾向性。最后,介绍了两种常用的漆膜消除方法,包括过滤法与离子树脂法。     

Features of aging of engine oil in a gas engine

The basic physicochemical indexes of M-10-D₂(m) engine oil change much less intensively in a gas engine than in a diesel. Low accumulation of elements-indicators of parts wear-and fouling of parts by carbon and varnish deposits were noted. Formation of ash deposits in the valves was more important. Dithiophosphate additives were depleted similarly in both engines. Information on the requirements for special oils for gas engines is reported __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 24–27, July–August, 2007.     

汽轮机油的油泥分析

由于节能和环保的要求,汽轮机的工作参数越来越高,汽轮机油的运行环境日渐苛刻,近年来汽轮机油的油泥问题越来越突出。文章阐述了油泥生成的途径、检测手段和模拟评价方法,考察了基础油的种类对油泥生成趋势的影响,采用扫描电镜测试了在不同条件下生成的油泥组成,结果表明油泥组成与试验温度之间存在一定的关联性。     

Primary and Secondary Distillates as Marine Fuel Oil

The component compositions of marine fuel oils satisfying the requirements of TU 38.401-58-302-2001 (ISO 8217) with maximum inclusion of gasoils from destructive refining of crude oil were developed. Light gasoils replace standard diesel fuel in marine fuel oil. The demulsifiability of light and heavy catalytic and coker gasoils and vacuum distillates I and II was evaluated. Its dependence on not only the content of adsorbed resins and aromatic hydrocarbons in the components of the fuel but also and to a greater degree on their ratio in the disperse system was demonstrated. The higher this ratio is, the lower the demulsifiability of the fuel.__________Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 28 – 31, July – August, 2005.     

Effect of promoters on the structure and catalytic properties of tungstated zirconia in n-heptane isomerization

The effect of manganese and aluminum cations on the formation of the crystalline structure and catalytic properties of tungstated zirconia has been studied. It has been shown that the modification of ZrO₂ with both cationic and anionic additives leads to the stabilization of its tetragonal form and the formation of substitutional solid solutions on its basis. It has been found that manganese and aluminum additives have different effects on catalytic properties in heptane isomerization.     

正庚烷催化裂解生产低碳烯烃的影响因素探索

The influence of zeolite structure and process parameters (including reaction temperature and catalyst/oil ratio) on rules for formation of ethylene and propylene in the course of catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane was studied in a small- scale fixed fluid catalytic cracking unit. Test results have revealed that compared to the USY zeolite and Beta zeolite, the catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane in the presence of the ZRP zeolite catalyst can result in higher yield and selectivity of ethyl- ene and propylene, while a higher reaction temperature and a higher catalyst/oil ratio can promote the formation of ethylene and propylene during catalytic pyrolysis of n-heptane. The ethylene formation reaction is more sensitive to the changes in reaction temperature, whereas the changes in catalyst/oil ratio are more influential to the propylene formation reaction. This paper has made a preliminary exploration into the different reaction pathways for formation of ethylene and propylene on zeolites with different structures.     

润滑油基础油组成结构与油泥沉积物之间的关系研究

借助低温油泥模拟试验机,考察了150～200粘度牌号的Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ类基础油的组成结构与油泥沉积物之间的关系,同时利用IR、MS、XPS等分析手段对基础油的烃类组成以及在低温油泥试验中产生的废油、油泥、漆膜的化学组成进行了分析,实验结果表明,该方法对传统基础油、加氢基础油和合成基础油的沉积物生成倾向有好的区分,基础油中的环烷烃、芳香烃和杂原子化合物是油泥、漆膜的主要来源。另外,还考察了基础油对分散剂的影响。     

Catalytic oxidation of sulfides in lube oil cuts with organic hydroperoxides

The catalytic properties of acids and metal compounds in oxidation of sulfides in lube oil cuts of medium-sulfur crude oil by organic hydroperoxides are examined. Comparative data are reported on the effectiveness of these catalysts in the process. The activity of the catalysts was compared with respect to the depth and selectivity of conversion of sulfides into sulfoxides. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 1, pp. 38–40, January–February, 2006.     

Hydrorefining of catalytic naphtha cuts

A polyfunctional catalyst for hydrorefining of the catalytic naphtha cut with a high olefin content is proposed. This catalyst induces isomerization and hydrogenation of olefins on contact with the feedstock with formation of isoparaffins, isomerization of n-paraffins, hydrotreating to remove sulfur, and other processes. The naphtha obtained satisfies the Euro-4 standard (2005) with respect to quality. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 35–3 6, September–October, 2007.     

Treatment of drilling wastewater from a sulfonated mud system

Treatment of drilling wastewater from a sulfonated drilling mud system in the Shengli Oilfield, East China, was studied. The wastewater was deeply treated by a chemical coagulation-centrifugal separation-ozone catalytic oxidation combined process. The factors (i.e. pH value, chemical dosage, reaction time, etc.) influencing the treatment effect were investigated, and pH = 7 was determined as optimal for the coagulation; polymeric aluminum chloride (PAC) was selected as the optimal coagulant with a dosage of 18 g/L; cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) with molecular weight of 8 million was selected as the optimal coagulant aid with an optimum dosage of 8 mg/L; and the optimal condition of catalytic ozonation was found to be a pH of 12 and an oxidation time of 40 min. The results showed that the combined treatment process was effective. The oil content and suspended solids content of the effluent reached the first class discharge standard according to China’s standard GB 8978-1996 (Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard) and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) decreased to 195 mg/L from 2.34×10 4 mg/L after coagulation process and ozone oxidation at pH = 12 for 40 min.     

内蒙古油砂油减压渣油制备特种沥青的研究

以内蒙古油砂油减压渣油为原料，分别与克拉玛依减压渣油、孤岛减压渣油、辽河减压渣油和胜利减压渣油以不同比例调合，考察制备抛光沥青、油漆石油沥青等特种沥青的可行性。结果表明，油砂油减压渣油与克拉玛依减压渣油以25：75的质量比调合后，可作60号抛光沥青，以30：70质量比调合后，可作3号油漆石油沥青；油砂油减压渣油与孤岛减压渣油以 40 ： 60的质量比调合后，可做60号抛光沥青；油砂油减压渣油与辽河减压渣油、胜利减压渣油调合后，调合沥青不宜作特种沥青。     

Catalytic cracking of heavy crude on a zeolite catalyst

Conclusions The authors study catalytic cracking of the 280–460°C fraction of Upper Cretaceous Chechen-Ingush oil on CaHX zeolite without a binder. The zeolite was 6.6–7.5% more active and 8.4–9.4% more selective than a commercial aluminosilicate catalyst under moderate cracking conditions.The catalytic cracking gases obtained on a zeolite catalyst contain 1.72–3.35 wt. % propylene, 1.76–3.50 wt. % butylenes, and 3.51–5.82 wt. % isobutane (all these contents being percentages of the feedstock).The naphtha fractions contain 45 wt. % of isoparaffins and 26 wt. % of aromatic hydrocarbons.The wide-cut 200–360°C diesel fractions contain (on average) 46.5 wt, % of methanic, 12.5 wt. % of naphthenic, 34 wt. % of aromatic, and 7 wt. % of unsaturated hydrocarbons.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 7, pp. 9–11, July, 1969.     

Desirability of adding mixtures of phenols and amine antioxidants to mineral oils

Studies have been made on the effectiveness of amine and phenolic inhibitors, including mixtures of them, in MS-8 mineral oil under conditions of high-temperature catalytic oxidation. It is found that mineral oils containing simultaneously amine and phenolic inhibitors have oxidation rates that are determined only by the content of the amine inhibitor, while the phenolic inhibitor partially determines the secondary oxidation-destruction processes. Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No.3, pp.45 – 47, May – June, 2009.     

The Nature of Formation and Dissolution of Asphalt-Resin-Wax Deposits

A model of formation of asphalt-resin-wax deposits (ARWD) based on the concept of the spin nature of dispersions in petroleum-like systems is proposed. Dissolution of ARWD on addition of used industrial lube oil is examined with respect to transformation of the structure, whose dynamics is complex. Paramagnetism which changes in time passes through extrema. A slight increase in the concentration of paramagnetic centers (PMC) is observed after one day, and further recombination of the centers with formation of molecular products is observed after two days. The change in the structure of the associates in time is confirmed by the change in the antioxidant properties and viscosity of the composition. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 32 – 34, November – December, 2005.     

New life for thermal processes

The strategic problem of making oil refining more exhaustive consists of qualified refining of high-molecular-weight petroleum residual and distillate products (vacuum resids, asphalts, heavy gasoils from thermal processes and catalytic cracking) with production of the maximum possible amount of light, high-quality motor oils. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 2, pp. 5–9, March–April, 2006.     

Production of paving asphalts from high-wax crude oils

High-quality BND 40/60 and BND 60/90 asphalts were made from high-wax Kotur-Tepe crudes with additives — heavy catalytic gasoil, hard asphalt from propane deasphalting, and extracts from selective treatment of oil feedstock — were manufactured in pilot conditions. Production of such asphalts by direct oxidation of vacuum resid is not possible. Optimum feedstock compositions are proposed.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 23 – 26, November– December, 2004     

The correlation of sulfur content and other characteristics of crude oil. The abiogenic contribution to oil and gas formation

The reaction of endogenous methane with sulfur is one of the hypothetical methods of formation of the abiogenic constituent of oil and gas systems. It could be the initial stage of condensation transformations of methane and be responsible for correlations between the concentration of sulfur and many of the physicochemical characteristics of crude oil. The key role of these transformations is confirmed by the effect of the sulfur content of crudes on the scales of oil pools. This dependence is manifested on both the continental and on the local levels. __________ Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 4, pp. 3–6, July–August, 2007.     

Wettability alteration and oil recovery by water imbibition at elevated temperatures

This investigation adopts a new perspective on wettability alteration as a function of temperature. Colloidal (i.e., DLVO) theory and calculations are used to interpret results from laboratory-scale displacements. Water imbibition tests were conducted with 9 reservoir cores from a diatomaceous reservoir. Permeability and porosity of cores varied from 0.2 to 0.7 md and 46% to 65%, respectively. The experiments included spontaneous counter-current water imbibition followed by forced co-current water imbibition to residual oil saturation. The fluids were 34° API crude oil and synthetic formation brine. All tests were isothermal and temperatures ranged from 45 to 230 °C at pressures sufficient to maintain liquid water. The experimental results show that an increase in temperature results in: (1) a substantial increase in imbibition rate and extent of oil recovery, (2) a slight reduction in residual oil saturation, and (3) a significant shift in the Amott wettability index from intermediate and weakly water wet to strongly water wet. DLVO calculations illustrate detachment of fines from pore surfaces at high temperature. Fines detachment is a mechanism for altering wettability. Release of fines coated with oil exposes clean water-wet pore surfaces. Further calculations indicate the water–oil contact angle decreases as temperature increases indicating a systematic increase in water wettability consistent with experimental measurements of the Amott index.     

Hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil on modified Ni–Mo/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts

The effect of the introduction of P₂O₅ into Ni–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts on their activity in the hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil has been studied. As the support, γ-Al₂O₃ prepared from aluminum hydroxide AlOOH powder of the TH-100 brand (Sasol) has been used. The catalytic properties of the catalysts obtained have been examined in the hydrotreating of vacuum gas oil in a continuous-flow unit under hydrogen pressure. The amounts of sulfur and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the hydrocarbon group composition, and the carbon residue of the feedstock and the hydrotreating product have been determined. The catalysts after testing have been studied using differential thermal analysis in combination with thermogravimetry (DTA–TGA); the influence of the amount of the modifier on the catalytic activity and coking of the catalysts has been shown.     

The BIMF process in a low-tonnage unit

Increasing the exhaustiveness of refining due to depletion of easily refined crude oil resources is basically attained by improving the catalytic systems and revamping the process units, which increases the cost of the processes and in the final analysis, the cost of the finished products.Translated from Khimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 12–15, November– December, 2004