Ultrahigh resolution soft x-ray emission spectrometer at BL07LSU in SPring-8

An extremely high resolution flat field type slit less soft x-ray emission spectrometer has been designed and constructed for the long undulator beamline BL07LSU in SPring-8. By optimizing the ruling parameters of two cylindrical gratings, a high energy resolution ΔE < 100 meV and/or an E∕ΔE ~ 10 000 are expected for the energy range of 350 eV - 750 eV taking into account the broadening by the spatial resolution (25 μm) of a CCD detector. A coma-free operation mode proposed by Strocov et al., is also applied to eliminate both defocus and coma aberrations. The spectrometer demonstrated experimentally that E/ΔE = 10 050 and 8046 for N 1s (402.1 eV) and Mn 2p (641.8 eV) edges, respectively.     

Development of soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system with a two-dimensional angle-resolved time-of-flight analyzer at SPring-8 BL07LSU

We have developed a soft x-ray time-resolved photoemission spectroscopy system using synchrotron radiation (SR) at SPring-8 BL07LSU and an ultrashort pulse laser system. Two-dimensional angle-resolved measurements were performed with a time-of-flight-type analyzer. The photoemission spectroscopy system is synchronized to light pulses of SR and laser using a time control unit. The performance of the instrument is demonstrated by mapping the band structure of a Si(111) crystal over the surface Brillouin zones and observing relaxation of the surface photo-voltage effect using the pump (laser) and probe (SR) method.     

Deflection gating for time-resolved x-ray magnetic circular dichroism-photoemission electron microscopy using synchrotron radiation

In this paper, we present a newly developed gating technique for a time-resolving photoemission microscope. The technique makes use of an electrostatic deflector within the microscope's electron optical system for fast switching between two electron-optical paths, one of which is used for imaging, while the other is blocked by an aperture stop. The system can be operated with a switching time of 20 ns and shows superior dark current rejection. We report on the application of this new gating technique to exploit the time structure in the injection bunch pattern of the synchrotron radiation source BESSY II at Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for time-resolved measurements in the picosecond regime.     

Characterization of spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope using multipolarized soft x rays at BL17SU/SPring-8

Spectroscopic photoemission and low energy electron microscope (SPELEEM) improved its performance after installation at BL17SU/SPring-8, where a multipolarization-mode undulator is employed to produce circularly and linearly polarized soft x rays. This undulator enables us to study the domain structures of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and x-ray magnetic linear dichroism. SPELEEM is used to study light elements (C, N, and O), 3d transition-metal elements and 4f rare earth elements, utilizing a wide range of photon energies. The two cylindrical mirrors adopted in front of SPELEEM ensure an illumination area of 14 x 14 microm(2) on the samples. The lateral resolution of a secondary electron photoemission electron microscope image is estimated to be better than 85 nm, whereas the energy resolution of the instrument is better than 0.4 eV.     

Extension of imaging depth in two-photon fluorescence microscopy using a long-wavelength high-pulse-energy femtosecond laser source

We experimentally demonstrate, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, two-photon fluorescence imaging with a femtosecond optical parametric amplifier. In particular, we systematically compare the imaging depths of two-photon fluorescence microscopes based on three different excitation sources, including a femtosecond oscillator, a femtosecond regenerative amplifier and the optical parametric amplifier. The results show that the optical parametric amplifier can greatly extend the penetration depth by approximately 227% as compared with that obtained with the femtosecond oscillator due to effective suppression of scattering at longer wavelength and enhanced excitation efficiency enabled by higher pulse energy.     

Formation of subwavelength grating on molybdenum mirrors using a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system operating at 10 Hz

We report formation of subwavelength surface grating over large surface area of molybdenum mirror by multiple irradiation of amplified femtosecond laser pulses from a homemade Ti:sapphire oscillator-amplifier laser system in a raster scan configuration. The laser system delivered 2 mJ, 80 fs duration laser pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. Various parameters such as pulse fluence, number of pulses, laser polarization, scan speed, and scan steps were optimized to obtain uniform subwavelength gratings. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy measurements were conducted to analyze the elemental composition of mirror surfaces before and after laser treatment.     

The development of a quality prediction system for aluminum laser welding to measure plasma intensity using photodiodes

Lightweight metals have been used to manufacture the body panels of cars to reduce the weight of car bodies. Typically, aluminum sheets are welded together, with a focus on weld quality assurance. A weld quality prediction system for the laser welding of aluminum was developed in this research to maximize welding production. The behavior of the plasma was also analyzed, dependent on various welding conditions. The light intensity of the plasma was altered with heat input and wire feed rate conditions, and the strength of the weld and sensor signals correlated closely for this heat input condition. Using these characteristics, a new algorithm and program were developed to evaluate the weld quality. The design involves a combinatory algorithm using a neural network model for the prediction of tensile strength from measured signals and a fuzzy multi-feature pattern recognition algorithm for the weld quality classification to improve predictability of the system.

     

数据库在磁卡收费系统中的应用

介绍了数据库服务器系统 (SQL Server)和开放数据互连标准 (ODBC)的一些特点 ,论述了煤焦出省磁卡收费系统中数据库的设计方案 ,以及 SQL Server数据库平台与 ODBC在方案中的应用。     

Development of an air velocity and flow measurement system by using a novel circular disc

In this paper, development of a sensor using a circular disc for air velocity measurement based on the drag force equation is proposed. The air velocity measurement sensor is basically designed with a load cell in order to determine the drag force. The circular disc is used for creating a drag force, and by using load cell, the drag force that acts on the circular disc is measured. As the circular disc's drag coefficient can be considered constant at Reynolds numbers between 10³ and 10⁶, it can be possible to obtain the explicit equation of drag force. The remaining components of drag force equation are obtained by measurement. The proposed air velocity measurement sensor is characterized by wind tunnel measurements. All measurements were performed in an ISO/IEC 17025 accredited calibration laboratory – the Wind Tunnel of Turkish State Meteorological Service. The characterization measurements were performed at air velocities between 1 m/s and 20 m/s. The correction factors were calculated and a calibration curve for the proposed air velocity measurement sensor was obtained. The calibration curve's linearity was higher than 0.99 and a comparison the results from a Micromanometer with Pitot-Tube shows that for the designed working range, the sensor has an acceptable performance for time-averaged air velocity measurements according to the requirements of the World Meteorological Organization.     

Micro circular path measurement of two-axis stage using a machine vision system and the application

Usually, verifying the 2D positioning accuracy of a multi-axes stage is not easy. This is because there is little such a device to measure the 2D path directly in micron accuracy. This paper studies on a measuring method for a micro circular 2D path precisely. A machine vision technique is used to trace the moving path of two-axis stage. This method is compared with the ball-bar system, which is commonly using in CNC machine tool companies for inspecting the performance of circular motion movement. However, it is not common to measure a small circular moving path as less than 0.1?mm diameter. The machine vision system is used to trace a target on the two-axis stage moving. To improve the target imaging quality and resolution, a zoom lens is used in this test. The accuracy of this method depends on the CCD resolution and the lens optics. This technique will be useful to trace a small object in the 2D micropath in real time accurately. Also, this method can be one of those that measure the positioning error vector in the working volume of CNC machine tool.     

Fabrication of microgrooves on a curved surface by the confocal measurement system using pulse laser and continuous laser

In order to fabricate microgrooves on a curved surface, the curved surface was measured with a confocal system and then it was used for laser microprocessing. This paper proposes a new method of using a pulse laser for the confocal system to measure the curved surface. It also compares the conventional way of using a continuous laser and a new way of using the pulse laser with the confocal system. Using the data measured with the pulse laser for fabrication, microgrooves were fabricated on a curved surface. The width of the fabricated microgroove was 10 μm and the depth was 27 μm. The microgroove fabricated on a curved surface as a part of this study can be used in injection molding to manufacture a micropatterned plastic surface at a low cost. This plastic surface can be applied for a superhydrophobic surface, a self-cleaning surface, or a biochip.     

A novel method to analyse in vivo the physiological state and cell viability of phototrophic microorganisms by confocal laser scanning microscopy using a dual laser

Phototrophic microorganisms are very abundant in extreme environments, where are subjected to frequent and strong changes in environmental parameters. Nevertheless, little is known about the physiological effects of these changing environmental conditions on viability of these microorganisms, which are difficult to grow in solid media and have the tendency to form aggregates. For that reason, it is essential to develop methodologies that provide data in short time consuming, in vivo and with minimal manipulating the samples, in response to distinct stress conditions. In this paper, we present a novel method using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and a Dual Laser (CLSM‐DL) for determining the cell viability of phototrophic microorganisms without the need of either staining or additional use of image treating software. In order to differentiate viable and nonviable Scenedesmus sp. DE2009 cells, a sequential scan in two different channels was carried out from each same xyz optical section. On the one hand, photosynthetic pigments fluorescence signal (living cells) was recorded at the red channel (625‐ to 785‐nm fluorescence emission) exciting the samples with a 561‐nm laser diode, and an acousto‐optic tunable filter (AOTF) of 20%. On the other hand, nonphotosynthetic autofluorescence signal (dead cells) was recorded at the green channel (500‐ to 585‐nm fluorescence emission) using a 405‐nm UV laser, an AOTF of 15%. Both types of fluorescence signatures were captured with a hybrid detector. The validation of the CLSM‐DL method was performed with SYTOX green fluorochrome and electron microscopic techniques, and it was also applied for studying the response of distinct light intensities, salinity doses and exposure times on a consortium of Scenedesmus sp. DE2009.     

Consistent and efficient delineation of reference spaces for light microscopical stereology using a laser microbeam system

A serious problem in stereology is to ensure a consistent definition of reference spaces at different levels of magnification whenever the boundaries of such reference spaces are either fuzzy or non-existent, and hence they have to be defined artificially. (It is well known that inconsistent definitions of the reference space leads to unknown amounts of bias in stereological results.) In this paper a new application is found for the laser microbeam system used in microdissection, whereby the required boundaries can be easily and neatly traced (in fact, cut) directly onto uncovered sections for light microscopy. The dangers of bias inherent from inconsistencies of definition are thereby eliminated completely, and alternative, very expensive procedures requiring direct marking of paper prints with a pen are no longer necessary.     

Development of a parallel detection and processing system using a multidetector array for wave field restoration in scanning transmission electron microscopy

A parallel image detection and image processing system for scanning transmission electron microscopy was developed using a multidetector array consisting of a multianode photomultiplier tube arranged in an 8 x 8 square array. The system enables the taking of 64 images simultaneously from different scattered directions with a scanning time of 2.6 s. Using the 64 images, phase and amplitude contrast images of gold particles on an amorphous carbon thin film could be separately reconstructed by applying respective 8 shaped bandpass Fourier filters for each image and multiplying the phase and amplitude reconstructing factors.     

Morphological and ultrastructural characterization of ionoregulatory cells in the teleost oreochromis niloticus following salinity challenge combining complementary confocal scanning laser microscopy and transmission electron microscopy using a novel prefixation immunogold labeling technique

Aspects of ionoregulatory or mitochondria‐rich cell (MRC) differentiation and adaptation in Nile tilapia yolk‐sac larvae following transfer from freshwater to elevated salinities, that is, 12.5 and 20 ppt are described. Investigations using immunohistochemistry on whole‐mount Nile tilapia larvae using anti‐ Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase as a primary antibody and Fluoronanogold? (Nanoprobes) as a secondary immunoprobe allowed fluorescent labeling with the high resolution of confocal scanning laser microscopy combined with the detection of immunolabeled target molecules at an ultrastructural level using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It reports, for the first time, various developmental stages of MRCs within the epithelial layer of the tail of yolk‐sac larvae, corresponding to immature, developing, and mature MRCs, identifiable by their own characteristic ultrastructure and form. Following transfer to hyperosmotic salinities the density of immunogold particles and well as the intricacy of the tubular system appeared to increase. In addition, complementary confocal scanning laser microscopy allowed identification of immunopositive ramifying extensions that appeared to emanate from the basolateral portion of the cell that appeared to be correlated with the localization of subsurface tubular areas displaying immunogold labeled Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase. This integrated approach describes a reliable and repeatable prefixation immunogold labeling technique allowing precise visualization of NaK within target cells combined with a 3D imaging that offers valuable insights into MRC dynamics at an ultrastructural level. Microsc. Res. Tech., 76:1016–1024, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Synchrotron x-ray spectroscopy of EuHNO3 aqueous solutions at high temperatures and pressures and Nb-bearing silicate melt phases coexisting with hydrothermal fluids using a modified hydrothermal diamond anvil cell and rail assembly

A modified hydrothermal diamond anvil cell (HDAC) rail assembly has been constructed for making synchrotron x-ray absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence, and x-ray mapping measurements on fluids or solid phases in contact with hydrothermal fluids up to approximately 900 degrees C and 700 MPa. The diamond anvils of the HDAC are modified by laser milling grooves or holes, for the reduction of attenuation of incident and fluorescent x rays and sample cavities. The modified HDAC rail assembly has flexibility in design for measurement of light elements at low concentrations or heavy elements at trace levels in the sample and the capability to probe minute individual phases of a multiphase fluid-based system using focused x-ray microbeam. The supporting rail allows for uniform translation of the HDAC, rotation and tilt stages, and a focusing mirror, which is used to illuminate the sample for visual observation using a microscope, relative to the direction of the incident x-ray beam. A structure study of Eu(III) aqua ion behavior in high-temperature aqueous solutions and a study of Nb partitioning and coordination in a silicate melt in contact with a hydrothermal fluid are described as applications utilizing the modified HDAC rail assembly.