基于球形目标的激光位移传感器光束方向标定

搭建了非接触式的三坐标测量系统以便精密测量三维型面。将激光位移传感器通过具有两个回转轴的回转体安装在测量机的Z轴上,从而可根据待测表面的形状来调整传感器的方位。为了使传感器在各个方位上实现测量功能,提出了基于球形目标的光束方向标定方法,并详细阐述了其数学原理。标定时,驱动测量机使传感器分别沿测量机的X,Y和Z轴做等间距步进,根据步长和激光束长度的变化建立方程组求解出激光束所在直线的单位方向向量。最后,多次测量尺寸参数已知的六面体标准块规,检验了该测量系统的重复性。结果显示,该系统的测量不确定度为0.048mm;测量另一直径已知的被测球时,传感器在各个方位上的误差小于0.05mm,表明所提出的标定方法使测量系统达到了逆向工程的使用要求。得到的数据表明,本文所提出的方法有较高的标定精度和较好的重复性,为实现三维型面的快速扫描测量奠定了基础。     

基于免形状测量模式的复杂形状测量机设计

为了高精度高效率地测量数学模型未知的复杂几何形状,介绍了"免形状测量模式",分析了该测量模式对仪器的基本要求,基于该模式设计了一台移动工作台式测量机。测量机以直线电机为驱动元件,以高精度长光栅为测量元件。为减小被测件重量对测量机的影响,设计了封闭式真空负压的空气静压气浮导轨和共平面的H形二维结构。设计了具有制动功能的Z轴和气浮隔振等关键部件。仪器量程为300 mm×300 mm×300 mm,测量不确定度为1.8μm,能测量数学模型未知的复杂几何形状。     

A new method for defining the measurement-uncertainty model of CNC laser-triangulation scanner

This article examines the measurement uncertainty in terms of the incident angle, the object colour and the measurement distance for a Computer Numerical Control (CNC) laser-scanning process. It describes a new method for predicting the measurement uncertainty that simultaneously considers all three parameters. A set of measurements with different values for these parameters was made in order to describe the measurement uncertainty for the whole measuring range of the laser-scanning device. The final result of this research is an equation model that allows an accurate prediction of the measurement uncertainty within the investigated measurement field while the results of the extrapolated measurement field give an accuracy of the prediction that is better than 15%. In general, the model can also be useful as a measuring guideline for any other laser-triangulation measuring device, although the values would need to be adapted to each particular device. The, thus, obtained equation model could then be implemented into automatic inspection/control lines or used for self-adaptive measuring CNC paths to perform measurements in the optimal measuring range for a particular surface.     

An experimental method for assessing the contribution of the production process variations to the task-specific uncertainty of coordinate measurements

The present paper deals with an important source of variation often neglected in uncertainty estimates of coordinate measurements: the between-sample variation. This source of variation becomes relevant to the measurement uncertainty when significant interactions occur between variations in the production process and specific limitations in the measurement process. This paper discusses some particular types of interaction which usually lead to between-sample variation in coordinate measurements. For analysing the statistical significance of the between-sample variation and for assessing its contribution to the measurement uncertainty, an experimental method using multiple calibrated workpieces is described. A case study involving the uncertainty estimation of a roundness measurement process using a coordinate measuring machine is presented. The results show the importance of considering the between-sample variation in uncertainty evaluations of coordinate measurements.     

REVO五轴测量系统探针变形量标定及光栅值提取

REVOTM是基于正交式坐标测量机设计和应用的、能够同时实现高效高精度测量的动态测头系统.针对REVO五轴测量系统在非正交式坐标测量机中应用的问题,提出了REVO测头探针变形量的标定方法,并从测量系统返回的有限数据中分离出了各主轴的光栅数据,实现了测量点三维坐标数据的重构.实验验证了所提出标定方法和各主轴光栅值提取的有效性和正确性.实验结果表明,经过探针变形量补偿后,测量误差最大值从0.202 1 mm降低到0.000 9 mm,所提取出的各主轴光栅值变化量降低了两个数量级.     

Uncertainty analysis of a laser calibration system for evaluating the positioning accuracy of a numerically controlled axis of coordinate measuring machines and machine tools

This paper presents an uncertainty analysis of a Positional Error Calibrator based on a laser interferometer system. This laser calibration system is capable of evaluating the positioning accuracy of a numerically controlled axis of machine tools and coordinate measuring machines (CMM) under dynamic conditions. In order to assess the measurement uncertainty of this calibrator, an analysis of the uncertainty components that make up the uncertainty budget of this calibrator has been carried out. These uncertainty components can be classified into three categories as follows: (1) uncertainties intrinsic to the laser system; (2) uncertainties due to environmental effects; (3) measuring uncertainties due to the installation. The procedure for evaluating the uncertainty of this calibrator follows GUM (“Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement”). This uncertainty analysis was carried out when this calibrator was used to assess the positional errors of the “X” axis of a moving bridge type CMM.     

Development of a fast mechanical probe for coordinate measuring machines

To decrease inspection times of workpieces, not only do coordinate measuring machines (CMMs) need to operate faster, but also the mechanical probing process requires attention in this field. This paper shows that impact forces attributable to probing are much higher than generally accepted measurement forces, which can result in workpiece damage. Furthermore, it is shown that probe tip bouncing can slow down the probing process and requires mechanical damping to reduce it. Based upon these findings, a fast mechanical probe system has been developed, equipped with an optical measurement system able to measure six degrees of freedom at high speed. The probe system is suitable for high-speed, single-point measurements as well as scanning purposes. The measurement uncertainty of the prototype is approximately 1 μm for probing speeds up to 70 mm/s.     

Metrological evaluation of skin conductance measurements

Electrodermal activity is a frequently measured physiological response in various applications. It is also being increasingly used in clinical applications. Numerous published papers report results of skin conductance measurements in absolute values, but few are concerned with the quality of results. This paper describes a procedure for metrological evaluation of skin conductance measurement. Three commercial devices for measuring skin conductance were calibrated by comparison with a precision digital ohmmeter used as a reference. Combined measurement uncertainty of skin conductance meters was calculated by means of uncertainty of reference instrument and uncertainties due to measurement repeatability, reproducibility, resolution and environmental condition. Additionally, a procedure for evaluation of the effect of electrode displacement and electrode gel was shown. A model of finger skin conductance profile was build. Measurement uncertainty analysis showed that contributions due to resolution and sensitivity of the measuring device, usually obtained from specifications, are negligible when compared to uncertainty of measuring method. Our results indicate that measurement uncertainty does not meet target uncertainty requirements for certain applications.     

Application of the multichanneling principle for solution of the problems related to increase of substance flowmeter accuracy

This article outlines application of the multichanneling principle to reduce uncertainty in results of fluid and gas flow measurement. It describes the measuring system structure and flow calculation algorithm that allows reducing the uncertainty of flow measurement in conventional flowmeters and achieving invariance of a relatively wider number of medium and system parameters affecting accuracy of flowrate measurement and quantity of substances.     

Improved techniques for measuring the indentation and thickness of articular cartilage

A review of the techniques previously employed in the indentation and measurement of the thickness of articular cartilage has led to new and improved techniques for performing both measurements. By utilizing high-speed, microcomputer-controlled data logging techniques, simultaneous monitoring of signals from a dynamic load cell and a displacement transducer could be made throughout an indentation test. The position of the indenter as it touched the articular surface could thus be determined automatically by identifying the moment at which a positive change in the load signal occurred. Less accurate and more time consuming techniques previously required for determining the position of the cartilage surface were hence avoided. The apparatus also included a critically damped dashpot which prevented any transient loads being applied to the cartilage. Depths of indentation could be measured to an accuracy of 0.005 mm with a measurement repeatability of 2.14 per cent. By replacing the indenter with a sharp needle, the apparatus was also capable of measuring the undeformed thickness of cartilage. An accuracy of +/- 0.012 mm could be achieved with a measurement repeatability of 1.2 per cent. The apparatus is particularly suited to survey work where large numbers of indentation tests are to be performed.     

啮合线齿廓偏差测量方法

介绍了一种应用于齿轮测量中心上复杂齿廓测量的新方法——啮合线齿廓测量法。该方法减小了测头在X轴方向上运动距离,有效地保证了精度范围,同时减小测头重力中心的运动及测量时间,实现了高精度测量。该方法能够有效防止齿廓基圆测量法在进行内齿轮测量时的干涉现象,同时实现小直径内齿轮(外圆直径小于10mm)的一次装卡完成齿形、齿向和齿距误差测量。     

Development and testing of a pressure probe for centerline static pressure measurement in supersonic nozzles and ejectors

This work describes the development and testing of a system for measuring static pressure along the axis of supersonic flow devices such as convergent–divergent nozzles or ejectors. The pressure probe consists of a capillary tube positioned at the ejector centerline. A hole is perforated perpendicularly on the wall of the thin tube to capture and deport the static pressure measurement to a piezoelectric sensor located at one extremity of the tube outside the ejector. The measurements obtained are compared with numerical results from computational fluid dynamics simulations and wall pressure measurements. The first tests demonstrate the good capability of the pressure probe to detect shocks occurring in the flow and to provide continuous axial distributions of the static pressure.     

A new vacuum interferometric comparator for calibrating the fine linear encoders and scales

A new one-dimensional laser interferometric comparator has been developed for the calibration of the fine linear encoders and scales up to 1600 mm. In the comparator, the interferometer is fully arranged in vacuum and the calibration objects are mounted under atmospheric conditions. The Abbe’s principle on the alignment of workpiece with the measuring beam is satisfied in the structure of a long measuring range. A travelling slide table, on which the calibration objects are mounted, is supported on guide rails by the air bearing and is driven through a recirculating ballscrew. The exhaust of the air bearing is guided to the exterior of the booth in which the comparator is placed. The travel of the table is measured by a reference interferometer with a beam path in vacuum shielded by an evacuated metal bellow, so that the effect of refractive index is eliminated. The laser beam is led by a polarization plane maintaining glass fiber from a self-designed stabilised He–Ne laser, which is placed in an adjacency room, to the beam inlet of the main unit. The measurement system can input the interferometer signal by the encoder signal or the scale signal, and input the encoder or scale data by the interferometer signal. The system resolution is approximately 0.8 nm and maximum travelling measurement speed is 20 mm/s at continuous measurement. The uncertainly (k=2) of measurement is approximately 30 nm in linear encoders of 500 mm length and, approximately 40 nm in scales of 500 mm, although it depends on the length and the characteristics of encoders and scales. It is successful such a high accuracy that the uncertainty of measurement system is smaller than 40 nm in encoders of 1 m length.     

基于惯性基准的大尺寸空间角测量

针对大型装备装配过程中的大尺寸空间角测量问题,提出一种基于惯性基准的大尺寸空间角测量方法并且设计了相应的测量系统。该测量系统利用自准直原理获取被测轴线方向,通过内部陀螺仪和编码器测量被测轴线在惯性坐标系中的单位向量坐标,然后根据每个被测轴线在公共基准内的单位向量坐标值实现空间角的计算。建立了大尺寸空间角测量的数学模型,并对测量系统的测量不确定度进行分析和计算。最后搭建了测量系统的原理样机并利用原理样机在实验室进行了模拟测量实验。实验结果表明,原理样机的实际测量误差为14",满足了测量精度的要求。该方法采用惯性空间作为公共测量基准,有效地解决了测量大尺寸空间角时测量基准难以建立和传递的难题,使得测量过程更加灵活、高效。     

Integration of a laser interferometer and a CMM into a measurement system for measuring internal dimensions

In order to improve the existing comparative procedure for calibrating internal dimensions, we have developed a new measurement set-up for traceable absolute measurements. It consists of a co-ordinate measuring machine (CMM) and a laser interferometer (LI). The LI serves as a traceable measurement system, while the CMM is only used as a guiding system for the measuring probe. Extended research focused on defining probe parameters such as diameter, bending and indentation, as well as probing head repeatability and other error sources. The final goal of the research was to determine uncertainty of measurement under existing laboratory conditions. The main outcomes of the research and final uncertainty of measurement are presented in this article.     

How to measure actual tire shape in the rolling condition using Scanning LDV

This work presents the development of a new method which makes use of Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) for the indirect measurement of the shape of the tire sidewall in the rolling condition.Scanning LDV is widely adopted for the measurement of vibrational Operational Deflection Shape (ODS) in rolling tires using either the Eulerian or the Lagrangian approach. Residual effects of geometry are usually removed by an AC coupling.This paper presents a new approach in LDV velocity data processing that allows the processing of the velocity data obtained with a Scanning LDV in the Eulerian approach on a rolling tire in order to obtain not only ODS but also static shape.This technique does not require additional sensors or systems since it is based only on signal processing.The uncertainty of the obtained result is also evaluated and a comparison with a state-of-the-art solution in shape measurement is presented.     

基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射的二维温度场扫描测量

开展了基于相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射(CARS)技术的二维温度场扫描测量研究。通过同步扫描测量点及信号接收端的方式,实验测量了甲烷/空气预混火焰水平截面离散点的温度,并插值重建了二维温度场;用同步扫描法调节测量点与火焰的位置,实现了在扫描过程中对火焰同一空间位置的温度测量,排除了火焰空间分布不均匀性对扫描测温结果的附加影响。最后分析了提出的扫描CARS测量系统在实验设定状态下的扫描测温A类不确定度。结果显示:在扫描测量同一空间位置的实验中,测得该点平均温度为2 074K;测温A类不确定度优于21K。本研究量化了扫描CARS温度测量系统的不确定度,提高了扫描温度测量结果的可信度,为后续稳态火焰温度分布高精度测量、计算机流体动力学(CFD)模拟验证及燃烧基本问题研究奠定了实验基础。     

Evaluating a task-specific measurement uncertainty for gear measuring instruments via Monte Carlo simulation

Evaluating the measurement uncertainty for gears with analytical or experimental methods is usually very time- and cost-consuming. In this paper we therefore present a Monte Carlo based method for evaluating the measurement uncertainty of gear measurements on gear measuring instruments, the VCMM-Gear, which is based on the method of the VCMM for coordinate measuring machines. Necessary extensions of the mathematical model of the measurement process in order to consider the significant uncertainty influences from rotary tables, workpiece clamping and scanning are described. Additionally the statistical reliability of the evaluated measurement uncertainty and the consideration of systematic error contributions to the measurement uncertainty are discussed. Finally the results of some first verification measurements are presented, giving a reliable impression of the capability and suitability of the VCMM-Gear.     

面向测量任务的坐标测量方案规划及仿真分析

构建了基于仿真技术和测量不确定度表示指南(GUM)的坐标测量方案规划模型,并对其中面向任务的不确定度以及不确定度影响因素进行了详细分析.以圆测量中采样策略的选择为例,对二维圆和三维圆的测量分别进行了仿真分析,得到了具有较高工程价值的仿真结果.     

Development of a parametric model and virtual machine to estimate task specific measurement uncertainty for a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine

Any combination of contact and non contact sensors on a single coordinate measuring machine makes it a multi-sensor or hybrid coordinate measuring machine. The ability to change the probing device without re-establishing the part coordinate system is a significant advantage and consequently the reason for their wide acceptance and usage. In addition to the existing three linear stages in a conventional or hybrid coordinate measuring machine, the number of axes can be augmented with two rotary stages in order to make them more versatile. This not only complicates the metrology loop but also adds more parametric errors to existing list of known 21 errors for a three stage conventional measuring machine. Also different probing sensors in the system have different metrology loops. Literature survey reveals that there is no previous or current work on estimation of task specific uncertainty for machines of this class with a wide potential for measuring complex parts quickly and with great ease. The current work focuses on developing a virtual measuring machine of this class which incorporates a parametric model of a five-axis multi-sensor coordinate measuring machine, techniques to estimate the parametric errors in the model and error correction strategies for the same. The virtual machine is used to mimic real time measurements in order to come up with estimates for task specific measurement uncertainty.