堆肥微生物的培养与磷酸酶活性的研究(Ⅰ)——曲霉的产磷酸酶活性的研究

对培养过程中丝状真菌的产磷酸酶活性进行了比较,筛选了一株产磷酸酶活性较高的曲霉菌株HQ,对其产酶特性及对不同难溶性磷底物的磷释放量进行了研究。液体培养结果表明,该菌株在以植酸钠为底物时,中性磷酸酶活性为0.54mg m l-1,磷释放量46.65μg m l-1。固体培养结果表明,以畜禽废弃物为培养基的磷酸酶活性最高,其中性磷酸酶活性为37.4mg g-1。该菌株有潜力作为堆肥微生物的候选菌株。     

玉米灰斑病菌培养性状观察

研究表明，玉米灰斑病菌的不同菌株在玉米叶煎汁固体和液体培养基上菌落形态不同，但多数菌株菌落为黑色、有白色絮状菌丝、液体培养的孢子球为黑色具绒毛。不同菌株在同一培养基上或同一菌株在两种不同培养基上的生长速度均有显著的差异，说明灰斑病菌的分化或多态性在菌丝生长速率方面有明显的反映。首次在自然条件下分离到灰斑病菌的白化菌株（20-46）。白化菌株在菌落性状和生长速率上均与其他菌株差异显著。白化菌株的发现证明玉米灰斑病菌存在遗传变异的潜能。     

玉米茎腐病菌毒素的产生条件和化学特征的初步研究

通过对玉米茎腐病菌毒素的产生条件和化学特征的初步研究,发现病原菌在Richard培养基中产生的毒素活性最高。玉米茎腐病禾谷镰孢菌（Fusariumgraminearum）和瓜果腐霉菌（Pythiumaphanidermatum）分别在活体外培养20d和25d产生的毒素活性最高。病原菌产生的毒素为糖蛋白类物质。     

春小麦花药漂浮培养研究初报

1.液体培养基与半固体半液体培养基在诱导愈组上优于固体培养基。半固体半液体培养基诱导愈组的能力与液体培养基相似,但从半固体半液体培养基中把愈组转移到分化培养基的操作工作则容易得多。2.由固体培养所得的愈组与由液体培养所得的、来自液体表面或沉入液体中的愈组,如早期转移,在分化幼苗的能力上没有明显区别。3.液体漂浮培养时,因培养基及杂交组合的不同,所得的愈组数目亦有明显差异,为获得较高的愈组诱导率,亦应选择不同杂交组合及采用不同培养基为宜。     

一株土生克雷伯氏杆菌(k.pneumoniae)溶磷能力的初步研究

本文采用固、液体无机磷培养基研究了一株从土壤中分离得到的土生克雷伯氏杆菌102菌株,在室内纯培养条件下的溶磷能力。平板透明圈试验结果表明:菌落与菌落 透明圈直径之比为2.4~4.0;液体纯培养条件下,在无可溶性磷存在时其溶解磷矿粉的量高达72.83mg P L-1,在含有10mg P L-1、20mg P L-1磷酸二氢钾时102菌溶解磷矿粉的量分别为61.92、66.36mg P L-1;高效液相色谱测定102菌发酵液中主要含有乙酸、乳酸等有机酸。     

黄嘌呤氧化酶高产菌株发酵培养基的优化

为提高生产菌株的产酶水平,本文采用响应面设计方法优化了 1 株产黄嘌呤氧化酶诱变菌 Arthrobacter,UW6的培养基组成.首先用 Plackett-Burman 设计出影响产酶的 3 个重要的培养基成分:乳糖、黄嘌呤和(NH4)2SO4.然后利用最陡爬坡路径逼近最大响应区域,再通过 Box-Behnken 设计和响应面分析方法确定出3个主要影响因素的最佳浓度,分别为:乳糖12.83g/L,黄嘌呤0.750 0g/L,(NH4)2SO4 2.217g/L.最终酶活力达12.05 U/mL,与初始7.669 U/mL 相比,提高了 57.13%.响应面法,试验次数少、周期短并能研究多因素间的交互作用,求得因素与响应面值的回归方程并预测最佳值,本文采用此种方法有效地求得产酶菌株的最佳发酵培养基组成.     

三种溶磷真菌对不同磷源溶解效果的比较研究

报道了溶磷菌株P39(Aspergilusspp.)和P66、P2.3(Penicilliumspp.)在液体培养条件下对5种难溶性磷源的溶解效果。试验结果表明,3种溶磷菌株在所有磷源培养基中生长良好,但它们之间的溶磷量相差很大,菌株P39对不同磷源的溶磷效果为磷酸铁>磷酸铝>磷酸钙>宜昌磷矿粉>摩洛哥磷矿粉,其溶磷率分别达到96.60%、84.00%、66.05%、61.43%和41.52%;P66菌株对不同磷源的溶磷效果为磷酸铝>磷酸钙>摩洛哥磷矿粉>宜昌磷矿粉>磷酸铁,溶磷率分别为78.18%、58.45%、41.09%、33.00%和14.27%;而菌株P2.3对不同磷源的溶磷效果要小于菌株P39和P66,研究结果表明P2.3菌株对磷酸铁不具有溶磷活性,对其它4种不同磷源的溶磷效果为磷酸钙>磷酸铝>摩洛哥磷矿粉>宜昌磷矿粉。对不同菌株培养滤液可滴定酸含量和pH测定结果发现,菌株P39的培养滤液可滴定酸含量与pH值之间存在直线相关,菌株P66和P2.3处理的二者相关性不显著,表明不同的溶磷菌株在不同磷源条件下,可能从有机酸组成和含量两方面发生了变化而影响对难溶性磷的溶解。     

(R)-肾上腺素高产菌株发酵培养基的优化

为了充分发挥出突变株的高转化活性及其优良特性,采用响应面试验设计方法优化(R)-肾上腺素高产菌株Kocuria rhizophila(K.rhizophila).H5401的发酵培养基.用Plackett-Burman设计法研究初始发酵培养基中各成分对(R)-肾上腺素产率的影响,筛选出有显著效应的3个因素:甘油、蛋白胨和NH4H2PO4.利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域.通过Box-Behnken中心组合实验和响应面分析方法确定出3个主要影响因素的最佳浓度.实验结果经过回归分析拟合出1个2次方程,用其预报的最优培养基做摇瓶发酵试验,(R)-肾上腺素产率达61.07%,比优化前提高了24.89%,表明响应面试验设计优化方法有效提高了(R)-肾上腺素的产量,降低了生产成本,为后续放大实验提供依据.     

厚垣轮枝菌对多菌灵,乙草胺和威霸的反应

在培养基上研究了从大豆胞囊线虫的胞囊上分离到的厚垣轮枝菌（Verticilliumchlamydosporium）的两个菌株［菌株Ⅰ,从黑龙江省安达分离的（AV）,菌株Ⅱ,从辽宁省沈阳分离的（VC）］常用杀菌剂多菌灵及除草剂已草胺和威霸的反应。试验结果表明：在低浓度的多菌灵（0．1,1μg·mL(-1)）处理下,菌株Ⅰ和菌株Ⅱ的菌丝生长几乎不受影响,或仅受到轻微地抑制。两菌株在其它较高浓度（10,50,100μg·mL(－1)）处理下都表现受到抑制．在观察的所有浓度的乙草胺处理对菌株Ⅰ均表现出不同程度地抑制,其中,在1,50μg·mL(－1)处理下受到抑制较轻;菌株Ⅱ仅在500μg．500μg·mL(－1)浓度处理下受到明显抑制,而在其它浓度（1,10,50,200μg·mL(－1)）抑制程度较轻。在用威霸处理试验中,菌株Ⅰ在浓度10μg·mL(－1)的处理下受到抑制较轻,在其它浓度（1,50,200,500μg·mL(－1)）的处理下均受到不同程度的抑制;菌株Ⅲ仅在200,500μg·mL(－1)的处理下受到完全抑制,在其它浓度处理下受到的抑制程度较轻。     

水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的测定及其影响因子的研究

用显色比色测定法研究影响测定黄松稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的因素。结果表明水稻田土壤的含水量、培养温度和时间、硫酸盐的加入量和碳源物质对测定水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性有显著性影响。显色比色法测定水稻田土壤硫酸盐还原活性的最适条件为:土壤含水量(W/W％)在35％左右、培养时间为24h、培养温度为28℃、加入硫酸钠的最适量应在500μg/g干土左右。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.