稻田土壤上控释氮肥的氮素利用率与硝态氮的淋溶损失

在稻田土壤上对水稻的高量施用氮肥常常造成硝态氮(NO3--N)淋溶损失和肥料氮利用率低下的问题。本研究采用土壤渗漏器、微区和田间小区试验,研究了15N标记控释氮肥在稻田土壤上的氮素利用率和硝态氮的淋溶损失。在两年早稻种植期间,一次性全量作基肥施用控释氮肥与尿素分二次施用的相比,两年的早稻产量分别平均提高7.7%和11.6%。在N90 kg hm-2用量下,由差值法测得的肥料氮利用率,按平均计,控释氮肥的N利用率(平均76.3%)比尿素分次施用的(平均37.4%)高出38.9%1。5N同位素法测得的控释氮肥的N利用率(平均67.1%)比尿素分次施用的(平均31.2%)高出35.9%。在早稻种植季节,施用尿素和控释氮肥的NO3--N淋失量分别为9.19 kg hm-2和6.7 kg hm-2,占施尿素N和控释氮肥氮的10.2%和7.4%。控释氮肥的氮淋失量比尿素分2次施用的降低27.1%。本研究结果表明,在稻田土壤上施用控释氮肥能减少氮的淋失量,提高氮素利用率和水稻产量。     

不同基肥对日光温室土壤肥力、番茄产量和品质的影响

针对北京郊区日光温室中基肥施用状况,设计了长期施用秸秆有机肥、膨化鸡粪和缓释肥3个处理,对日光温室土壤肥力及番茄品质的影响进行测定。结果表明:秸秆有机肥处理土壤速效养分含量较高,土壤有机质含量在3个处理中表现最高,为32.0g.kg-1;长期施用膨化鸡粪土壤酸化快,土壤养分含量处于中等;缓释肥作为基肥施用,可加速土壤速效养分积累,但土壤有机质含量较低;从番茄果实品质结果看,秸秆有机肥处理果实中Vc、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、游离氨基酸及糖酸比值分别为13.60μg.g-1、54.4mg.g-1、37.6mg.g-1、62.22μg.g-1、9.68,都显著高于其他两个处理。缓释肥处理的果实各种营养品质都不如有机肥处理果实含量高。实验还分析了土壤养分含量与番茄果实品质、产量的相关性,结果表明:土壤有机质、速效钾、全氮含量与果实中多项营养品质指标和产量呈极显著正相关。     

不同施肥处理对棕壤几个肥力指标的影响

23年定位试验结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮和碱解氮、生物氮量以:高量有机肥区>低量有机肥区>化肥区>对照。土壤C/N基本维持在11~16之间。单施化肥处理土壤微生物碳量降低,Kos值高于其它施化肥处理,有机无机肥配合施用,结合态腐殖质含量明显下降,松结态/重组腐殖质的比值和松/紧比值也有所降低。有机无机配施各处理土壤微生物碳量,以及土壤松结态、稳结态、紧结态腐殖质的含量显著升高,提高松结态/重组腐殖质和松/紧的比值;不同用量的施有机肥处理土壤微生物碳量与对照相比差异不显著,Kos值下降,其他指标均升高。     

大田蔬菜地春季硝态氮淋溶特征研究

春季,对上海浦东新区大田蔬菜地试验田按照不同施肥(常规、减量、无肥)处理水平、不同土壤深度(30 cm、50 cm、70 cm、120 cm),利用现场采样与室内实验结合的方法,对硝态氮淋溶进行了研究。实验结果表明,降雨量和氮肥施用对土壤硝态氮淋失有显著性影响。施肥试验区施肥后各土层硝态氮浓度均很高,4月份淋溶浓度普遍高于3月份。常规施肥区不同深度的硝态氮含量明显高于不施肥区,减量施肥区含量则介于二者之间。施肥区部分氮素硝态氮随降雨在土壤中不断向下淋溶,尤其在施肥初期较多的氮素由土壤表层不断淋失到土壤深层,在接近地下水位120 cm的剖面处产生渗漏液的硝态氮浓度超过国家限量标准(20mg L-1)。     

施用涂层尿素对水田土壤氮去向及其利用率的影响

采用水稻盆栽试验方法,研究施用涂层尿素对水田土壤氮的挥发、土壤残留、水稻吸收三个去向及其氮素利用率的影响。研究结果表明:施用涂层尿素可显著抑制NH3和NOX挥发损失,NH3和NOX挥发量之和的减少幅度为22.1%~24.8%;使土壤中全氮含量增加,增加幅度为1.9%~2.1%。等氮用量条件下,施用涂层尿素可极显著提高氮素利用率,其提高幅度随施用量增大而减小;使水稻经济产量显著增加,中用量和高用量水平处理经济产量增加幅度分别为21.8%和21.5%。说明施用涂层尿素不仅能提高水田土壤氮素利用率,而且可减轻生态环境污染。     

不同施肥措施对土壤硝态氮垂直分布的特征影响

通过田间试验研究了冬小麦收获后NO3--N在土壤剖面中的累积状况。研究结果表明:不论是单独施用无机、生物有机肥还是无机、有机肥混施都会造成硝酸盐在土壤中的积累,但有机肥本身产生的硝酸盐累积量极微。生物有机、元机肥混施后减少了无机肥料中硝态氮深层累积。在0-100cm土层中,硝态氮的累积量呈递减趋势,在0-40cm的累积量最高。砂质土壤比牯质土壤更有利于硝态氮的深层迁移。     

尿素涂层对土壤渗出液NO-3-N和NH 4-N的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究尿素涂层后施用于水田土壤其渗出液NO3--N和NH4 -N含量的变化情况。研究结果表明:与未涂层尿素相比,施用尿素涂层可使氮素释放变得平缓,土壤渗出液中NH4 -N和NO3--N浓度明显降低,有利于水稻生长对氮素的吸收利用;在等氮量条件下,施用涂层尿素处理的土壤渗出液中的NH4 -N浓度明显低于未涂层尿素处理,且尿素用量越低这一差异越明显,而土壤渗出液中的NO3--N浓度施入土壤后前10天涂层尿素低于未涂层尿素处理,而至第18天则表现出高于未涂层尿素处理的趋势;涂层处理土壤渗出液NO3--N和NH4 -N之和大都小于未涂层处理。     

不同灌溉方式和施肥处理对番茄氮素吸收及产量和品质的影响

以番茄为试材，研究了不同灌溉方式和施肥处理对番茄氮素吸收和产量品质的影响，结果表明：在模拟田间的盆栽条件下，滴灌较漫灌能够明显地增加番茄果实的干物重和果实的吸氮量，降低番茄果实中硝酸盐的含量；在磷钾肥基础上配施氮肥对果实的干物重及吸氮量没有明显的作用，但可以提高番茄Vc含量；配施有机肥可以促进果实的干物质积累和对氮素的吸收，同时有机肥也能够明显提高果实中的糖酸比，降低硝酸盐的含量。     

不同缓/控释氮肥在玉米苗期的养分释放与转化研究

采用盆栽试验,模拟田间生态环境,研究施用不同缓/控释氮素肥料在玉米苗期的土壤尿素态氮、硝态氮、铵态氮及矿质态氮数量。研究表明,施用醋酸酯淀粉包膜脲酶抑制剂NBPT涂层大颗粒尿素肥料的尿素态氮含量最高,为21.29 mg kg-1土;硝化抑制剂DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素、醋酸酯淀粉包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素的铵态氮含量最高,分别达到60.22 mg kg-1土和59.93 mg kg-1土,硝态氮含量最低,分别为29.82 mg kg-1土、27.97 mg kg-1土,相互间差异不显著;醋酸酯淀粉包膜大颗粒尿素的硝态氮和矿质态氮含量都最高,分别为102.08 mg kg-1土和135.25mg kg-1土,铵态氮、尿素态氮含量最低,分别为33.16 mg kg-1和3.42 mg kg-1土,相互间无显著差异;DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素、丙烯酸树脂包膜NBPT涂层大颗粒尿素、醋酸酯淀粉包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素和丙烯酸树脂包膜DCD与NBPT混合涂层大颗粒尿素在玉米苗期的土壤矿质态氮含量最少,相互间无显著差异,分别为89.75 mg kg-1土、93.70 mg kg-1土、88.19 mg kg-1土和86.22 mg kg-1土,说明它们在玉米苗期氮素养分释放量最少,包膜和抑制剂的作用效应较好。     

沈阳城郊温室土壤特性调查研究

对城郊于洪区有代表性的110个温室土样进行了研究.结果表明,与原耕作土壤相比,碱解氮、有效磷增幅较大,pH值呈下降趋势,电导率呈升高态势,有效铜呈降低而有效锌呈升高趋势.电导率与硝态氮呈正相关,表明温室土壤存在酸化和次生盐渍化倾向.蔬菜产量与土壤全氮、有效磷呈正相关,而与碱解氮呈负相关.优化施肥、注重有机肥施用,控制氮肥用量,有针对性地施用石灰,注意灌水方法是城郊温室土壤管理的重点.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

基于QTE的蒙古文显示机制研究与实现

蒙古语言是中国蒙古族使用的通用语言,由于蒙古文区别于其他文字的书写方式和其自身变形机制等特点,在很多通用的文字处理引擎中都不被支持。在嵌入式产品开发与应用领域中Linux加QTE已经成为流行方式。该文给出了一种在QTE环境上实现基于标准Unicode的蒙古文点阵显示和变形算法, 并自定义了支持蒙古文的QTE组件,扩展了QTE功能,为在Linux加QTE方式的嵌入式体系结构中处理蒙古文提供了一种解决方法。