湿气管道积液临界气速预测的新模型

气田开发经常采用湿气集输方案。针对湿气输送管道出现的积液问题,基于分层流最小界面剪切应力准则,利用气液平界面分层流液膜区的速度分布规律,建立了求解积液临界气速的新机理模型。由分层流液膜区的流场描述和气相动量方程得到气液界面剪切应力的表达式;利用界面剪切应力函数曲线特性,可以通过界面剪切应力关于持液率求导获得临界气速。以不同文献中收集的临界气速实验数据,对新模型和其他具有代表性的湿气管道积液模型进行验证对比,表明新模型的预测精度要优于其他模型。     

基于环雾流理论的气井临界流速预测模型

井筒积液是伴随气井生产的常见现象，积液会导致气井产量降低，严重时甚至会使得气井停产。精确的积液预测有助于及时采取措施以减少积液带来的危害，而临界气体流速是气井积液预测的关键。回顾了气井积液预测的相关研究，指出了最小压降模型、液滴模型的局限性，基于现有实验观察认为液膜模型有较好的适用性。考虑到斜井中液膜周向不均匀分布及气相核心中液滴夹带，提出了更符合实际的环雾流模型用于不同管径、不同井斜角下的气井积液预测。基于以往室内实验数据和现场生产数据，将新模型与现有6种积液预测模型进行对比评价。综合考虑模型预测结果正确率及预测误差，认为新的环雾流模型较其他模型预测结果更优，可准确方便地对气井积液进行预测。     

Measurement and prediction of pressure drop in two-phase flow

Experimental data for air–water two-phase co-current flow in two different pipe diameters were used to test the prediction of pressure drop by a number of existing theories and correlations. Several models are shown to be useful for prediction, particularly with the stratified regimes which have proved difficult to handle in the past. The model suggested by Olujic proved to be of particular value.     

Experimental study on prediction model of wet gas pressure drop across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes in the low gas phase Froude number region

The pressure drop prediction of wet gas across single-orifice plate in horizontal pipes had been solved satisfactorily under an annular-mist flow in the upstream of orifice plates. However, this pressure drop prediction is still not clearly determined when the upstream is in an intermittent flow or stratified flow, which is corresponding to a region of low Fr_G (gas phase Froude number) in the flow pattern map of wet gases. In this study, the wet gas pressure drop across a single-orifice plate was experimentally investigated in the low Fr_G region. By the experiment, the flow pattern transition in the downstream of single-orifice plates, as well as the effects of Fr_G and Fr_L (liquid phase Froude number) on Φ_G (gas phase multiplier), were determined and compared when the upstream is in the flow pattern transition and the stratified flow region, respectively. Prediction performances were examined on the available pressure drop models. It was found that no model could be capable of jointly predicting the wet gas pressure drop in the low Fr_G region with an acceptable accuracy. With a new method of correlating Fr_G and Fr_L simultaneously, new correlations were proposed for the low Fr_G region. Among which the modified Chisholm model shows the best prediction accuracies, with the prediction deviations of Φ_G being within 7% and 3% when the upstream is in flow pattern transition and stratified flow region, respectively.     

A new mechanistic model to predict gas–liquid interface shape of gas–liquid flow through pipes with low liquid loading

Devising a new mechanistic method to predict gas–liquid interface shape in horizontal pipes is concerned in this article. An experiment was conducted to find the pressure gradients of air–water flow through a 1‐in. pipe diameter. Comparing results of model with some experimental data available in the literature demonstrates that the model provides quite better predictions than existed models do. This model also predicts flow regime transition from stratified to annular flow better than Apparent Rough Surface and Modified Apparent Rough Surface models for both 1‐ and 2‐in. pipe diameters. The model also leads to reliable predictions of wetted wall fraction experimental data. Although one parameter of new model was evaluated based on air–water flow pressure loss experimental data for 1 in. pipe, it was considerably successful to predict pressure drop, liquid holdup, stratified‐annular transition and wetted wall fraction for other gas–liquid systems and pipe diameters. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1043–1053, 2015     

气井积液预测模型对比

气井积液是含水气井开发到中后期的一种常见现象,准确预测气井积液的产生并及时采取相对应的措施对于维持气井的正常生产和平稳运行具有十分重要的意义。对比了目前常见的几种气井积液预测模型,结合生产现场的实际气井数据进行分析,结果表明,陈德春模型的准确性较高,对实际生产具有较好的指导作用。     

填料塔气体分布器二相流场计算流体力学数值模拟

填料塔内气体分布器对进料气流的分布作用和填料塔的分离效率,特别是对低压降、高效填料有重大影响。文中运用计算流体力学(简称CFD),采用欧拉-拉格朗日二相流模型建立了填料塔内双切向气体分布器内三维瞬态气液二相流模型,气体的湍流运动采用k-ε湍流模型计算。模型中考虑了二相之间的作用力,包括液滴所受的曳力和虚拟质量力。求解时时间项采用隐式格式,时间步长取1×10-4s,对流项采用二阶迎风格式,压力-速度耦合方程的求解采用了S imp lec方法。在不同操作条件下,模型计算得到的压降、夹带、气体分布不均匀度和文献报道的实验值吻合较好。从而可以看出,CFD模型可以较为准确地描述双切向环流式气体分布器内瞬时气液二相流场。     

Friction factor for gas-non-newtonian liquid flow in horizontal bends

Experimental investigations have been carried out to evaluate the two-phase pressure drop data across different types of horizontal bends for gas-non-Newtonian liquid flow. The non-Newtonian liquids used were different concentrations of the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC) which behaved like pseudoplastic fluids. Correlations have been developed to predict the gas-non-Newtonian liquid two-phase friction factor as a function of various physical and dynamic parameters of the system. Statistical analysis of the correlations suggests that the correlations are of acceptable accuracy.     

旋转流场流态预测模型验证及其速度分量选择的差异性

鉴于目前高速旋流场中的流体流态判定准则不统一、预测模型契合度不高的问题,依据流体力学基本原理及管道、缝隙流场的判定方法,本文对经典一维雷诺数及二维流量因子预测模型进行了理论重构,并尝试提出了适用于旋转流场中流体流态判定和预测的椭球模型。文章首先根据经典雷诺数模型和流动因子模型,对仿真计算和椭球模型进行了理论验证;然后对不同介质和工况参数下的速度场进行了分析计算,并与相关文献进行对比研究;最后结合对旋转流场中拐点的理论剖析,对椭球模型的合理性和科学性进行了论证,并对模型中速度分量的选择及差异性进行了讨论。结果表明：椭球模型对管道流动的预测结果与经典雷诺数模型完全一致,新模型对旋转流场中转折点的预测值较传统模型明显偏低,与实际工况更加贴近;根据椭球模型进行旋转流场的流态判定时,应选择平均直径处的线速度为剪切平均速度、进出口径向速度平均值为径向平均速度及最大轴向速度为模型输入因子。椭球模型的提出,为旋转流场在理论计算时如何科学判定流体流态提供了新的思路和判定方法。     

A two-dimensional model for gas mixing in the upper dilute zone of a circulating fluidized bed

Based on measurements in a circulating fluidized test unit with a riser of 0.4 m i.d., a two-dimensional two-phase model for gas mixing has been developed. Radial gas dispersion and gas backmixing caused by dense clusters falling countercurrently to the main flow of a lean gas/solid suspension are considered. The model has successfully been compared with experimental data over a wide range of operating conditions. The model accounts for the main mixing phenomena and may be applied to calculations of chemical reactions in CFB risers.     

A functional subgrid drift velocity model for filtered drag prediction in dense fluidized bed

Due to computational time limitations, fully resolved simulations using the two‐fluid model of the flow inside industrial‐scale fluidized beds are unaffordable. The filtered approach is used to account for the effect of small unresolved scales on the large resolved scales computed with “coarse” realistic meshes. Using a fully resolved simulation, we highlight the need to account for a subgrid drift velocity to obtain the correct bed expansion when using coarse meshes. This velocity, defined as the difference between the filtered gas velocity seen by the particle phase and the resolved filtered gas velocity, modify the effective relative velocity appearing in the drag law. We close it as a correction of the resolved relative velocity depending on the filtered particle concentration and the filter size. A dynamic procedure is used to adjust a tuning parameter. Bed expansion obtained with a posteriori test on coarse‐grid simulations matches well to fully resolved simulations. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012     

Friction and heat and mass transfer for turbulent pseudoplastic non-newtonian fluid flows in rough pipes

Friction factor and heat and mass transfer coefficient correlations are developed for turbulent pseudoplastic (purely viscous or inelastic) non-Newtonian fluids flowing through rough pipes. A correlation for friction factor which is applicable in the region of transition from the smooth to the fully-rough regime is proposed. It is obtained by adding the two correlations for the limiting situations, i.e. smooth pipes and fully-rough pipes. The predictions of the proposed correlation are compared with published experimental data and other previous correlations. A model for heat and mass transfer is developed on the basis of the Levich three-zone model. It is found that the proposed model is capable of predicting satisfactorily heat and mass transfer coefficients for Newtonian and pseudoplastic non-Newtonian fluid flow in rough pipes.     

Discussion on the pressure drop calculation for oil‐water separated flow using a one dimensional two‐fluid model

The purpose of this work is to seek the key factors influencing the pressure drop calculation for oil‐water separated flow using a one dimensional two‐fluid model. Closure relations published for the two‐fluid model such as interface configuration, wall, and interfacial shear stress correlations are summarized. Interface configurations are established by numerically solving the Young‐Laplace equation, correlated with the Bond number, contact angle, and water holdup. Results show that the interface transforms from concave to convex with the enlargement of the contact angle and becomes flat as the Bond number increases. For the pressure drop calculation, a limited difference of predicted accuracy between the curve and flat interface is found. Discussions of both the wall and interfacial friction factor correlation on the pressure drop calculation are performed. In contrast to the effect of the interfacial friction factor, the correlation of the wall friction factor is found to have more contributions. We validate the prediction accuracy of different wall frictions factors using eight groups of published experiment results, and one correlation is recommended and being further extended.     

A study on the modeling of static pressure distribution of wet gas in Venturi

A model for gas–liquid annular and stratified flow through a standard Venturi meter is investigated, using the two‐phase hydrokinetics theory. The one‐dimensional momentum equation for gas has been solved in the axial direction of Venturi meters, taking into consideration the factors including the void fraction, the friction between the two phases and the entrainment in the gas core. The distribution of wet gas static pressure between the two pressure tapings of the Venturi meters has been modeled in the pressure range of 0.1–0.6 MPa. Compared with the experimental data, all the relative deviations of the predicted points by the model were within ±15%. As the model is less dependent on the specific empirical apparatus and data, it provides the basis for further establishing a flow measurement model of wet gas which will produce fewer biases in results when it is extrapolated. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 699–708, 2015     

A model for gas flow in jet spouted beds

A model of general application that is based on the definition of streamlines and that is in agreement with the bed geometry has been proposed in order to describe the gas flow in a jet spouted bed in conical contactors. The model quantifies the dispersion in the direction of the streamlines by using a characteristic modulus. The validity of the model has been experimentally proven on the basis of the measurement and analytical correlation of gas velocity profiles at different radial and longitudinal positions in the contactor, and of the application of the stimulus response technique for the calculation of the residence time distribution function.     

A correlation of two-phase pressure drops in screen-plate bubble column

The pressure drop, ΔP_TP, was measured for two-phase flow through screen-plate bubble columns. Based on a statistical analysis, an empirical correlation of the present data was obtained which indicates that ΔP_TP is dependent only on the liquid kinematic viscosity and screen hydraulic radius over the ranges of variables studied.     

Influence of particle-specific gravity and particle shape on the averaged axial velocity of nearly neutrally buoyant particles in horizontal pipes

This paper presents an experimental study on the velocities of single, nearly neutrally buoyant particles in water in horizontal flows. Particle specific gravity was found to have a strong effect on the particle velocity. The modified particle Froude number was found to be an effective parameter to reflect the effect of density. A force-balance model has been developed that includes the effects of particle specific gravity and particle shape.     

Holdup for two-phase flow of gas-non-newtonian liquid mixtures in horizontal and vertical pipes

The paper deals with the experimental investigations carried out to evaluate holdup for gas-non-Newtonian (pseudoplastic) liquid mixtures in vertical and horizontal flow in pipes. Correlations developed predict holdup in slug flow regime with acceptable statistical accuracy.