利用确定性退火技术的旅行商问题求解算法*

将确定性退火技术及聚类方法应用于旅行商问题,给出了求解旅行商问题的一种启发式算法.该方法将旅行商问题的离散模型转化为连续模型去求解,通过求解一系列随温度变化的物理系统的自由能函数的局部极小来获得旅行商问题的解,并给出了一个简单的显式迭代公式.算例表明,该算法性能良好.     

利用确定性退火技术的旅行商问题求解算法

将确定性退火技术及聚类方法应用于旅行商问题,给出了求解旅行商问题的一种启发式算法．该方法将旅行商问题的离散模型转化为连续模型去求解,通过求解一系列随温度变化的物理系统的自由能函数的局部极小来获得旅行商问题的解,并给出了一个简单的显式迭代公式．算例表明,该算法性能良好．     

利用改进的随机松弛法求解旅行商问题

旅行商问题是一个典型的组合优化问题,也是多种复杂问题的一种简化形式.因此,寻求一种有效的算法来求解此问题成为研究热点.随机松弛法是一种基于Metropolis迭代法求解的启发式随机搜索算法.针对该算法在求解旅行商问题时,存在易陷入局部最优的缺点,本文提出了三种不同的改进方法.即就是说,在解变换产生新解的过程中,首先,随机选择三个城市.然后,分别给出了三种不同的随机处理方法.最后,在仿真研究中,与已有方法相比,结果表明所给的三种方法的路径更短,结果更优.     

带冲突图的着色旅行商问题模型与算法

着色旅行商问题是多旅行商问题的一个重要变种，它被广泛地应用于带有重叠区域的多机工程系统。现有的着色旅行商问题难以有效应对带冲突的场景，这种冲突通常表现为两个城市不允许被同一旅行商访问。受带冲突图的组合优化问题的启发，提出了带冲突图的着色旅行商问题，且给出了其形式化的表达。带冲突图的着色旅行商问题是一个NP难问题，精确算法求解器CPLEX仅能在小规模问题实例上获得问题的最优解。为了求解更大规模的实例，提出了一个有效的模因算法。该模因算法采用了自适应大规模邻域搜索算子。对比模因算法和精确算法，模因算法在20个小规模实例中的9个结果更好，在18个实例上展现了其远超精确算法的求解速度。而比较模因算法和其他启发式算法，模因算法在全部14个中等规模实例上均取得了更好结果。此外，消融实验结果验证了模因算法中自适应大规模领域搜索算子的有效性。     

最小比率旅行商问题的引力搜索算法求解

经典旅行商问题的目标函数是总路程最小,而在实际情况中往往会考虑旅行商的收益问题,研究了以总路程和总收益之比为目标函数的最小比率旅行商问题.由于该问题的目标函数是非线性的,比求解目标函数是线性的旅行商问题更为困难,为有效求解该问题,提出一种引力搜索算法.算法基于万有引力定律和牛顿第二定律进行寻优,并采用速度和位置的计算模型.同时结合随机键的编码方法,将搜索个体的连续位置转换为离散的城市访问顺序.给出了算法的具体实现方案,并通过仿真和比较实验验证算法的优化性能.实验结果表明该算法可以有效求解最小比率旅行商问题.     

混合算法求解着色瓶颈旅行商问题

基于着色旅行商问题(colored traveling salesman problem, CTSP),给出了一种适用性更加宽泛的组合优化问题模型：着色瓶颈旅行商问题(colored bottleneck traveling salesman problem, CBTSP).CBTSP可建模含有部分重合工作区域的规划问题,譬如有合作任务和单独任务的人员与车辆的路线规划,此类问题由于目标函数与旅行商问题不一样,因此不能够用CTSP模型来建模.由于CBTSP属于NP难问题,对于规模大的此类问题,自然启发式算法是个合适的选择.基于此,提出了一种自然启发式算法求解CBTSP,该算法是基于伊藤过程的粒子群算法(particle swarm optimization, PSO)、模拟退火算法(simulated annealing, SA)和遗传算法(genetic algorithm, GA)的混合算法(PSGA).PSGA首先用二重染色体编码来构建问题的解,然后运用遗传算法的交叉操作进行更新,其中交叉长度由伊藤过程的活动强度来控制,而活动强度由粒子半径和环境温度来决定.为了充分验证算法的有效性,使用小尺度到大尺度不同规模的数据进行实验,通过广泛的实验与分析表明:PSGA求解CBTSP问题的求解质量要优于对比算法.     

基于猴群算法求解旅行商问题

鉴于旅行商问题是一个NP难问题,而猴群算法是一种新的群体智能优化算法,因此,利用猴群算法给出旅行商问题的求解。在分析了旅行商问题的特点后,采用整数编码的方式来表示猴群的位置,这样就解决了猴群算法在求解含有离散变量的组合优化问题时,算法中的爬过程失效的问题,有效地利用猴群算法求解旅行商问题。为了提高猴群算法的性能,在猴群算法的爬过程中,引入好动策略,给出改进算法,并将其应用到求解旅行商问题。在仿真实验中,与其他算法进行比较,结果表明利用改进猴群算法能够有效地求解旅行商问题。     

蚁群算法在求解旅行商问题中的应用综述

旅行商问题作为组合优化研究中最具挑战的问题之一, 自被提出以来就引起了学术界的广泛关注并提出了大量的方法来解决它. 蚁群算法是求解复杂组合优化问题的一种启发式仿生进化算法, 是求解旅行商问题的有效手段. 本文分别介绍蚁群算法中几个有代表性的算法, 综述了蚁群算法的改进、融合和应用的文献研究进展, 以评价近年来不同版本的蚁群算法为解决旅行商问题的发展和研究成果, 并针对改进蚁群算法结构框架、算法参数的设置及优化、信息素优化和混合算法等方面, 对现被提出的改进算法进行了分类综述. 对蚁群算法在未来对旅行商问题及其他不同领域的研究内容和研究热点的进一步发展提供了展望和依据.     

基于自适应继承策略的帝国竞争算法求解旅行商问题

针对帝国竞争算法在求解旅行商问题时局部搜索能力不强和容易陷入局部最优的缺陷,提出一种基于自适应继承策略的帝国竞争算法.该算法采用自适应继承策略的启发式交叉算子、单点局部插入策略和固定邻域的2-opt算子来增强算法的局部优化能力,并加入帝国精英解集以保持种群的多样性.通过标准实例测试,验证了所提出的改进策略的优越性,与基于启发式交叉算子和帝国主义算法为框架的其他算法进行对比,实验结果表明,该算法求解中小规模的解旅行商问题具有较高的求解精度和较快的收敛速度.     

动态搜索算法求解时间依赖型旅行商问题研究

时间依赖型旅行商问题(TDTSP)是旅行商问题(TSP)的延伸.在该问题中,任意两节点间的旅行时间(成本)不仅取决于节点间的距离,还依赖于一天中具体时段或节点在哈密顿圈中所处的具体位置.对基于节点所处哈密顿圈中具体位置的TDTSP问题建立相应的数学模型,并提出求解该问题的动态搜索算法.通过实验仿真,验证了动态搜索算法优于目前在邻域搜索领域求解该问题最有效的动态规划启发式算法.     

带多项式量级约束条件的多商品流BWTSP线性规划

黑白旅行商问题(BWTSP)是近年来出现的新NP-难解问题,根据图中边是否对称可以分为无向BWTSP和有向BWTSP两种.现有无向BWTSP的Ghiani线性规划中约束条件数目为指数多个.权值阈值等于+∞的有向BWTSP通过转换为RATSP问题而存在多项式个约束条件的线性规划.针对一般的有向BWTSP,提出了一种仅包含多项式个约束条件的新线性规划.其基本思想是首先将有向BWTSP问题归约为ATSP问题,然后利用ATSP包含n(n+4)个约束条件的Finke-Claus-Gunn线性规划,通过定义剩余和消耗基数商品流,分析了环路上的弧应满足的约束条件,并证明这些n\\+2+2|W|的约束条件即是基数约束条件;类似地通过定义剩余和消耗权值商品流,得到n\\+2+n+2|B|个权值约束条件. 最终得到原始问题仅包含3n\\+2+7n个约束条件的线性规划.由于无向BWTSP问题和权值阈值等于+∞的有向BWTSP均是一般有向BWTSP的特例,故此结果对于它们同样有效.     

A new formulation and approach for the black and white traveling salesman problem

This paper proposes a new formulation and a column generation approach for the black and white traveling salesman problem. This problem is an extension of the traveling salesman problem in which the vertex set is divided into black vertices and white vertices. The number of white vertices visited and the length of the path between two consecutive black vertices are constrained. The objective of this problem is to find the shortest Hamiltonian cycle that covers all vertices satisfying the cardinality and the length constraints. We present a new formulation for the undirected version of this problem, which is amenable to the Dantzig–Wolfe decomposition. The decomposed problem which is defined on a multigraph becomes the traveling salesman problem with an extra constraint set in which the variable set is the feasible paths between pairs of black vertices. In this paper, a column generation algorithm is designed to solve the linear programming relaxation of this problem. The resulting pricing subproblem is an elementary shortest path problem with resource constraints, and we employ acceleration strategies to solve this subproblem effectively. The linear programming relaxation bound is strengthened by a cutting plane procedure, and then column generation is embedded within a branch-and-bound algorithm to compute optimal integer solutions. The proposed algorithm is used to solve randomly generated instances with up to 80 vertices.     

Cost-based Filtering for Shorter Path Constraints

Many real world problems, e.g. personnel scheduling and transportation planning, can be modeled naturally as Constrained Shortest Path Problems (CSPPs), i.e., as Shortest Path Problems with additional constraints. A well studied problem in this class is the Resource Constrained Shortest Path Problem. Reduction techniques are vital ingredients of solvers for the CSPP, that is frequently NP-hard, depending on the nature of the additional constraints. Viewed as heuristics, these techniques have not been studied theoretically with respect to their efficiency, i.e., with respect to the relation of filtering power and running time. Using the concepts of Constraint Programming, we provide a theoretical study of cost-based filtering for shorter path constraints on acyclic, on undirected, and on directed graphs that do not contain negative cycles. We then show empirically how reasoning about path-substructures in combination with CP-based Lagrangian relaxation can help to improve significantly over previously developed problem-tailored filtering algorithms for the resource constrained shortest path problem and investigate the impact of required-edge detection, undirected versus directed filtering, and the choice of the algorithm optimizing the Lagrangian dual.     

Lower bounds for the mixed capacitated arc routing problem

Capacitated arc routing problems (CARP) arise in distribution or collecting problems where activities are performed by vehicles, with limited capacity, and are continuously distributed along some pre-defined links of a network. The CARP is defined either as an undirected problem or as a directed problem depending on whether the required links are undirected or directed. The mixed capacitated arc routing problem (MCARP) models a more realistic scenario since it considers directed as well as undirected required links in the associated network. We present a compact flow based model for the MCARP. Due to its large number of variables and constraints, we have created an aggregated version of the original model. Although this model is no longer valid, we show that it provides the same linear programming bound than the original model. Different sets of valid inequalities are also derived. The quality of the models is tested on benchmark instances with quite promising results.     

Solving the traveling salesman problem with annealing-basedheuristics: a computational study

Recently, several general optimization algorithms based on the demon algorithm from statistical physics have been developed and tested on a few traveling salesman problems with encouraging results. In this paper, we conduct an extensive computational study of 11 annealing-based heuristics for the traveling salesman problem. We code versions of simulated annealing, threshold accepting, record-to-record travel and eight heuristics based on the demon algorithm. We apply each heuristic to 29 traveling salesman problems taken from a well-known online library, compare the results with respect to accuracy and running time and provide insights and suggestions for future work     

Fast,effective heuristics for the 0–1 multi-dimensional knapsack problem

The objective of the multi-dimensional knapsack problem (MKP) is to find a subset of items with maximum value that satisfies a number of knapsack constraints. Solution methods for MKP, both heuristic and exact, have been researched for several decades. This paper introduces several fast and effective heuristics for MKP that are based on solving the LP relaxation of the problem. Improving procedures are proposed to strengthen the results of these heuristics. Additionally, the heuristics are run with appropriate deterministic or randomly generated constraints imposed on the linear relaxation that allow generating a number of good solutions. All algorithms are tested experimentally on a widely used set of benchmark problem instances to show that they compare favourably with the best-performing heuristics available in the literature.     

Editing to Eulerian graphs

The Eulerian Editing problem asks, given a graph G and an integer k, whether G can be modified into an Eulerian graph using at most k edge additions and edge deletions. We show that this problem is polynomial-time solvable for both undirected and directed graphs. We generalize these results for problems with degree parity constraints and degree balance constraints, respectively. We also consider the variants where vertex deletions are permitted. Combined with known results, this leads to full complexity classifications for both undirected and directed graphs and for every subset of the three graph operations.     

Load-dependent and precedence-based models for pickup and delivery problems

We address the one-to-one multi-commodity pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem (m-PDTSP) which is a generalization of the TSP and arises in several transportation and logistics applications. The objective is to find a minimum-cost directed Hamiltonian path which starts and ends at given depot nodes and such that the demand of each given commodity is transported from the associated source to its destination and the vehicle capacity is never exceeded. In contrast, the many-to-many one-commodity pickup and delivery traveling salesman problem (1-PDTSP) just considers a single commodity and each node can be a source or target for units of this commodity. We show that the m-PDTSP is equivalent to the 1-PDTSP with additional precedence constraints defined by the source–destination pairs for each commodity and explore several models based on this equivalence. In particular, we consider layered graph models for the capacity constraints and introduce new valid inequalities for the precedence relations. Especially for tightly capacitated instances with a large number of commodities our branch-and-cut algorithms outperform the existing approaches. For the uncapacitated m-PDTSP (which is known as the sequential ordering problem) we are able to solve to optimality several open instances from the TSPLIB and SOPLIB.     

A Combined column generation and heuristics for railway short-term rolling stock planning with regular inspection constraints

The aim of railway rolling stock planning problem is to find an optimal allocation of train-sets for a given set of trips in the train timetable in order to minimize the total cost. We propose a column generation and Lagrangian relaxation heuristics for short-term rolling stock planning problems with regular inspection constraints. The problem is formulated as a subtour traveling salesman problem to find a set of elementary shortest cycles that cover all trips in the timetable. In the proposed method, a tight lower bound is obtained from the continuous relaxation of Dantzig–Wolfe reformulation by column generation. The pricing problem can be formulated as an elementary shortest cycle problem with resource constraints. A labeling algorithm is applied to solve the pricing problem. In order to reduce the computational effort, we apply a general state space augmenting algorithm to solve the pricing problems. Computational results show that the proposed column generation and Lagrangian relaxation heuristics can find good lower and upper bounds for 300 trips within reasonable computing time.     

Randomized heuristics for the family traveling salesperson problem

This paper introduces the family traveling salesperson problem (FTSP), a variant of the generalized traveling salesman problem. In the FTSP, a subset of nodes must be visited for each node cluster in the graph. The objective is to minimize the distance traveled. We describe an integer programming formulation for the FTSP and show that the commercial grade integer programming solver CPLEX 11 can only solve small instances of the problem in reasonable running time. We propose two randomized heuristics for finding optimal and near‐optimal solutions of this problem. These heuristics are a biased random‐key genetic algorithm and a GRASP with evolutionary path‐relinking. Computational results comparing both heuristics are presented in this study.