钢筋混凝土梁抗冲击性能研究的细观数值模拟方法

为更真实地描述钢筋混凝土梁在冲击荷载作用下复杂的破坏过程,结合混凝土细观结构非均质性,假定混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质以及界面过渡区(ITZ)组成的三相复合材料,考虑混凝土细观组分的率效应,将钢筋网嵌入至素混凝土梁,建立了钢筋混凝土梁抗冲击力学行为研究的三维细观尺度数值模型。基于该数值分析模型与方法,研究了落锤速度对钢筋混凝土梁抗冲击性能的影响规律。将细观数值模拟结果与宏观模型结果以及已有试验结果进行了对比分析,包括破坏模式、冲击力、跨中位移以及支座反力等,发现模拟结果与试验结果吻合良好,验证了细观数值分析模型在钢筋混凝土梁抗冲击性能模拟中运用的可行性。     

三级配混凝土静、动载下力学细观破坏机制研究

假定三级配混凝土是由砂浆基质、不同粒径的骨料及其粘结带组成的非均质复合材料,采用非线性有限元方法在细观尺度上数值模拟三级配混凝土弯拉梁在静、动载下的开裂过程。按实际配比计算各种骨料的代表粒径的数目,采用蒙特卡罗方法随机生成骨料分布,骨料形状假定为圆形,最小粒径为12.5mm。骨料、砂浆及其粘结带均采用了非线性本构模型,具体模拟了材料的开裂、拉伸软化、塑性屈服和压碎等非线性。研究中还给出了梁关键部位的应力应变全过程曲线,研究成果还与未考虑材料的非均质性的结果进行了比较。结果表明,混凝土类的多项非均质复合材料的静、动力学性能与其内部的细观结构组成有密切关系,混凝土中最薄弱的部位为粘结界面,混凝土的破坏明显表现出拉应变软化现象和局部化现象。数值模拟结果与有关试验成果较为接近。     

非均质混凝土材料破坏的三维细观数值模拟

在随机骨料模型的基础上,采用特征单元尺度对网格进行剖分,建立了非均质混凝土材料损伤破坏及宏观力学特性研究的三维细观单元等效化模型。对单轴拉伸、单轴压缩条件下湿筛混凝土试件的破坏过程及宏观力学性能进行了模拟分析;研究了混凝土梁的三分点弯拉力学特性,并与平面模型结果作了对比。研究表明:1) 与平面计算模型相比,三维模型更真实地模拟混凝土材料在外荷载作用下的损伤破坏过程,更准确的描述非均质混凝土材料的宏观力学性能,且与实验结果吻合;2) 骨料空间分布形式基本不影响混凝土材料的宏观弹性模量及强度,但影响其破坏过程和破损路径;3) 与随机骨料模型等细观力学方法相比,该方法具有高效性。     

力学损伤混凝土热传导行为细观研究

为研究力学损伤对温度传导行为的影响,考虑混凝土细观结构的非均质性,将其视为由骨料、砂浆和界面过渡区组成的三相复合材料,提出并建立了力学-热学单向耦合作用研究的细观数值方法与模型。方法的思想是:首先对非均质混凝土在荷载作用下开裂损伤力学行为模拟分析,获得其内部的损伤分布情况;然后,将力学分析结果作为初始输入条件,结合复合材料均匀化理论,获得损伤混凝土各细观单元的导热性能,从而实现了力学-热学单向耦合作用的数值模拟。以单轴压缩加载为例,通过与试验结果的对比,验证细观方法的合理性与有效性。基于该套细观数值模拟方法,对荷载作用后混凝土试件的宏观有效导热系数与温度场分布进行了细观计算分析,对比了不同复合材料力学模型的影响,探讨分析了压缩荷载水平的影响规律。     

低应力水平下混凝土中氯离子扩散行为多尺度分析方法

混凝土的扩散渗透性能与其微观结构（包括细观尺度上粗骨料颗粒与砂浆之间的界面过渡区及砂浆本身的微观结构等）密切相关。在微观尺度上,砂浆和界面过渡区均可视为由无孔砂浆基质和孔隙水夹杂相组成的两相复合材料,二者的主要区别表现为孔隙率不同。在外荷载作用下,砂浆和界面过渡区的毛细孔隙率及孔隙连通性会发生改变,从而改变混凝土的扩散渗透性能。基于此,该文建立了低应力水平下混凝土中氯离子扩散行为多尺度理论分析方法,获得了混凝土表观扩散系数与外荷载（以体应变表征）及砂浆和界面过渡区当前孔隙率的定量关系。分析所采用的主要参数为砂浆和界面过渡区的毛细孔隙率、无孔砂浆基质和骨料相的力学参数、骨料相和界面过渡区的体积分数、外荷载等。与已有文献数据对比知,该文分析结果与之吻合良好,表明了理论分析方法的合理性与准确性。此外,基于该方法,探讨分析了混凝土微/细观结构对其宏观扩散性能的影响。     

骨料级配对二维模型混凝土单轴抗拉强度影响的理论研究

混凝土尺寸效应及其宏观力学非线性根源于其材料细观组成的非均质性。结合混凝土细观结构形式,将混凝土看作由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料。采用双线性弹性损伤模型来描述砂浆基质及界面过渡区的力学行为,假定骨料颗粒为弹性体而不发生破坏,进而推导并获得了单轴拉伸条件下不同骨料颗粒级配混凝土断裂裂缝扩展路径长度及其抗拉强度的理论解。最后,对比了建立的理论公式结果与细观尺度数值模拟结果,验证了构建的关于裂缝长度及抗拉强度理论解的准确性和合理性。     

混凝土材料细观单元弹模非均匀统计特性研究

假定混凝土是由骨料颗粒及砂浆基质组成的复合材料, 基于Voigt 并联模型对混凝土细观单元进行等效化, 对单元的等效弹性模量进行统计分析。以Weibull 分布为假设分布, 采用图解法结合逐步回归优选法进行参数估计, 探讨了混凝土细观单元弹性模量的分布形式, 并根据Kolmogorov非参数检验, 对假设分布进行了检验;对不同尺度下的细观单元弹性模量进行统计分析, 并对骨料空间分布随机性的影响作了初步分析;最后对不同级配下混凝土材料的特征单元尺度问题进行了研究。结果表明:1) 混凝土细观单元弹性模量的随机分布形式及参数具有尺度效应, 且并不完全服从Weibull模型;2) 混凝土细观单元弹性模量的变异性与尺度相关, 随单元尺度的减小, 变异性先随之增大后逐渐趋于稳定, 它反映了混凝土材料细观不均匀程度存在一个合理的细观尺度表述的事实, 对应于变异系数向平稳段过渡的拐点所对应的单元尺度称为特征尺度;3) 二级、三级、四级配下混凝土材料的特征单元尺度分别为10mm、15mm 和18mm;4) 骨料空间分布的随机性对细观单元弹性模量随机分布特征影响可以忽略。     

钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压力学性能的细观数值研究

钢筋混凝土构件的宏观力学性能由其组分-钢筋和混凝土两部分的力学性能决定。结合混凝土细观结构形式,认为混凝土是由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质及界面过渡区组成的复合材料,假定钢筋与混凝土之间完好粘结,基于钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压试验,建立了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下力学特性及破坏行为研究的细观尺度力学分析模型。通过对混凝土方形和矩形试件进行受压力学特性模拟,采用反演法确定了界面的力学参数,进而模拟了钢筋混凝土柱偏心受压加载下的宏观力学性能。结果表明,相比于宏观尺度模型,细观数值分析模型能够充分体现材料的非均质性,能够较好的模拟试件的宏观力学性能,并且能够细致的描述裂缝发展及试件破坏过程,与试验结果吻合良好。该文建立的细观尺度分析模型与方法,为钢筋混凝土构件层次宏观力学非线性及其尺寸效应研究提供了理论支持。     

骨料粒径对混凝土劈拉性能及尺寸效应影响的细观数值研究

混凝土材料宏观力学行为的非线性及尺寸效应根源于其内部组成的非均质性。考虑材料细观结构非均质性的影响,建立由骨料颗粒、砂浆基质和界面过渡区组成的混凝土细观尺度力学模型。对尺寸为150 mm、250 mm、350 mm和450 mm的混凝土立方体模型劈裂抗拉破坏行为进行细观数值模拟,探讨骨料粒径（最大粒径分别为:10 mm、20 mm、30 mm和40 mm）的影响机制,并与试验结果进行对比分析。结果表明:1） 混凝土材料的劈裂抗拉强度随着骨料粒径增大而略微降低,最大骨料粒径达到30 mm左右时,强度降低趋势变缓;2） 四种骨料粒径下混凝土立方体劈裂抗拉强度均存在尺寸效应现象,相比于大骨料试件,小骨料试件的破坏更具脆性,因而其尺寸效应更显著;3） 混凝土劈裂抗拉强度尺寸效应行为与 Ba?ant和Weibull提出的尺寸效应理论相吻合。     

基于混凝土细观骨料模型的SHPB仿真模拟研究

将混凝土视为由粗骨料和砂浆基体组成的双相复合材料,建立了圆柱状三维混凝土细观骨料模型,并将其应用于分离式Hopkinson压杆仿真实验中。通过五种不同梯形载荷的加载计算,得到了试件不同应变率下的应力—应变曲线,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析。结果表明,使用细观骨料模型可以有效模拟混凝土SHPB实验并反映材料的动态力学性能,而且其宏观破坏形式也与传统的均匀材料模型有所不同,所建立的模型同时为多种非均匀材料的细观数值模拟提供了方便。最后通过几种不同骨料含量和骨料尺寸混凝土模型的计算研究了这两种因素对混凝土动态强度和应力均匀性的影响。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.