吉林省加大造纸行业环保专项整治工作

吉林省现有造纸企业192个。其中自制浆企业11个,万吨以上非自制浆造纸企业17个,万吨以下非自制浆造纸企业有174个。现全省正在生产的企业有57     

我国将加速造纸行业整合

中国造纸业近十年来虽然取得了快速发展,已成为造纸产业大国,但远不是造纸产业强国,中国企业与世界前100名企业相比还有很大的差距。前瞻产业研究院发布的《2012—2016年中国造纸行业产销需求与投资预侧分析报告》显示,近几年我国造纸产业集中度不断提高,涌现出9家百万吨级的纸业公司,但行业平均规模却仅有2．3万吨。据统计,2011年全国2600余家造纸企业年生产能力10万吨以上的仅100余家。而2008年全球造纸100家企业排名中,超过100万吨有87家,其中全球最大的造纸企业浆纸产量达到1800万吨,中国2011年最大的造纸企业产量也不过760万吨。     

上海市造纸行业2010年生产概况

1 生产能力变化的简要分析 2010年上海市造纸行业纸及纸板的产量为88．38万吨,较上年82．27万吨增加6．11万吨,增长7．43％。     

造纸行业的集约化需要适度

1 造纸行业集约化现状 我国造纸企业规模普遍偏低是-直以来的现实,尽管国家-直提倡造纸行业集约化生产,近几年产业集中度的发展仍然有限.据2006年统计数据,我国拥有木浆企业50余家,平均产能仅10万吨/年,远落后于发达国家水平(30万吨/年).     

上海2013年造纸行业经济运行简析

2013年,上海造纸继续处于调整阶段,造纸企业户数有所减少,全市造纸生产企业15家,机制纸及纸板产量85.80万吨,比上年减少4.39万吨,降幅4.87%。主要由企业生产性减产以及潜利工业退出生活用纸市场、富民纸业瓦楞原纸生产线停产所致。     

2011年造纸行业将淘汰落后产能819万吨

本刊综合报道 工业和信息化部网站7月i1日发布公告,公布了2011年工业行业淘汰落后产能企业名单,共涉及18个行业的2255家企业。其中,淘汰造纸819．6万吨、涉及599家企业。今年造纸行业淘汰产能的指标再次升级,几乎是去年的两倍。据了解,2010年工业和信息化部要求造纸行业淘汰落后产能432万吨、涉及279家造纸企业。     

造纸行业经济运行情况及趋势

1近期造纸行业经济运行情况,1.12022年造纸行业基本运行情况,2022年,我国制浆造纸及纸制品全行业完成纸浆、纸及纸板和纸制品产量合计28391万吨,同比增长1.32%。其中:纸及纸板产量12425万吨,较上年增长2.64%;纸浆产量8587万吨,较上年增长5.01%;纸制品产量7379万吨,较上年下降4.65%。全行业营业收入完成1.52万亿元,同比增长0.44%;实现利润总额621亿元,同比下降29.79%。     

纸及纸板市场需求变化折射造纸行业新走势

我国纸及纸板生产企业约有3700家,据中国造纸协会对规模以上造纸企业生产情况统计,2010年1～9月纸浆生产量达1667.07万吨,比上年同期增长18.23%;纸及纸板生产量7338.93万吨,比上年同期增长8.91%;纸及纸板产品的产销率为98.1%,比上年同期下降0.20个百分点。     

常德市设立草浆造纸“门槛”

2006年11月29日，全市召开造纸行业污染整治专题会议，拿出了整治实施方案（草案）。专题会议提出，今年12月31日前，17家无环评手续、无污染防治设施、长期超标排污的“两无”化学制浆造纸、废纸造纸企业一律停止生产；今年3月31日前，40家没有碱回收装置、污染物排放不能稳定达标的化学制浆造纸企业。没有环保设施、污染物排放不能稳定达标的再生纸厂一律停产。到今年12月31日前，年生产能力在5万吨以上（含5万吨）的制浆造纸企业和年生产能力1万吨以上（含1万吨）的再生纸厂，相关环保设施合格，经省、市、县三级环保部门验收合格后，才可以继续生产。     

上海2010年造纸产量增长7.43%

2010年,上海市造纸行业纸及纸板产量为88.38万t,较2009年增加6.11万t,增长7.43。近年来,上海市造纸行业不断进行企业结构和产品结构调整。从国际大城市发展看,食品包装用纸、生活用纸     

Identifying abiotic chlorinated ethene degradation: characteristic isotope patterns in reaction products with nanoscale zero-valent iron

Carbon isotope fractionation is of great interest in assessing chlorinated ethene transformation by nanoscale zero-valent iron at contaminated sites, particularly in distinguishing the effectiveness of an implemented abiotic degradation remediation scheme from intrinsic biotic degradation. Transformation of trichloroethylene (TCE), cis-dichloroethylene (cis-DCE), and vinyl chloride (VC) with two types of nanoscale iron materials showed different reactivity trends, but relatively consistent carbon isotope enrichment factors (epsilon) of -19.4 per thousand +/- 1.8 per thousand (VC), -21.7 per thousand +/- 1.8 per thousand (cis-DCE), and -23.5 per thousand +/- 2.8 per thousand (TCE) with one type of iron (FeBH), and from -20.9 per thousand +/- 1.1 per thousand to -26.5 per thousand +/- 1.5 per thousand (TCE) with the other (FeH2). Products of the dichloroelimination pathway (ethene, ethane, and acetylene) were consistently 10 per thousand more isotopically depleted than those of the hydrogenolysis pathway (cis-DCE from TCE, VC from cis-DCE), displaying a characteristic pattern that may serve as an indicator of abiotic dehalogenation reactions and as a diagnostic parameter for differentiating the effects of abiotic versus biotic degradation. In contrast, the product-related enrichment factors of each respective pathway varied significantly in different experiments. Because such variation would not be expected for independent pathways with constant kinetic isotope effects, our data give preliminary evidence that the two pathways may share an irreversible first reaction step with subsequent isotopically sensitive branching.     

Sulfur speciation and stable isotope trends of water-soluble sulfates in mine tailings profiles

Sulfur speciation and the sources of water-soluble sulfate in three oxidizing sulfidic mine tailings impoundments were investigated by selective dissolution and stable isotopes. The studied tailings impoundments--Piuquenes, Cauquenes, and Salvador No. 1--formed from the exploitation of the Rio Blanco/La Andina, El Teniente, and El Salvador Chilean porphyry copper deposits, which are located in Alpine, Mediterranean, and hyperarid climates, respectively. The water-soluble sulfate may originate from dissolution of primary ore sulfates (e.g., gypsum, anhydrite, jarosite) or from oxidation of sulfide minerals exposed to aerobic conditions during mining activity. With increasing aridity and decreasing pyrite content of the tailings, the sulfur speciation in the unsaturated oxidation zones showed a trend from dominantly Fe(III) oxyhydroxide fixed sulfate (e.g., jarosite and schwertmannite) in Piuquenes toward increasing presence of water-soluble sulfate at Cauquenes and Salvador No. 1. In the saturated primary zones, sulfate is predominantly present in water-soluble form (mainly as anhydrite and/or gypsum). In the unsaturated zone at Piuquenes and Cauquenes, the delta34S(SO4)values ranged from +0.5 per thousand to +2.0 per thousand and from -0.4 per thousand to +1.4 per thousand Vienna Canyon Diablo Troilite (V-CDT), respectively, indicating a major sulfate source from pyrite oxidation (delta34S(pyrite) = -1.1 per thousand and -0.9 per thousand). In the saturated zone at Piuquenes and Cauquenes, the values ranged from -0.8 per thousand to +0.3 per thousand and from +2.2 per thousand to +3.9 per thousand, respectively. At Cauquenes the 34S enrichment in the saturated zone toward depth indicates the increasing contribution of isotopically heavy dissolved sulfate from primary anhydrite (approximately +10.9 per thousand). At El Salvador No. 1, the delta34S(SO4) average value is -0.9 per thousand, suggesting dissolution of supergene sulfate minerals (jarosite, alunite, gypsum) with a delta34S approximately -0.7 per thousand as the most probable sulfate source. The gradual decrease of delta18O(SO4) values from the surface to the oxidation front in the tailings impoundments at Piuquenes (from -4.5 per thousand to -8.6 per thousand Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, V-SMOW) and at Cauquenes (from -1.3 per thousand to -3.5 per thousand) indicates the increasing importance of ferric iron as the main electron acceptor in the oxidation of pyrite. The different delta18O(SO4) values between the tailings impoundments studied here reflect the local climates.     

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane reactions with OH-, Cr(II), granular iron, and a copper-iron bimetal: insights from product formation and associated carbon isotope fractionation

Despite widespread implementation of zero-valent iron remediation schemes, the manner and order of chemical bond cleavage in iron-mediated organohalide transformations remains imperfectly understood. We present insights from carbon isotope fractionation for the dehalogenation of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA) by various reactants. Elimination of HCl by OH- gave isotope fractionation in 1,1,2,2-TeCA of Euro = -25.6 per thousand, KIE(c) = 1.02 to 1.03 per carbon center, consistentwith a concerted (E2) mechanism. In contrast, 1,1,1-TCA reduction by Cr(II), Fe(0), and Cu-plated iron (Cu/Fe) resulted in Euro = -13.6 per thousand to -15.8 per thousand indicating the initial involvement of a single C-Cl bond (KIE(c) approximately 1.03). 1,1,2,2-TeCA reduction by Cr(II), Fe(0), and Cu/Fe yielded Euro = -18.7 per thousand, -19.3 per thousand, and -17.0 per thousand, respectively. In the two latter cases, depletion of the minor product TCE by 26 per thousand indicated its formation via nonreductive dehydrohalogenation. The major 1,1,2,2-TeCA reduction products, cis- and trans-DCE, differed by 2.3 per thousand +/- 1.0 per thousand in Cr(II) systems, but were equivalent in Fe(0) and Cu/Fe systems. In contrast, the ratio of cis-DCE to trans-DCE concentration was 2.5 for reduction with Cr(II) and Fe(0), but -3.8 with Cu/Fe. Complementary isotope and concentration data therefore suggest differences in the transition state geometry and/ or reaction intermediates in each reductant system.     

Use of compound-specific stable carbon isotope analyses to demonstrate anaerobic biodegradation of MTBE in groundwater at a gasoline release site

Currently it is unclear if natural attenuation is an appropriate remedial approach for groundwater impacted by methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE). Site-characterization data at most gasoline release sites are adequate to evaluate attenuation in MTBE concentrations over time or distance. But, demonstrating natural biodegradation of MTBE requires laboratory microcosm studies, which could be expensive and time-consuming. Recently, compound-specific carbon isotope ratio analyses (13C/12C expressed in delta13C notation) have been used to demonstrate aerobic biodegradation of MTBE in laboratory incubations. This study explored the potential of this approach to distinguish MTBE biodegradation from other abiotic processes in an anaerobic groundwater plume that showed extensive decrease in MTBE concentrations. To our knowledge, this is the first study to use delta13C of MTBE data in groundwater and laboratory microcosms to demonstrate anaerobic biodegradation of MTBE. The delta13C of MTBE in monitoring wells increased by up to 31 per thousand (-25.5 per thousand to +5.5 per thousand) along with a 40-fold decrease in MTBE concentrations. Anaerobic incubations in laboratory microcosms indicated up to 20-fold reduction in MTBE concentrations with a corresponding increase in delta13C of MTBE of up to 33.4 per thousand (-28.7 per thousand to +4.7 per thousand) in live microcosms. Little enrichment was observed in autoclaved controls. These results demonstrate that anaerobic biodegradation was the dominant natural attenuation mechanism for MTBE at this site. The estimated isotopic enrichment factors (epsilon(field) = -8.10 per thousand and epsilon(lab) = -9.16 per thousand) were considerably larger than the range (-1.4 per thousand to -2.4 per thousand) previously reported for aerobic biodegradation of MTBE in laboratory incubations. These observations strongly suggest that delta13C of MTBE could be potentially useful as an "indicator" of in-situ MTBE biodegradation.     

Hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during aerobic biodegradation of benzene

The main aim of the study was to evaluate hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation during biodegradation of benzene as a possible tool to trace the process in contaminated environments. Aerobic biodegradation of benzene by two bacterial isolates, Acinetobacter sp. and Burkholderia sp., was accompanied by significant hydrogen and carbon isotope fractionation with hydrogen isotope enrichment factors of -12.8 +/- 0.7 per thousand and -11.2 +/- 1.8 per thousand, respectively, and average carbon isotope enrichment factors of -1.46 +/- 0.06 per thousand and -3.53 +/- 0.26 per thousand, respectively. Inorganic carbon produced by Acinetobacter sp. was depleted in 13C by 3.6-6.2 per thousand as compared to the initial delta13C of benzene, while the produced biomass was enriched in 13C by 3.8 per thousand. The secondary aim was to determine isotope ratios of benzenes from different manufacturers with regard to the use of isotopes for source differentiation. While two of the four analyzed benzenes had similar delta13C values, each of them had a distinct delta2H-delta13C pair and delta2H values spread over a range of 66.5 per thousand. Thus, combined analyses of hydrogen and carbon isotopes may be a more promising approach to trace sources and/or biodegradation of benzene than measuring carbon isotopes only.     

Distinguishing abiotic and biotic transformation of tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene by stable carbon isotope fractionation

Significant carbon isotope fractionation was observed during FeS-mediated reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE). Bulk enrichment factors (E(bulk)) for PCE were -30.2 +/- 4.3 per thousand (pH 7), -29.54 +/- 0.83 per thousand (pH 8), and -24.6 +/- 1.1 per thousand (pH 9). For TCE, E(bulk) values were -33.4 +/- 1.5 per thousand (pH 8) and -27.9 +/- 1.3 per thousand (pH 9). A smaller magnitude of carbon isotope fractionation resulted from microbial reductive dechlorination by two isolated pure cultures (Desulfuromonas michiganensis strain BB1 (BB1) and Sulfurospirillum multivorans (Sm)) and a bacterial consortium (BioDechlor INOCULUM (BDI)). The E(bulk) values for biological PCE microbial dechlorination were -1.39 +/- 0.21 per thousand (BB1), -1.33 +/- 0.13 per thousand (Sm), and -7.12 +/- 0.72 per thousand (BDI), while those for TCE were -4.07 +/- 0.48 per thousand (BB1), -12.8 +/- 1.6 per thousand (Sm), and -15.27 +/- 0.79 per thousand (BDI). Reactions were investigated by calculation of the apparent kinetic isotope effect for carbon (AKIEc), and the results suggest that differences in isotope fractionation for abiotic and microbial dechlorination resulted from the differences in rate-limiting steps during the dechlorination reaction. Measurement of more negative E(bulk) values at sites contaminated with PCE and TCE may suggest the occurrence of abiotic reductive dechlorination by FeS.     

Insight into methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) stable isotope fractionation from abiotic reference experiments

Methyl group oxidation, SN2-type hydrolysis, and SN1-type hydrolysis are suggested as natural transformation mechanisms of MTBE. This study reports for the first time MTBE isotopic fractionation during acid hydrolysis and for oxidation by permanganate. In acid hydrolysis, MTBE isotopic enrichment factors were epsilon(C) = -4.9 per thousand +/- 0.6 per thousand for carbon and epsilon(H) = -55 per thousand +/- 7 per thousand for hydrogen. Position-specific values were epsilon(C), reactive position = -24.3 per thousand +/- 2.3 oer thousand and epsilon(H,reactive position) = -73 per thousand +/- 9 per thousand, giving kinetic isotope effects KIE(C) = 1.025 +/- 0.003 and KIE(H) = 1.08 +/- 0.01 consistent with an SN1-type hydrolysis involving the tert-butyl group. The characteristic slope of deltadelta2H(bulk)/deltadelta13C(bulk) approximately epsilon(bulk,H)/ epsilon(bulk,C) = 11.1 +/- 1.3 suggests it may identify SN1-type hydrolysis also in settings where the pathway is not well constrained. Oxidation by permanganate was found to involve specifically the methyl group of MTBE, similar to aerobic biodegradation. Large hydrogen enrichment factors of epsilon(H) = -109 per thousand +/- 9 per thousand and epsilon(H,reactive position) = -342 per thousand +/- 16 per thousand indicate both large primary and large secondary hydrogen isotope effects. Significantly smaller values reported previously for aerobic biodegradation suggest that intrinsic fractionation is often masked by additional non-fractionating steps. For conservative estimates of biodegradation at field sites, the largest epsilon values reported should, therefore, be used.     

Variations in 13C/12C and D/H enrichment factors of aerobic bacterial fuel oxygenate degradation

Reliable compound-specific isotope enrichment factors are needed for a quantitative assessment of in situ biodegradation in contaminated groundwater. To obtain information on the variability on carbon and hydrogen enrichment factors (epsilonC, epsilonH) the isotope fractionation of methyl tertiary (tert-) butyl ether (MTBE) and ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE) upon aerobic degradation was studied with different bacterial isolates. Methylibium sp. R8 showed a carbon and hydrogen isotope enrichment upon MTBE degradation of -2.4 +/- 0.1 and -42 +/- 4 per thousand, respectively, which is in the range of previous studies with pure cultures (Methylibium petroleiphilum PM1) as well as mixed consortia. In contrast, epsilonC of the beta/-proteobacterium L108 (-0.48 +/- 0.05 per thousand) and Rhodococcus ruber IFP 2001 (-0.28 +/- 0.06 per thousand) was much lower and hydrogen isotope fractionation was negligible (epsilonH < or = -0.2 per thousand). The varying isotope fractionation pattern indicates that MTBE is degraded by different mechanisms by the strains R8 and PM1 compared to L108 and IFP 2001. The carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation of ETBE by L108 (epsilonC = -0.68 +/- 0.06 per thousand and epsilonH = -14 +/- 2 per thousand) and IFP 2001 (epsilonC = -0.8 +/- 0.1 per thousand and epsilonH = -11 +/- 4 per thousand) was very similar and seemed slightly higher than the fractionation observed upon MTBE degradation by the same strains. The low carbon and hydrogen enrichment factors observed during MTBE and ETBE degradation by L108 and IFP 2001 suggest a hydrolysis-like reaction type of the ether bond cleavage compared to oxidation of the alkyl group as suggested for the strains PM1 and R8. The variability of carbon and hydrogen enrichment factors should be taken into account when interpreting isotope pattern of fuel oxygenates with respect to biodegradation in contamination plumes.     

Identifying competing aerobic nitrobenzene biodegradation pathways by compound-specific isotope analysis

Nitroaromatic compounds that contaminate soil and groundwater can be biodegraded by different, sometimes competing reaction pathways. We evaluated the combined use of compound-specific stable C and N isotope analysis to distinguish between enzymatic nitrobenzene oxidation by Comamonas sp. strain JS765 and partial reduction by Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes strain JS45 under aerobic conditions. Bulk 13C and 15N enrichment factors for nitrobenzene dioxygenation with JS765 were -3.9 per thousand +/- 0.09 per thousand (+/- 1sigma) and -0.75 per thousand +/- 0.09 per thousand, respectively. The corresponding primary apparent kinetic isotope effects (AKIE) of 1.0241 +/- 0.0005 for 13C and a secondary 15N AKIE of 1.0008 +/- 0.0001 are in very good agreement with the proposed enzymatic addition of dioxygen to the aromatic ring to form a cis-dihydrodiol in the rate-limiting step of nitrobenzene degradation. For the partial reduction pathway with JS45, epsilonC and epsilonN values were -0.57 per thousand +/- 0.06 per thousand and -26.6 per thousand +/- 0.7 per thousand. The 13C and 15N AKIEs amount to 1.0034 +/- 0.0003 and 1.0273 +/- 0.0008, respectively, and are consistent with the two-electron reduction and dehydration of the aromatic NO2 group to nitrosobenzene. The combined evaluation of delta13C and delta15N changes in nitrobenzene, based on the isotope enrichment behavior found in this laboratory study, provide an excellent starting point for assessing of the extent of nitrobenzene biodegradation via competing pathways in contaminated environments.     

国内特殊用途钢丝绳市场竞争格局分析

面对国内普通钢丝绳市场逐步缩小,钢丝绳企业虽已相继进入特殊用途钢丝绳市场,但处于分散竞争态势的现状,对国内特殊用途钢丝绳发展状况进行分析:(1)到2015年,国内新电梯配套钢丝绳需求不少于13.21万t;电梯维护保养用钢丝绳会以每年20%左右的速度增长。(2)2011年新增工程机械配套用钢丝绳约9.1万t,预计2015年国内工程机械配套用钢丝绳需求约为13.0万t。(3)2011年国内新增港口机械配套用钢丝绳约1.8万t,预计未来3～5 a还会以15%的速度增长。(4)2011年煤矿用钢丝绳产量24.64万t;石油开采每年将消耗钢丝绳5万t左右。提出我国钢丝绳企业的发展理念与举措:准确分析、定位企业自身产品体系,实施品牌战略;有能力、有实力的企业要坚持走独具特色的发展之路。