居民住宅火灾及防范对策

介绍了居民住宅火灾的特点,简要分析了火灾发生的原因,并从安全管理、自我防范等方面提出了相应预防措施。     

Mathematical modeling of human egress from fires in residential buildings

This paper is a contribution of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and is not subject to copyright.     

An investigation into the circumstances surrounding fatal dwelling fires involving very young children

Examination of real-fire data has indicated that, compared to both their share in the general population and older children, very young children are at an increased risk of becoming a dwelling fire fatality; however, detailed research focused specifically on very young fire fatalities is almost non-existent. This paper presents an analysis of the circumstances surrounding fatal dwelling fires involving children aged 5 years and under which has been gleaned from coronial reports. Although fatalities among children aged 5 years and under were relatively rare, i.e. 14 during the 11 year period studied, the circumstances surrounding these deaths were similar and recurrent and it is important to understand these fully so that fire prevention efforts can be focused appropriately. This paper presents a unique insight into those circumstances and includes not only quantitative data but also detailed qualitative information gathered from the abundance of rich data within the coronial reports that, more often than not, goes unreported. The paper considers fire incident trends and the fatality's demographics, locations and behaviours, with additional focus on the home environment and warning signs such as persistent fire interest. The analysis indicates that the most common cause of fires for this age group was child fire-play (using smokers' materials), with inadequate supervision and relaxed attitudes to fire safety in the home both playing a contributory role. This paper considers these trends and discusses the implications for focusing fire prevention efforts for this age group. The findings suggest that such efforts may be best focused on parents/carers who were smokers and improving attitudes to fire safety in the home.     

住宅小区规划的环境因素

针对住宅小区规划的重要性,探讨了住宅小区规划的环境因素,包括生理环境、生态环境、社会环境和空间环境等方面,指出采用行列式布局时将建筑物错开,使空间产生围合感,同时能改变景观意向,还可以改善日照条件。     

假定给更多的疏散时间，有多少人能从家庭火灾中疏散

1前言最近发布的标准ISOTS13571指出消防安全问题就是有效的安全疏散时间(ASET)总是小于所需要的安全疏散时间(RSET)。ASET是指火灾毒害物对人有危害时所需要的时间,RSET是指受伤害的人到达安全地方(常常被理解为在着火的建筑之外)所需要的时间。在ASET/RSET应用中存在着一个问     

Housing factors and fires in two metropolitan boroughs

This paper investigates the types of dwellings and households which are most at risk from fires. Previous analyses using aggregated data have shown that there are correlations between fire incidence and certain indices of social, economic and housing conditions. The present study is based on socio-economic characteristics of particular dwellings involved in fires; data for two years were obtained from two metropolitan boroughs.The main finding is that there is a higher fire risk per dwelling in council flats than in other types of property. Properties in the reteable value range £126 – £150 p.a. are more susceptible to fires. Households which experience fires appear to have more contacts with the local social services department than households which are free of fires. Households with several children and adults appear to have a higher fire risk than smaller households.     

住宅火灾房门开启对火灾蔓延的影响

通过对典型住宅建筑火灾进行数值模拟和全尺寸实验,研究客厅起火时火灾发展趋势和不同门窗开启状况下卧室内的温度、能见度、CO体积分数,分析其对人员逃生的影响。结果表明,烟气的蔓延和聚集是危害人员安全的重要因素,客厅起火时,扑救火灾的最佳时间为起火后680 s内。关闭卧室门、开启卧室窗最多可以增加497 s的应急响应时间。     

居住区商业建筑设计思路及设计要素研究

分析了居住区商业建筑在规划设计中存在的问题,从整体布局、规划、外观设计等方面,提出了商业建筑的设计思路,并研究了商业建筑的形态与色彩两大设计要素,以建造出符合人们生活需求的商业建筑。     

Post-flashover fires for structural design

One of the major difficulties in designing structures to resist fires is the selection of post-flashover design fires. This paper proposes modifications to the parametric equation for post-flashover fires given in the Eurocode. The proposal is based on design fires obtained from the COMPF2 computer program, after calibration to results from realistic test fires using judicious characterisation of the fuel in the input data. The proposed new equation gives a much better fit to the real fire data than the existing Eurocode equation, which predicts temperatures lower than those measured in tests.     

引发汽车油路火灾的几种可能因素

通过对辖区内近年来车辆油路火灾的原因调查,分析了导致该类火灾的几种可能因素。提出了从勘察汽车供油系统变化痕迹来判断油路所发生故障的勘查手段,总结了在调查车辆火灾原因和预防车辆火灾事故的一些做法。     

Establishing safety distances for wildland fires

In wildland fires, safety zones should be considered concerning people who are intervening in the emergency or attempting evacuation. To establish such zones, the solid flame model, together with the view factor calculated from a previously selected equation, was used to estimate the thermal radiation emitted by the flame front of a wildland fire. After determining the flame heights yielded by the 13 fuel types in the Rothermel classification for surface fires, and for crown fires in various Mediterranean forests, the thermal radiation was calculated for each scenario as a function of the distance. These data, together with threshold values for the vulnerability of people (protected or unprotected) and houses to thermal radiation, allowed for a set of safety distances for different situations to be obtained. These safety distances can be applied both in territory planning and in emergency situations.     

Extinguishing agents for hydrocarbon fuel fires

This paper is a review of the extinguishing agents available for combating hydrocarbon fuel fires. The original work was done to set the state for a proposed laboratory test procedure to evaluate all known fire extinguishing agents that have been recommended for use in controlling and extinguishing aircraft fuel fires. This paper was the basis of the remarks made by the author during the Civil Aviation Workshop session of the National Fire Protection Association's 72nd Annual Meeting in Atlanta, Ga., on May 21, 1968.     

A simulation model for compartment fires

From the standpoint that the strict estimation of heat released in an enclosure is important to simulate enclosure fires, a new mathematical model involving the combustion efficiency, the temperature dependence of heat capacities, and the composition of burnt gas has been developed. The calculated results are in good agreement with a few experimental results for enclosure fires having different fuel areas and compartment sizes.     

Risk of human fatality in building fires: A decision tool using Bayesian networks

The Netherlands is the most densely populated country of the European Union, which makes space very expensive. This leads to increasing complexity of the cities’ layout and other public spaces, together with a large number of people involved. Authorities would like to know whether new and innovative building designs ensure an appropriate level of safety of people in case of fire, before the accident happens, and to be prepared for the so-called “low probability–high consequences” accidents. Therefore, they need a tool to help them estimate the extent of a fire in a building, given any combination of possible conditions and any unexpected course of events during an emergency. This paper discusses the possibility of using Bayesian belief nets for this task. Using this approach, the people in charge can take decisions at different stages of the design process of a building regarding the location, the structure, the loading of the building, the types of fire protection systems inside the building, as well as the characteristics of the fire brigade that fights the possible fire. In the current study, usefulness of the approach is investigated using a small example. This will show the feasibility of the approach for the Netherlands situation and give authorities involved confidence that building a large comprehensive model would fulfil their needs for a support tool in the planning process. The effort to gather real data therefore was restricted as demonstration of fitness for purpose was the primary objective.     

Critical ventilation velocity for multi-source tunnel fires

Ventilation is an effective method for controlling smoke during a fire. The “critical ventilation velocity” u_cr is defined as the minimum velocity at which smoke is prevented from spreading under longitudinal ventilation flow in tunnel fire situations. All previous studies on this topic have simulated fire scenarios in which only one fire source exists. This study conducted small-scale experiments and numerical simulations to investigate u_cr for cases in which two tunnel fires occur simultaneously. The tunnel was 4 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m tall. Three cases of two variously separated fires were experimentally explored and six cases were examined numerically. Both the experimental and simulation results indicated that for two identical fires, u_cr declines with separation. When the two fire sources are separate completely, u_cr can be determined by considering only a single fire. When the larger fire is upstream of the smaller downstream fire, u_cr also decreases with the separation. When two such fires sources are completely separate, u_cr can be evaluated by considering only the larger fire. The concurrent ventilation flow and flow of downstream smoke from the larger fire are strong enough to suppress the smoke flow from the smaller fire. However, when the smaller fire is upstream of the larger fire, the decrease in u_cr becomes insignificant as distance increases and the flow at u_cr must overcome the flow from both fires.     

Water-resistant flame retardants for preventing forest fires

The authors examined and tested the possibility of encapsulating flame-retardant inorganic salts to prevent them from being dissolved by rainfall when used in forests. They question the practicality of the end product and introduce another approach currently under study.     

浅析影响住宅整体厨房类型选择的因素

通过对住宅整体厨房的橱柜和设备设施进行归类整理,同时对住宅整体厨房的功能进行分析,找出了影响住宅整体厨房类型选择的各项因素并且进行简要分析,指出住宅整体厨房的选择应综合考虑多方面因素,以求尽善尽美。     

两起重大火灾

1日本一所养老院发生重大火灾事故 暴露的问题 2009年3月19日晚上,日本群马县涉川市一所名为“田间优良静养院”的老年设施发生火灾,两栋房屋被烧毁（共410m^2）,死亡10人,伤1人。     

防范住宅结构设计通病的要点

分析了住宅结构设计人员在结构设计中常见的错误问题,阐述了结构设计通病的防范措施,并从结构计算角度和构造角度分析了结构设计中应注意的问题,以提高结构设计通病的防治能力。