技术前沿：新材料产业发展热点

信息材料信息材料是最活跃的新材料领域，微电子材料在未来10-15年仍是最基本的信息材料，光电子材料将成为发展最快和最有前途的信息材料，主要集中在激光材料、高亮度发光二极管材料、红外探测器材料、液晶显示材料、光纤材料等领域。     

理想材料零件材料信息表述及处理的研究

由均质材料、复合材料、功能梯度材料和功能细结构材料构成的理想材料零件是实现零件几何拓扑、材料和功能完美结合的新型零件，其CAD模型是实现理想材料零件数字化并行设计和制造过程的基础。着眼于理想材料零件CAD模型中的材料表述模型，提出了使用细观尺度上的周期性细结构统一表述单质材料、复合材料、功能梯度材料和功能细结构材料的方案，并在单纯剖分基础上，完成了理想材料零件的几何和材料信息的表述。所给出的材料信息提取算法及算例证明了数字化方案的可行性和有效性。     

高强度螺栓钢材选用探讨

多年来，我国紧固件材料大多选用的是低碳钢，普通结构钢等低档材料，而在选用高强度的、优质紧固件材料方面，人们选用范围小，没有形成自己的材料系列。紧固件钢材它是获得良好产品的可靠保证，合理地选择材料可使产品成本具有竞争力，因此，要达到优良的产品质量和经济性的途径之一是从多种可用工程材料中，选择几种性能较佳的材料。     

方兴未艾的地聚合物材料

地聚合物是一类新型的高性能无机聚合物材料，是碱激活胶凝材料[1]中最具前途的一类。由于其特殊的无机缩聚三维氧化物网络结构，使得地聚合物材料在众多的方面具有比高分子材料、水泥、陶瓷和金属更高的高温性能和机械性能；另一方面，地聚合物材料制造过程中的能耗和三废排放量都很低，材料对环境友好并且可以很好的被回收再利用，是一种可持续发展的“绿色环保材料”。本文论述了地聚合物材料的发展历史、地聚合物材料的性能、地聚合物材料的研究意义及地聚合物材料的研究现状。     

艾美奔涛Pontos S Extreme计时表

当今新材质手表大行其道，艾美采用了多种材料的合金来为自己的翱材质手表安窑立柜。这只奔涛的材料是由铝、钛、锆、陶瓷等材料复合而成的，在这些材料中既有金属质地的材料，又有像陶瓷这样的非金属材料，可以说新颖极了，被称作Powerlite。     

传感器敏感材料

传感器敏感材料机械部重庆仪表材料研究所张德武传感器在现代科学技术中的应用越来越广泛，用来制造传感器的敏感材料的研究与应用开发也越来越被人们所重视。传感器敏感材料种类很多，按材料分类可分为金属功能材料、半导体材料、陶瓷功能材料、高分子功能材料和复合功能...     

EPC项目管理之材料管理浅析

材料管理是EPC项目管理工作的重要内容，现从人员、机具、材料、方法、环境的角度分析了材料管理存在的问题，提出了做好材料管理的要点与策略；指出了三维模拟与BIM技术、大宗材料的工厂化预制与模块化安装有利于工程项目节能、节材与绿色施工，能够降低现场材料管理的工作量，在工程项目中值得推荐应用。     

企业常用创造技法选登(连载二十)

设计分析法（下）（接1997年第3期第60页）材料与设计发明革新离不开物质材料。工业品的发明革新，可以说是人们对物质材料的性能的认识和选择、对物质材料的加工变形和组合应用的过程。这一过程的创造性体现在认识物质材料的眼光不同，选择物质材料的要求不同，加工物质材料的方式不同，组合物质材料的目的不同。使用功能的优或劣、外观效果的好或差，除取决于发明革新的原理设计、结构设计、造型设计外，材料就是重要的因素。发明革新对材料的种类、物理性能、化学性能直至规格尺寸都有各式各样的要求。发明革新对材料的要求大致可分为一…     

计算机辅助材料工艺消耗定额管理系统

计算机辅助材料工艺消耗定额管理系统采用汉字dBASEⅢ数据库在1BMPC／XT及其兼容机上完成，它包含冲压、铸．锻、机加、弹簧、非金属等六类零件的材料工艺定额编制，材料分类和材料汇总等八十程序，能输出零件材料工艺定额明细表、铸件材料工艺定额明细表、材料分类表和汇总表等多种表格，并具有查询，修改、插入．删除等功能．     

论机械工业材料标记方法的标准化

本文罗列了国家，部现行部分材料标准中材料记方法，指出了其混乱状态，阐述了材料标记标准化在设计、生产、销售中的重要性，建议有关标准管理和标准起草部门应制定各类材料标记方法标准或用其他手段使材料记方法标准化。     

Histochemical and ultrahistochemical localization of heavy metals in calf organs

Cadmium, zinc, selenium, and copper were administered, singly or in combination, orally or subcutaneously. Experiment I included 32 calves of both sexes; six received Cd (two groups), Zn, Cd, and Zn, and Cd and Se (two groups) and one group was a control. In Experiment II (21 bulls), three were given Cd, Cd, and Cu, and Cd and Zn, respectively, and one group was a control. For light microscopy, in Experiment I the highest amounts of silver granules were present in the samples of liver, small intestine, and vesicular gland of all the exposed groups; in Experiment II the most affected organs were liver, kidney, and small intestine. For electron microscopy, in Experiment I, after administration of Cd and Zn, the highest amounts of granules were seen in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and the lowest amounts were found in glandular cells of the pancreas. Administration of Cd and Se resulted in the presence of large numbers of granules in the nuclei and nucleoli of spermatogonies. In Experiment II, ingestion of Cd and Zn in feed led to the appearance of highest amounts of granules in the nucleoli, nuclei, and cytoplasm of cells in testes, kidneys, and pancreas. Following Cd intake, the highest accumulation of granules was observed in the nucleoli of hepatocytes and cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules. Combined Cd and Cu produced the highest number of granules in cells of the proximal and distal renal tubules and in the nucleoli and nuclei of germinal epithelium.     

Human fetal ductal plate revisited. I. ductal plate expresses NCAM,KIT, MET,PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens (NSE,chromogranin, synaptophysin,and CD56)

Background: The molecular mechanisms of ductal plate (DP) development and differentiation (DD) in human fetal livers (HFLs) are unclear. Materials and Methods: The author immunohistochemically investigated expressions of NCAM, KIT, KIT, PDGFRA, and neuroendocrine antigens in 32 HFLs. Results: The processes of human intrahepatic bile duct (IBD) DD could be categorized into four stages: DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The biliary elements were positive for cytokeratin (CK)7, 8, 18, and 19. The hepatoblasts were positive for CK8 and CD18, but negative for CK7 and CK19; however, periportal hepatoblasts showed biliary‐type CKs (CK7 and CK19). NCAM was always expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. KIT was occasionally (12/32 cases) expressed in DP and remodeling DP, but not in remodeled DP and mature IBD. NCAM expression was also seen in some hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells and neurons. KIT was also expressed in some hepatoblasts, hematopoietic cells, and mast cells. MET and PDGFRA were strongly expressed in DP, remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBD. MET and PDGFRA were also strongly expressed in hepatoblasts and hematopoietic cells. MET and PDGFRA were not expressed in portal mesenchyme, portal veins, sinusoids, and hepatic veins. DP showed immunoreactive chromogranin, synaptophysin, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), and CD56. Expressions of chromogranin and CD56 were infrequently seen in remodeling DP. No expressions of these four neuroendocrine antigens were seen in remodeled DP and mature IBD. The nerve fibers were consistently positive for chromogranin, synaptophysin, NSE, and CD56 in the portal mesenchyme in the stages of remodeling DP, remodeled DP, and mature IBDs. Conclusions: The data suggest that NCAM, KIT/stem cell factor‐signaling, NSE, hepatocyte growth factor/MET signaling, PDGFα/PDGFRA signaling, chromogranin, synaptophysin, and CD56 play important roles in DD of biliary cells of HFL. They also suggest that the DP cells having neuroendocrine molecules give rise to hepatic stem/progenitor cells. Microsc. Res. Tech. 77:814–824, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

第十一届全国流体传动与控制学术会议综述

由中国机械工程学会流体传动与控制分会主办,上海交通大学承办的第十一届全国流体传动与控制学术会议于2020年10月31日-11月2日在上海顺利召开。本届会议的主题是“流体传动与控制+人工智能”。会议共收录内容涉及人工智能与数字化、元件与系统、密封、摩擦与润滑等6个方向的论文133篇,邀请杨华勇、焦宗夏等知名专家作大会报告9个,取得了良好效果。围绕会议主题、征文范围及大会报告与会议论文开展综述,并对相关统计数据进行了分析讨论,以供国内学者和工程技术人员研究参考,并为流体传动与控制学科发展及今后举办会议提供借鉴。     

智能机床发展现状与技术体系框架

智能机床成为机床装备发展的趋势。在介绍国内外智能机床的研究现状的基础上,分析目前智能机床技术研究的三个问题,提出智能机床的狭义和广义定义;给出智能机床的包括人计机的协同性、整体与局部的协调性、智能的恰当性与无止性、自学习及其能力持续提高性、自治与集中的统一性、结构的开放性和可扩展性、制造和加工的绿色性、智能的贯穿性八个智能技术特征;阐述包括以人为中心的人计机动态交互功能、三个基本功能——执行智能功能、准备智能功能、维护智能功能的智能功能特征,以及功能之间的相互关系;建立八个理论与技术的智能机床技术理论框架,包括人计机一体化融合理论与技术、多源信息的感知理论与技术、智能决策理论与技术、智能执行理论与技术、智能维护理论与技术、智能机床综合能力评价理论与技术、智能机床标准化技术、智能机床支撑技术等,形成了智能机床的技术体系框架,同时指出上述内容将随着技术的进步和应用的深入不断充实和丰富。     

A simplified wet friction clutch test apparatus

A small, economic, test rig to evaluate friction materials and fluids for wet clutch applications has been designed, built and commissioned. In this paper, the construction, operation and performance of the machine are described, and results are presented, for two sets of typical tests. The system is capable of recording data, and torque test track, coefficients of friction, and oil temperature rise, are given.     

The new concepts of measurement error theory

In current measurement theory, there are various logical and philosophical troubles, and the evaluation concepts of measurement error are various and inconsistent among different schools. This paper throws away the shackle of the current measurement theories and concepts, and re-discusses basic measurement concepts. By proving a new measurement error theory that any error is a bias and follows random distribution, this paper points out the misunderstanding of traditional measurement theory, subverts the traditional error category theory, gives out a new interpretation of measurement uncertainty concept, proposes abolishing the concept system of precision, trueness, and accuracy, and thereby achieves the united measurement concept system across all the disciplines, including geodesy, geomatics, metrology, instrumentation, and so on.     

Ion mobility mass spectrometry in the omics era: Challenges and opportunities for metabolomics and lipidomics

Researchers worldwide are taking advantage of novel, commercially available, technologies, such as ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), for metabolomics and lipidomics applications in a variety of fields including life, biomedical, and food sciences. IM-MS provides three main technical advantages over traditional LC-MS workflows. Firstly, in addition to mass, IM-MS allows collision cross-section values to be measured for metabolites and lipids, a physicochemical identifier related to the chemical shape of an analyte that increases the confidence of identification. Second, IM-MS increases peak capacity and the signal-to-noise, improving fingerprinting as well as quantification, and better defining the spatial localization of metabolites and lipids in biological and food samples. Third, IM-MS can be coupled with various fragmentation modes, adding new tools to improve structural characterization and molecular annotation. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in IM-MS technologies and approaches utilized to support metabolomics and lipidomics applications and we assess the challenges and opportunities in this growing field.     

生物轻质高强结构及其在吸能结构中的仿生应用

在长期进化过程中，自然界中的多种动物、植物形成了独特的轻质、高强结构，以此来抵抗外界的复杂冲击载荷，保护自身完整，满足生存需要。生物轻质高强结构的优越性，启发了科研和工程人员采用结构仿生学的方法来对管状和板状两大类吸能结构进行设计优化和改进。对竹子、茎秆/树干、羽轴、骨骼四类管状生物结构和甲虫鞘翅、贝壳、柚子皮、龟壳四类板状生物结构进行综述，阐述了分层、多孔、螺旋、中空等多种结构与轻质高强特性之间的关系。在此基础上，对比和分析了相应的结构元素在单胞管、多胞管、嵌套管、波纹管等管状吸能结构和蜂窝夹芯板、复合材料板、混合结构板等板状吸能机构中起到的作用。进一步对当前仿生吸能领域存在的结构复杂、质量大、缺乏普适性的机理和过渡“桥梁”等问题做出了分析；最后对仿生吸能技术的形式简单化、结构轻量化、理论通用化、“形神兼备”化发展趋势做出展望。     

Assessment of PM-EDM cycle factors influence on machining responses and surface properties of biomaterials: A comprehensive review

Powder mixed-electro discharge machining (PM-EDM) is recently evolving machining technique which can simultaneously remove and modify the machined surface through thermo-electrical process. It is a modified form of EDM in which the conductive powder elements are added in the dielectric liquid to enhance machined surface characteristics and machining responses. The commonly used biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, Ti-based alloy, Ni–Ti, Mg alloy, and Co–Mo–Cr alloy have excellent mechanical characteristics while the biofunction of these materials are not in satisfactory level. Due to higher hardness, brittleness, and heat resistant natures of the biomaterials, it is very challenging to machine them with conventional machining. Both the system efficiency and modified surface properties depend on the associated electrical and non-electrical factors of PM-EDM cycle. This review focuses on the influence of process factors such as current, pulse duration, tool-polarity, duty cycle, potential voltage, types of liquid, and added powder concentration on performance outputs including material removal and tool wear rate, coating thickness, coarseness, microhardness, coating adhesion bonding, biocompatibility, and resistant to corrosion. This study also discusses influence of various powders on machining and modified surface characteristics of biomaterials. The future research scopes and challenges of PM-EDM process are included in this study thoroughly.     

Epibiotic microorganisms on copepods and other marine crustaceans

Although the occurrence of microbial (algal, protozoan, bacterial, and fungal) epibionts on marine crustaceans and other invertebrates has been documented repeatedly, the ecological context and significance of these relationships generally are not well understood. Recently, several studies have examined the population and community ecology of algal and protozoan epibionts on freshwater crustaceans. Even so, the study of microbial epibionts in aquatic environments is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize associations of microalgae, protozoans, and bacteria with marine crustaceans, especially copepods. We note differences and commonalities across epibiont taxa, consider host-epibiont cycling of nutrients, generate hypotheses relevant to the ecology of the host and the epibiont, and suggest future research opportunities. Microsc. Res. Tech. 37:116–135, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.