Microspectroscopy on single domains of phase-separated monolayers

A versatile and inexpensive, but fully equipped apparatus is presented, which enables detailed optical studies on amphiphilic molecules at the liquid-gas interface. Structural and spectroscopic information, particularly in small areas of single domains of phase-separated monolayers, can be achieved by combination of this miniaturized Langmuir trough and spectralphotometer microscope. The potential of this apparatus is demonstrated with some measurements on a diyne-substituted polymerizable lipid analogue at the air-water interface.     

Monitoring x-ray beam damage on lipid films by an integrated Brewster angle microscope/x-ray diffractometer

We describe an integrated Brewster angle microscope (BAM), Langmuir trough, and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction assembly. The integration of these three techniques allows for the direct observation of radiative beam damage to a lipid monolayer at the air-water interface. Although beam damage has been seen in x-ray measurements, it has not been directly observed in situ at the micron scale. Using this integrated assembly, we examined the effects of radiative beam damage on Langmuir monolayers of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-[phospho-L-serine] (DMPS), 1:1 DMPS:1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and 1:1 DMPS:1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine held at a constant surface pressure. For constant surface pressure experiments, we observed a marked decrease in the surface area of the film upon exposure to the beam due to photodissociation. For a condensed lipid film, a change in refractive index of the film was observed post-beam-exposure, indicating areas of damage. For DMPS in an oxygenated environment, the Bragg peak intensity decreased with beam exposure. In mixed monolayer systems, with saturated and unsaturated lipids, an increase in the number of small saturated lipid domains was seen as the unsaturated lipid was preferentially damaged and lost from the monolayer. We show that BAM is a highly effective technique for in situ observation of the effects of radiative damage at the air/water interface during a synchrotron experiment.     

基于等离子体朗缪尔流效应的新型微机械陀螺仪

首次将等离子体作为敏感元件应用于微机械陀螺仪中,取代目前微机械陀螺仪中所采用的固体、液体或气体等元件。利用气体放电产生的等离子体朗缪尔流效应来使敏感元件产生一定速度的运动,不需另外的驱动元件。介绍了等离子体朗缪尔流效应,探讨了应用朗缪尔流效应的新型微机械陀螺仪的原理,根据Langmuir-Drugvesteyn理论推算朗缪尔流速度可达到6 m/s,给出了该新型微机械陀螺仪的微加工与封装方案和工艺参数优化试验系统。     

刮板输送机中部槽高效双丝焊接工艺技术研究

刮板输送机中部槽采用50°X形对接焊缝和传统的单丝MAG焊焊接工艺,随着板厚的增加,导致中部槽焊接生产效率降低.为了在保证中部槽焊接质量的前提下,提高中部槽的焊接效率,采用不同坡口形式的焊接熔透性试验对中部槽焊接坡口形式进行了优化,并采用熔敷金属试验和焊接接头力学性能试验对双丝MAG焊焊接工艺进行了研究分析.研究结果表明在保证焊接质量的前提下,采用优化的36°X形焊接坡口形式和双丝MAG焊焊接工艺,使中部槽焊接生产效率得到大幅提高.     

Investigation of tribo-chemistry by means of stable isotopic tracers: Mechanism for durability of monomolecular boundary film

A monomolecular film of octadecanoic acid on a Si(1 0 0) surface was prepared using a computer-controlled Langmuir trough. The tribological properties were acquired by a ball-on-flat type tribo-tester under reciprocating motion. Considerable effects of ball material on lifetime for low friction were observed; a glass ball was excellent while a steel ball was poor. The rubbed surfaces on ball and flat were studied by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. Transfer of the carboxylic acid and silicon onto the ball surface from the flat specimen was found. The role of the transferred acid that prolongs the lifetime of low friction was proposed. It should be emphasized that deuterium-labeled carboxylic acid makes the target of TOF-SIMS analysis clear.     

A novel closed-loop electromechanical stimulator to enhance osseointegration with immediate loading of dental implant restorations

The degree of osseomechanical integration of dental implants is acutely sensitive to their mechanical environment. Bone, both as a tissue and structure, adapts its mass and architecture in response to loading conditions. Therefore, application of predefined controlled loads may be considered as a treatment option to promote early maturation of bone/implant interface prior to or in conjunction with crown/prosthesis attachment. Although many studies have established that the magnitude, rate of the applied strain, and frequency have significant effects on the osteogenic response, the actual specific relationships between strain parameters and frequency have not yet been fully defined. The purpose of this study was to develop a stimulator to apply defined mechanical stimuli to individual dental implants in vivo immediately after implantation, exploring the hypothesis that immediate controlled loading could enhance implant integration. An electromechanical device was developed, based on load values obtained using a two-dimensional finite element analysis of the bone/implant interface generating 1000 to 4000 pe and operated at 30 and 3 Hz respectively. The device was then tested in a cadaveric pig mandible, and periosteal bone surface strains were recorded for potential future comparison with a three-dimensional finite element model to determine loading regimens to optimize interface strains and iterate the device for clinical use.     

Friction-induced vibration of a lubricated mechanical system

In a lubricated interface, the local dynamic responses can be complex and depend on molecular effects in the confined lubricating films. In a mechanical system comprising one or more of such interfaces, the influence of the local interfacial behaviour on the total vibrational response remains largely unknown. In this work, we propose a numerical model that incorporates realistic laws of local friction issued from previous experimental results. The objective is to characterize the dynamics of a lubricated system and to study its complex global responses triggered by the local interfacial behaviour. Both stability analysis and vibrational oscillations of the mechanical system will be investigated through various operating conditions.     

Biomechanical finite element analysis of bone cemented hip crack initiation according to stem design

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the specific fracture mechanics response of cracks that initiate at the stem-cement interface and propagate into the cement mantle. Two-dimensional finite element models of idealized stem-cement-bone cross-sections from the proximal femur were developed for this study. Two general stem types were considered; Rectangular shape and Charnley type stem designs. The FE results showed that the highest principal stress in the cement mantle for each case occurred in the upper left and lower right regions adjacent to the stem-cement interface. There was also a general decrease in maximum tensile stress with increasing cement mantle thickness for both Rectangular and Charnley-type stem designs. The cement thickness is found to be one of the important fatigue failure parameters which affect the longevity of cemented femoral components, in which the thinner cement was significantly associated with early mechanical failure for shot-time period.     

Mode I failure modeling of friction stir welding joints

This paper analyzes mechanical response by finite element method up to the decohesion failure in fracture mode I for joints of friction stir welding (FSW) of an aluminum alloy. It first describes experimental investigations on specimens with FSW embedded, subjected to uniform traction and local punch tests used to characterize local elastic and plastic material parameters. The heterogeneity of the mechanical properties induced by the FSW process is taken into account for the elastic-plastic finite element simulation. The growing damage and the opening failure of the welding zone are described by the adoption of a cohesive interface model with specific mechanical properties.     

衍射光栅机械刻划工艺理论分析与实验研究

目前,“试刻划”加工光栅的工艺模式耗时长、效率低,且机械刻划光栅的槽形无法准确预控。通过纳米压痕实验对光栅刻划铝薄膜的微观结构及力学性能进行了表征,采用DEFORM有限元分析软件并结合正交试验对成槽过程进行了研究,通过对数据进行极差分析和单因素影响规律实验分析,建立了槽底角数学工艺模型。研究结果表明,光栅刻划过程可转化为楔体下压过程,基于有限元模拟实验的槽底角数学工艺模型可用。     

含圆形夹杂两相材料界面变形与损伤特性的数值模拟

为模拟复合材料界面行为,利用界面破坏单元和有限元程序,对金属基复合材料Al基体含Al2O3圆形夹杂的界面破坏行为进行一系列的数值模拟,分别采用切向和法向耦合的界面弹簧单元SPRINGA和由自编的非实体四节点界面单元等模型;比较各种界面模型的差别。由计算结果可知,考虑界面层的计算模型比不考虑界面层时合理;采用破坏型界面层即在界面处加入破坏弹簧或非实体破坏单元的计算模型比仅加入一层实体界面层的计算模型合理;加入破坏型界面层时,界面层力学性质的描述与参数值的给定对计算结果有重要的影响。     

低速冲击下的界面响应和磨损行为*

为探究低速冲击下界面响应与磨损行为之间的联系，开展多周次的低速冲击磨损实验；通过分析冲击过程中的接触力峰值、接触时长、接触力冲量、动能耗散等，研究冲击速度对接触界面的力学响应的影响；通过对冲击磨痕的磨损轮廓和形貌、磨损体积的检测分析，以及对磨痕区域元素组分变化的测试，研究冲击速度对接触界面磨损损伤行为的影响。结果表明：冲击速度的增加会导致接触界面在更短的时间内受到更强烈的力学作用；能量吸收率对冲击速度的变化不敏感，但冲击速度的提高会导致单位能量造成的磨损损伤逐渐降低；冲击磨痕可分为以塑性变形和以剥层磨损为主要损伤形式的2种区域；磨损区内经历了严重的摩擦氧化，并随着冲击速度的增加发生冲击副材料转移。因此，冲击速度越高，接触界面间的摩擦越剧烈，形成的表面氧化层避免了冲击副与基底材料的直接接触，延缓了磨损损伤的进一步发展。     

钛-钢爆炸复合板的微观组织结构及力学性能

采用合适的工艺参数将TA2和Q345进行爆炸复合,并对获得的爆炸复合板进行微观组织结构分析和抗拉强度、剪切强度、显微硬度等力学性能测试。结果表明,复合板的力学性能良好,能够满足实际工程需要;复合板金相组织分析显示,结合界面呈波状结合,爆炸焊接时,在结合界面处发生强烈塑性变形,距界面处越远塑性变形越小,显微硬度越低;对复合板靠近钛侧界面进行X射线衍射(XRD)分析,未发现有脆硬的金属间化合物相生成,保证了复合板界面具有较高的结合强度。     

高温热油泵机械密封的热特性数值分析

针对高温热油泵机械密封的失效问题,研究其在不同工况和结构参数下的热特性。通过ANSYS建立由机械密封动环、静环和静环座组成的三维热-结构耦合模型,并使用MATLAB计算端面热流密度插值函数;采用UDF函数对插值函数进行加载,求出每一个单元的热流密度,进而分析高温热油泵机械密封在不同转速、材料和相关结构参数下的传热特性和端面温升。分析结果表明：高温热油泵机械密封运转过程中,接触端面处温度最高;端面热量主要是通过动环传导出去,改变O形圈的支撑位置可以优化端面温升;随着端面宽度的增加及载荷系数的增大,端面温升均增大;机械密封在稳态运转的情况下,端面不会发生相变。     

基于Pro/E和ANSYS对转炉托圈的机械应力分析

介绍了转炉托圈在0°倾角时所受的外载荷,并描述了运用Pro/E软件对托圈进行建模和导入ANSYS软件的方法,然后,基于有限元理论,运用ANSYS软件对托圈进行机械应力分析,从而得到托圈的最大应力和应力集中的部位,分析结果可为转炉托圈设计提供理论依据。     

界面元法在机械结构结合部问题中的应用

针对机械结构数值分析难以解决的结合面位移不连续问题,建立了一种包含结合部特性的机械结构结合部界面元模型。以螺栓连接的机械结构为研究对象,分别进行数值计算和试验研究,并将分析和试验结果进行了比较。结果表明:界面元法能够较好地解决机械结构结合部问题,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fabrication of carbon nanotube AFM probes using the Langmuir–Blodgett technique

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-tipped atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes have shown a significant potential for obtaining high-resolution imaging of nanostructure and biological materials. In this paper, we report a simple method to fabricate single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanoprobes for AFM using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. Thiophenyl-modified SWNTs (SWNT-SHs) through amidation of SWNTs in chloroform allowed to be spread and form a stable Langmuir monolayer at the water/air interface. A simple two-step transfer process was used: (1) dipping conventional AFM probes into the Langmuir monolayer and (2) lifting the probes from the water surface. This results in the attachment of SWNTs onto the tips of AFM nanoprobes. We found that the SWNTs assembled on the nanoprobes were well-oriented and robust enough to maintain their shape and direction even after successive scans. AFM measurements of a nano-porous alumina substrate and deoxyribonucleic acid using SWNT-modified nanoprobes revealed that the curvature diameter of the nanoprobes was less than 3 nm and a fine resolution was obtained than that from conventional AFM probes. We also demonstrate that the LB method is a scalable process capable of simultaneously fabricating a large number of SWNT-modified nanoprobes.     

机械设计快速计算查询系统

介绍了利用Visual Basic语言建立的基于Windows环境的机械设计计算查询系统。该系统汇集了机械设计中常用的数据、公式,并具有典型的Windows可视化界面,为设计师提供了良好的计算机辅助计算和查询的平台。系统界面直观、操作简便。实践证明,该查询系统显著提高了工作效率,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Fabrication of carbon nanotube AFM probes using the Langmuir-Blodgett technique

Carbon nanotube (CNT)-tipped atomic force microscopy (AFM) probes have shown a significant potential for obtaining high-resolution imaging of nanostructure and biological materials. In this paper, we report a simple method to fabricate single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) nanoprobes for AFM using the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Thiophenyl-modified SWNTs (SWNT-SHs) through amidation of SWNTs in chloroform allowed to be spread and form a stable Langmuir monolayer at the water/air interface. A simple two-step transfer process was used: (1) dipping conventional AFM probes into the Langmuir monolayer and (2) lifting the probes from the water surface. This results in the attachment of SWNTs onto the tips of AFM nanoprobes. We found that the SWNTs assembled on the nanoprobes were well-oriented and robust enough to maintain their shape and direction even after successive scans. AFM measurements of a nano-porous alumina substrate and deoxyribonucleic acid using SWNT-modified nanoprobes revealed that the curvature diameter of the nanoprobes was less than 3nm and a fine resolution was obtained than that from conventional AFM probes. We also demonstrate that the LB method is a scalable process capable of simultaneously fabricating a large number of SWNT-modified nanoprobes.     

Development of a new method for joint damping identification in a bolted lap joint

Mechanical joints have considerable effects on dynamic behaviour of machine tools; thus, joint damping identification is important in studying the dynamics of mechanical structures. Due to the difficulties in analysis of microslip friction, the experimental prediction of microslip joint dynamics is of great importance. In this study, a new experimental approach is proposed to determine the damping of bolted lap joints. Because of the complex nature of the mechanical joints, the lap joint is isolated through the addition of a mechanical resonator, which consists of a lumped mass and spring, to the bolted structure. The frequency response function (FRF) of this system is used for joint damping identification. This approach is used for bolted structures under both translational and torsional excitations and overcomes difficulties associated with slip boundaries identification in the joint interface. The method is verified by comparing the obtained results with those of the hysteresis loop approach.