Radiative heat transfer from potassium seeded water gas combustion plasma

Radiative heat transfer calculations from a potassium seeded water gas combustion plasma have been made to estimate the radiative heat losses through the walls of a MHD channel. Both molecular combustion products and seed contribute significantly to the total radiation loss from a plasma. The spectral emission properties of CO₂, H₂O, CO and potassium have been taken into account. It has been shown that the contribution of CO to heat flux is very small and, thus, can be neglected. CO₂ and H₂O are the primary contributors to the radiation from the combustion products. At MHD temperatures, 55–80% of the contribution to heat flux from the combustion products comes from bands lying up to 2.7 μm in the near infrared. It has been shown that accurate knowledge of absorption cross-section data is essential to predict the radiative heat transfer from potassium. It has been estimated that 25–30% of the total radiative heat flux is from the potassium seed.     

Effect of self absorption on emitted intensity of Na-5890 å line in water gas combustion plasma

Numerical calculations have been carried out to explain the effect of self absorption on the nature of the emitted intensity of the Na-5890 Å line of the sodium doublet in water gas combustion plasma. The self absorption is purely an effect caused by the presence of cold wall boundary layers in an MHD duct. The effect of seed concentration, core temperature, wall temperature, boundary layer thickness and profile parameter on line shapes has been studied. It has been found that seed percentage is the major factor influencing the line shape parameters and core temperature is the major factor affecting the maximum radiated monochromatic line intensity.     

Modeling of a conceptual self-sustained liquid fuel vaporization – combustion system with radiative output using inert porous media

The present model is based on a combined self-sustained liquid fuel vaporization – combustion system, where the liquid fuel vaporization occurs on a wetted wall plate with energy transferred through the plate from the combustion of vaporized oil. The vaporization energy has been derived through the radiative interaction of the vaporizing plate and an upstream end surface of the porous medium. The inert porous medium, used in the flow passage of combustion gas, is allowed to emit and absorb radiant energy. The radiative heat flux equations for the porous medium have been derived using the two-flux gray approximation. The work analyzes the effect of emissivities of vaporizing plate and porous medium, the optical thickness of medium and equivalence ratio on the kerosene vaporization rate, combustion temperature and radiative output of the system. Combination of low and high emissivities of vaporizing plate and porous medium respectively with low optical thickness of medium makes the system operable over a wide range of power. The study covers the data concerning the design and operating characteristics of a practical system.     

直喷式柴油机缸内热辐射多区(多维)模型的研究

以准维现象学多区喷雾燃烧模型和碳粒生成预测了模型为基础,建立了缸内空间辐射多区（多维）模型,并以Ｇ４１３５直喷式柴油机为研究对象,用蒙特卡洛（Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ）法计算和分析了燃烧室壁面辐射热量的分布,结果表明,热流量分布规律和数值与柴油机缸内燃烧过程,有关试验结果相符。     

马蹄形火焰玻璃熔窑燃烧空间流动与传热的数值模拟

对马蹄形火焰玻璃窑炉燃烧空间内的流动、燃烧及辐射传热等过程进行了数值模拟研究,得到了炉内燃烧空间的速度场、温度场、组分浓度分布及燃烧空间向玻璃液面传递的热流分布。探讨了燃烧空间入口的进气角度对炉内温度场和向玻璃面传递的热流的影响,模拟结果表明,当入口的进气角度在5°～10°之间时,传热效果较好。     

Analysis of combustion MHD generator using a coupled core-boundary layer model

A coupled core-boundary layer model, is used to analyze a combustion MHD generator. Turbulent compressible steady state boundary layer equations near the electrode and insulator wall, along with the core region, are explicitly solved for a seeded combusion plasma. Effects of current density on core parameters, velocity and temperature profiles in the electrode boundary layer are analyzed. Effect of MHD terms on heat flux, friction coefficient and boundary layer growth are discussed. Current and voltage distributions across the boundary layer are also discussed. Some of the predicted data is compared with experimental values.     

Numerical investigation of combustion with non-gray thermal radiation and soot formation effect in a liquid rocket engine

A numerical analysis was carried out in order to investigate the combustion and heat transfer characteristics in a liquid rocket engine in terms of non-gray thermal radiation and soot formation. Governing gas and droplet phase equations with PSIC model, turbulent combustion model with liquid kerosene fuel, soot formation, and non-gray thermal radiative equations are introduced. A radiation model was implemented in a compressible flow solver in order to investigate the effects of thermal radiation. The finite-volume method (FVM) was employed to solve the radiative transfer equation, and the weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model (WSGGM) was applied to model the radiation effect by a mixture of non-gray gases and gray soot particulates. After confirming the two-phase combustion behavior with soot distribution, the effects of the O/F ratio, wall temperature, and wall emissivity on the wall heat flux were investigated. It was found that the effects of soot formation and radiation are significant; as the O/F ratio increases, the wall temperature decreases. In addition, as the wall emissivity increases, the radiative heat flux on the wall increases.     

Combustion of suspended fine solid fuel in air inside inert porous medium: A heat transfer analysis

Present work is a numerical analysis of combustion of submicron carbon particles inside an inert porous medium where the particles in form of suspension in air enter the porous medium. A one-dimensional heat transfer model has been developed using the two-flux gray radiation approximation for radiative heat flux equations. The effects of absorption coefficient, emissivity of medium, flame position and reaction enthalpy flux on radiative energy output efficiency have been presented. It is revealed that in porous medium the combustion of suspended carbon particles is similar to premixed single phase gaseous fuel combustion except the former has shorter preheating temperature zone length. Use of porous ceramic having high porosity and made of Al₂O₃ or ZrO₂ with stabilized flame position operated nearer to downstream end will ensure radiative output maximum and minimum at downstream and upstream end, respectively.     

数值模拟涡轴发动机燃烧室流场

本文运用贴体坐标系统对涡轴发动机燃烧室流场进行了数值模拟。采用ＴＴＭ的非正交贴体坐标网格来处理燃烧室的曲线壁面边界。并把ＳＴＭＬＥ算法应用用到曲线坐标下求解各守恒方程，紊流粘度是用双方程ｋ－ε模型来估算，紊流燃烧模型采用按简单的化学反应系统假设的Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ－ＥＢＵ模型，采用热流法辐射模型来估算辐射通量和燃烧室壁温及出口温度分布，计算结果令人满意。本文提供计算方法可供新型燃烧室设计方案选择用     

循环流化床锅炉燃烧室边界层的实验研究

循环流化床锅炉燃烧室的物料浓度影响传热和燃烧,在75t/h循环流化床锅炉上对燃烧室物料浓度分布的测量结果发现,循环流化床锅炉燃烧室的下降流边界层中在接近壁面处存在气体边界层,气体边界层的厚度与距离布风板高度有关,据此给出了下降流边界层厚度和气体边界层厚度的计算公式,并提出了循环流化床燃烧室双环模型。     

The Imaginary Plane Mothod of Radiation Heat Transfer in The Freeboard of Atmospheric Bubbling Fluidized Bed Boiler

An imaginary plane method for calculation of radiative heat trensfer and its application in the freeboard of AFBC boiler is presented in this paper. The combustion reaction and particle concentration are taken into account in this method. With is method, one-dimensional freeboard model for radiative heat transfer has been made. Results from this model have been compared with the experimental results of a 130 t/h AFBC boiler. The distribution of flue gas temperature and heat flux at the waterwell are obtained. It is shown that this model has the advantage of good accuracy and requiring less computation time. The applicability of the predicted results in the AFBC boiler design and operation was also discussed.     

Comparison between local and homogenized models of radiative transfer in a set of parallel ducts considered as a porous medium

A set of parallel ducts of various cross-sections in a diffuse opaque solid medium is modeled as a continuous absorbing and isotropically scattering porous medium. Simple expressions of the absorption and scattering coefficients of this equivalent medium have been determined by identification of the Fourier transforms of the radiative power per unit volume, obtained from the continuous medium model and from a reference local model, in the case of an infinite system. Comparisons of radiative transfer results of the continuous medium model with those of the local model have been carried out for finite configurations typical of combustion applications. Typical discrepancies of a few percent have been observed both for the radiative power per unit volume and boundary radiative flux calculations. The continuous medium model, although practically equivalent to the local model, leads to much faster computation.     

Radiative heat transfer in porous media with spatially-dependent heat generation

We report an investigation of radiative heat transfer in porous radiant burners. The combustion was modeled as a spatially-dependent heat generation. Using the spherical harmonics to solve the equation of transfer, we have obtained the P-11 solution for the net radiative heat flux. Results presented illustrate the radiant output as a function of the position of the combustion zone, the optical thickness and the type of scattering of the porous layer, and the amount of reflection from the distribution chamber.     

Natural Convection Flow with Surface Radiation Along a Vertical Wavy Surface

In this study, natural convection boundary layer flow of thermally radiating fluid along a heated vertical wavy surface is analyzed. Here, the radiative component of heat flux emulates the surface temperature. Governing equations are reduced to dimensionless form, subject to the appropriate transformation. Resulting dimensionless equations are transformed to a set of parabolic partial differential equations by using primitive variable formulation, which are then integrated numerically via iterative finite difference scheme. Emphasis has been given to low Prandtl number fluid. The numerical results obtained for the physical parameters, such as, surface radiation parameter, R, and radiative length parameter, ξ, are discussed in terms of local skin friction and Nusselt number coefficients. Comprehensive interpretation of velocity distribution is also given in the form of streamlines.     

丁烷层流预混燃烧多棱火焰的实验研究

在丁烷层流预混气体的燃烧过程中清晰地观察到多棱火焰现象。实验中，对3种喷口冷却条件，8种燃料流量下出现多棱火焰现象的浓度界限进行了测定。实验结果表明，当喷口冷却条件加强时，相同燃料流量下出现多棱火焰时空气消耗系数降低。实验也表明，多棱火焰在一定的燃料流量下出现，燃料流量超过一定值时，多棱火焰现象不再出现。同时，燃料流量越大，出现多棱火焰的棱数也越多。     

Study of transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer on a tilted flat plate using heat transfer measurements

The boundary layer transition over a flat tilted plate has been studied by means of heat transfer measurements.Aheat flux sensor has been developed,in order to measure the efficiency of convective heat transfer for varioustypes of surfaces or flows.Its operation at constant temperature allows direct and fast measurements of heat flux.The present paper reports the development of the sensor and presents its application to the study of transition in aboundary layer depending on the angle of incidence of the external flow.An exponential relationship betweencritical Reynolds number and pressure gradient parameter has been found.     

内燃机缸内积炭及进气涡流强度对局部瞬态传热的影响

通过实验研究了内燃机缸内积炭及进气涡流强度对局部瞬态传热的影响，并测量了气缸盖鼻梁区和活塞燃烧室表面的瞬态热流，结果表明燃烧室受热表面积炭层的存在对工质与燃烧室各零件间的瞬态传热表现出强的闭塞作用。     

Heat and mass transfer of an unsteady MHD natural convection flow of a rotating fluid past a vertical porous flat plate in the presence of radiative heat transfer

Analytical closed-form solution of the unsteady hydro-magnetic natural convection heat and mass transfer flow of a rotating, incompressible, viscous Boussinesq fluid is presented in this study in the presence of radiative heat transfer and a first order chemical reaction between the fluid and the diffusing species. The Rosseland approximation for an optically thick fluid is invoked to describe the radiative flux. Results obtained show that a decrease in the temperature boundary layer occurs when the Prandtl number and the radiation parameter are increased and the flow velocity approaches steady state as the time parameter t, is increased. These findings are in quantitative agreement with earlier reported studies.     

Thermal radiation from cryogenic hydrogen jet fires

The thermal hazards from ignited under-expanded cryogenic releases are not yet fully understood and reliable predictive tools are missing. This study aims at validation of a CFD model to simulate flame length and radiative heat flux for cryogenic hydrogen jet fires. The simulation results are compared against the experimental data by Sandia National Laboratories on cryogenic hydrogen fires from storage with pressure up to 5 bar abs and temperature in the range 48–82 K. The release source is modelled using the Ulster's notional nozzle theory. The problem is considered as steady-state. Three turbulence models were applied, and their performance was compared. The realizable k-ε model showed the best agreement with experimental flame length and radiative heat flux. Therefore, it has been employed in the CFD model along with Eddy Dissipation Concept for combustion and Discrete Ordinates (DO) model for radiation. A parametric study has been conducted to assess the effect of selected numerical and physical parameters on the simulations capability to reproduce experimental data. DO model discretisation is shown to strongly affect simulations, indicating 10 × 10 as minimum number of angular divisions to provide a convergence. The simulations have shown sensitivity to experimental parameters such as humidity and exhaust system volumetric flow rate, highlighting the importance of accurate and extended publication of experimental data to conduct precise numerical studies. The simulations correctly reproduced the radiative heat flux from cryogenic hydrogen jet fire at different locations.