随机连续系统的连续时间最小二乘辨识的数值实现

讨论了随机连续系统的连续时间最小二乘（ＣＴＬＳ）辨识的数值实现及仿真，首先回顾了随机连续系统的ＣＴＬＳ辨识法和理论分析结果，然后基于数值积分技术和求解常微分方程的数值解欧拉法和龙格－库塔法，给出了ＣＴＬＳ法的两种数值实现方法，仿真结果显示出此方法的有效性。     

直流电机模型参数的直接辨识

直流电机的数学模型计算是直流调速系统设计的重要环节,传统方法求解得的直流电机模型参数误差大,且不能获得在线参数辨识。为了求出精确的直流电机模型参数,该文给出了求解直流电机数学模型的直接辩识算法,并以一个电机的实验为例,分别用传统方法和直接辨识算法求出了这个电机的模型参数,和阶跃响应曲线。通过对这两种方法所求得的结果进行仿真比较,证明直接辨识算法可行,模型的精确性有明显改善。     

模型结构未知的多模型系统辨识的一种简化途径

本文考虑多模型系统,包括模型结构时变系统的辨识问题。这里不假定模型结构已知,给出了多模型系统模型族的统一描述方法,包括模型结构与参数的辨识方法。并对所提出的方法进行了理论分析和计算机仿真。     

系统脉冲响应的高精度辨识

本文在对现有辨识系统脉冲响应方法进行分析的基础上,全面改进了有关算法,提出了一种高精度求解维纳—霍甫积分方程的方法,大大提高了系统脉冲响应的辨识精度和缩短辨识时间。在线辨织及数字仿真的结果证明了上述结论。在线辨识是利用所研制的以计算机为中心的自动辨识系统进行的。     

遥控水下机器人模型辨识及预测控制算法研究

针对遥控水下机器人（remotely operated vehicle, ROV）因非对称结构布局、重心和浮心位置变化等因素造成的运动状态耦合和模型非线性问题,文章提出了一种考虑ROV典型非线性特性的在线模型辨识方法,研究并推导了基于所辨识模型的多维预测控制（model predictive control, MPC）算法及其基于算子分割二次规划的快速优化求解方法,搭建了包含ROV非线性数学模型、模型参数辨识算法模块和MPC算法模块的算法仿真系统。通过在辨识模型中分别考虑非线性特性和不考虑非线性特性,改变ROV数学仿真模型的ROV浮心位置参数,对比仿真验证了本文模型辨识算法的有效性和先进性;在上述辨识模型的基础上,对比仿真分析了4种情况下ROV的姿态控制效果,即MPC算法依托的辨识模型是否考虑ROV典型非线性特性,以及基于直接求解MPC算法和本文所提出的基于快速优化近似求解的MPC算法,验证了本文所提控制算法的有效性。     

非线性系统第一类模糊辨识器的设计及仿真

该文针对非线性系统的辨识问题,给出了第一类模糊辨识器的设计方案,该方案通过引入最优逼近误差的自适应律参数项,实时地调整参数来实现对非线性系统的辨识.采用此方法可使辨识器模型的输出很快收敛到真实系统,且辨识误差渐进收敛到零.该文根据此算法编写了便于仿真实现的MATLAB程序,且给出了此程序的解算流程图.最后对Rossler混沌系统的实例进行仿真,绘制了系统真实曲线和辨识器模型输出的估计值曲线,仿真结果说明了该方法在非线性系统辨识中的使用性和可行性.     

基于规范变量分析的子空间辨识方法及应用

现代控制理论的研究如滤波、预测、控制等大多建立在系统的状态空间模型形式上,而传统辨识方法需要预先参数化,并且计算比较复杂。本文深入研究和推广一种基于规范变量分析（CVA）的子空间辨识方法,并引入一种新的Akaike信息判据来获得系统阶次,求解过程简单,结果精确。由于此法直接由数据确定系统状态,避免了预先参数化;在计算上,主要依赖于奇异值分解（SVD）,也不会遇到与传统方法有关的数值困难。仿真研究结果表明,引入新的系统阶次求解方法后能很精确的辨识出系统模型,具有十分广阔的应用前景。     

跳频通信系统抗干扰性能仿真研究

跳频通信系统与常规定频通信系统相比具有较强的抗干扰能力。文中在介绍跳频通信基本原理的基础上，分析了在宽带阻塞干扰和部分频带干扰这两种常见干扰下的跳频通信系统的抗干扰性能，并借助计算机仿真工具MATLAB／Simulink搭建仿真模型，得到了在两种干扰下的误码率-信噪比曲线，从而验证了理论分析的结果。     

PSO并行优化LSSVR非线性黑箱模型辨识

针对非线性黑箱系统辨识中存在不确定性、高阶次,采用常规辨识方法建立其精确数学模型十分困难等问题,提出一种基于自适应粒子群算法的最小二乘支持向量机回归(PSO-LSSVR)非线性系统辨识方法.该方法采用2组自适应粒子群算法并行计算模型,分别利用自适应粒子群算法对LSSVR中的参数进行自动选取和矩阵迭代求解,既克服了传统LSSVR参数难以确定的缺点,提高了辨识精度,同时避免了复杂矩阵求逆运算,加快了计算速度.将该方法应用于船舶操纵性模型非线性系统辨识,仿真结果表明,由该方法得到的LSSVR能够有效地对系统进行建模,仿真精度高,结构简单,具有一定的理论推广意义.     

一种基于小波分解的非线性系统辨识的新方法

提出了一种结合小波理论和NARX模型的新辨识算法．该算法利用小波(多维小波)函数有效的逼近能力避免了通常确定NARX模型结构时的复杂过程，构成了一个相当通用且不依赖于系统先验信息的辨识框架．应用递推最小二乘算法估计模型参数时，该算法可实现系统的在线辨识．两仿真算例说明了这种算法的有效性．     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).