土坝的地震响应及液化无网格法分析

以Biot固结理论的u-p列式作为饱和砂土的控制方程,应用有效循环弹塑性模型建立土的本构关系,并运用更新的Lagrange大变形算法分析液化后土体的大变形行为。利用移动最小二乘法近似推求形函数,再采用伽辽金法对控制方程离散,获得无网格伽辽金法的基本计算方程以进行无网格法分析。通过算例证明了该方法能避免液化大变形有限元分析时由于网格畸变而引起的计算中断问题。将无网格法应用于某坝的地震响应分析。计算结果表明：坝顶的加速度在液化前较输入加速度有一定的放大,在液化后加速度显著减小,且振动周期变长;坝体下部和坝趾处土体相对于其他区域不容易发生液化。     

基于无网格法的周期性波浪荷载作用下饱和土体动力响应分析

基于饱和土体Biot理论,采用无网格单元法分析了周期性波浪荷载作用下的饱和土体动力响应。根据移动最小二乘法,将饱和土体的位移、孔隙水压力进行移动最小二乘法离散,位移边界采用拉格朗日乘子法,将位移约束条件引入得到控制方程组。研究表明,无网格法的节点规则与不规则分布都可得到问题解,但相对而言,规则节点分布可以提高计算精度,不规则节点分布的计算结果也能够达到合理的计算精度。相对于有限元法,采用相同时间步长积分,无网格法能够避免计算结果的振动性。     

基于SPH无网格法的纺锤形桩靴连续贯入过程模拟

纺锤形桩靴在饱和土中贯入过程涉及土体极大变形和复杂的土、水、结构三者耦合作用,由于网格畸变问题,采用传统网格类数值方法很难进行模拟。SPH无网格法借助于一系列粒子进行插值,粒子与粒子之间无联系,将偏微分形式的控制方程转化为常微分方程组进行求解,可有效避免网格畸变问题。基于土-水-结构耦合SPH无网格算法,对桩靴在中密、密实砂土及饱和黏土中的连续贯入过程进行模拟,研究土体存在极大变形条件下桩靴贯入阻力、超孔隙水压力及总应力等物理量在贯入过程中的变化规律,并与CEL大变形有限元分析结果及室内离心机测值进行对比和分析。研究结果表明:采用土-水-结构耦合SPH算法可以准确地捕捉土、水混合物发生大变形时的自由面特征、贯入阻力、孔隙水压力及超孔隙水压力等物理量。     

油-水两相渗流问题的无网格伽辽金法

该文应用无网格伽辽金法对油藏中的油-水两相渗流问题进行了研究。这种方法是基于移动最小二乘法来建立近似函数的，与传统的最小二乘法相比它具有紧支性其系数矩阵是稀疏的。文中较为详细地描述了油藏地层中油-水两相渗流数学模型的建立以及无网格伽辽金法的基本原理。推导了油水两相渗流问题的无网格伽辽金法具体计算格式，编制了相应的计算程序进行实例计算，其计算结果是可靠有效的，为进一步研究利用无网格方法求解复杂介质、边界条件的油藏多相渗流提供了基础。     

油藏渗流问题的无网格伽辽金增维精细积分法

此文提出一种求解油藏渗流问题的数值计算方法,此法称为无网格伽辽金增维精细积分法。基于无网格伽辽金法(EFGM)和增维精细积分法,导出了求解非稳态渗流问题的无网格伽辽金增维精细积分的所有计算格式。结果表明,它是一种无需网格信息、格式简单、程序编制容易、计算精度和稳定性均相对较高的数值计算方法,值得推广。     

无网格法和有限元法的比较

无网格法是在有限元的基础上发展起来的新的数值方法,在处理大变形或网格"畸变"等问题时具有明显的优势.有限元法的形函数和离散系统方程是建立在网格上的,而无网格法在问题域中采用一系列分散节点来建立场变量插值,形函数定义于全域,随插值节点的移动而变化,故无网格法具有更高的计算精度,前处理工作量大大减少,无需后处理过程.由于无网格法中系统刚度矩阵较大,因此需要更多的CPU计算时间.     

库水位下降期土坝饱和：非饱和渗流的二维数值分析方法

本文提出一种计算土坝饱和——非饱和渗流的数值分析方法。该方法采用4节点等参元及三角形单元离散饱和——非饱和渗流域,用伽辽金有限元法结合隐式、向后差分法求解渗流控制方程。编有计算程序,可方便地用来计算库水位下降期土坝的非稳定渗流。文中对唐山陡河土坝进行了实例计算,并把计算结果同现场观测结果进行了比较。     

三维无单元伽辽金法及其在拱坝分析中的应用

本文介绍了三维无单元伽辽金法的基本理论，并将其应用于拱坝结构分析中，基于变分原理推导出三维线弹性无单元伽辽金法的整体平衡方程。为了处理实际水利工程中断层、宏观裂纹等不连续情况，采用可视准则处理不连续面对积分点影响域的影响，同时考虑不连续面两表面相互作用对整体平衡方程的贡献。编制了三维无单元法计算程序并用以分析拉西瓦水电工程拱坝一地基系统模型，结果表明，其反映了拱坝在水荷载作用下的位移分布规律。     

水库水温计算的有限元解法

用基于加权余量法的有限单元法对一维水库水温模型的控制方程进行离散,并且将形函数作为权函数,得到计算水库水温的伽辽金有限元方程。根据工程实践,库底边界条件可取为绝热边界条件。考虑到水面掺混作用,水面边界满足太阳辐射和水面蒸发等条件。通过对龙滩工程水库水温的计算结果表明,用有限元法计算水库水温有较高的精度和可靠性。     

饱和土体大变形固结有限元分析

本文从连续介质力学基本理论出发,建立了土体的的大变形固结方程,用加权残数法离散了控制方程,编制成二维大变形有限元分析计算程序段,使原有的CONDEP程序能考虑几何非线性问题。同时对假想地基进行了有限元计算,还比较了大变形与小变形两种理论计算的结果。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.