我国主要食品中全氟烷基化合物的污染现状及膳食暴露评估研究进展

全氟化烷基化合物（Perfluorinated alkyl substances, PFASs）是一类新型持久性有机污染物（persistent organic pollutants, POPs）,对人体健康危害极大。近年来,随着PFASs被广泛应用于各个领域,全球范围内的多种介质中都普遍检出该物质。食物中PFASs污染水平的研究,已经成为国家和民众关注的重要课题。本文通过论述近年来国内有关食物中PFASs污染水平研究的进展情况,对国内主要动物源食品（蛋、水产、肉、乳制品等四类）和生活饮用水中PFASs的污染水平进行了分析,比较了不同食品中的PFASs污染特征,采用危害指数评估我国人群通过主要食品带来的PFASs暴露健康风险。     

全氟和多氟烷基化合物的危害及在食品中的污染研究进展

全氟和多氟烷基化合物(Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)作为一类人工合成的化学物质,在食品接触材料中被广泛使用。越来越多的研究表明,食物可以作为PFASs的载体,使PFASs进入人体,在血液和器官中积聚分布,从而导致各类健康问题。本文对PFASs的危害及在食品中的污染研究进行了概述,综述了PFASs在饮用水、乳及乳制品、肉类、蛋类、水产品及果蔬等食品中的污染情况,分析了PFASs通过大气、水源、土壤等进入食物的途径,总结了PFASs对人体的危害:导致心肌发育毒性、使细胞膜病变和改变人体胆固醇水平。在此基础上,提出了减少食品中PFASs的应对措施。减少食品包装中PFASs的过度使用,寻找新的PFASs替代物,减少PFASs经食品摄入,正成为我国食品行业亟待解决的问题。     

全氟化合物在食品中的污染情况及检测方法研究进展

全氟化合物以其优良的稳定性及表面活性作为加工助剂已被应用于多个领域,但它是一类多脏器毒性的环境污染物,具有持久性、生物积累性、难降解性等特点。本文综述了全氟辛酸和全氟辛烷磺酸等全氟化合物的危害、各国对其使用的限制和规定、各类食品中全氟化合物的污染情况和含量水平的差异,重点比较了不同测定全氟化合物方法的优劣,阐述了今后检测技术的发展方向,为我国开展食品中全氟化合物的风险评估及研究提供参考。     

欧盟继续关注日用品所含危险化学物质

<正>欧盟继续关注服装、鞋履、厨具及地毯等多种日用品所含的化学物质,将来更可能禁止在这些产品中使用。今年夏季,《马德里宣言:关于全氟烷基和多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)》联署声明呼吁限制全氟化学物质(PFCs)及PFASs的生产,及其在食品包装和一般家庭用品中的用途,主张开发较安全的非氟物质作为替代品。     

食品中全氟化合物分析技术研究进展

全氟化合物(perfluorinated compounds,PFCs)是一类人工合成的脂肪烃类化合物,自上个世纪50年代合成以来,该类化合物以其优良的稳定性及表面活性作为加工助剂被应用于多种民用及工业领域,如纺织品、灭火器和油漆等行业。近些年来越来越多的调查研究发现,在空气、沉积物、饮用水、海水和食品中检测出全氟类化合物。膳食作为人体暴露PFCs的重要途径之一,已受到了各国研究人员的重视。本文综述了食品中PFCs的检测技术的研究进展,讨论了不同食品中PFCs的前处理及检测方法,当前主要采用离子对液液萃取和液固萃取,WAX柱净化提取液,液相色谱-质谱联用技术定量分析食品中的PFCs。由于食品中PFCs处于痕量水平,对该类物质的检测方法中空白本底的控制尤为重要。另外,全氟化合物存在的多种同分异构体之间的差异将是研究人员对其准确监测的困难之一。     

湖北某典型地区动物源食品中全氟及多氟烷基化合物的污染现状和膳食暴露评估

为了解湖北某典型地区动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）中全氟及多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）污染水平和组成特征,评估当地标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险;以湖北某典型地区居民日常消费的动物源食品（水产类食品、蛋类食品、肉类食品、乳制品）为研究对象,建立了碱消解加固相萃取小柱净化的预处理方法,结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,UPLC-MS/MS）测定动物源食品中14种PFASs浓度;结合我国第五次中国总膳食调查中湖北省居民各类食物的消费量和人的标准体重,参考欧洲食品安全局的剂量值,对当地一个标准人通过动物源食品摄入PFASs的暴露风险进行评估。结果表明:各类食品中,14种PFASs的加标回收率范围为81%~120%,相对标准偏差为2.71%~12.28%。在0.1~20 ng/g浓度范围的决定系数（R2）大于0.994。检测限为0.003 ng/g,定量限为0.01 ng/g。湖北某地动物源食品中PFASs污染普遍存在,其中水产类食品中有5种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,水产中总PFASs浓度为0.381～75.114 ng/g,平均值为8.655 ng/kg;蛋类食品中有6种PFASs的检出率达到了100%,蛋类食品中总PFASs含量为1.090～7.581 ng/g,平均值为4.163 ng/g;肉类样品中有1种PFAS检出率达到100%,当地肉类食品中总PFASs含量为0.306～2.512 ng/g,平均值为0.742 ng/g。此外不同种类的动物源食品中PFASs的浓度水平和残留特征存在差异,不同水产品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鲢鱼（11.680 ng/g）>乌鳢（2.156 ng/g）>鲫鱼（1.766 ng/g）>鳊鱼（1.216 ng/g）>草鱼（0.754 ng/g）的趋势,不同蛋类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现鸡蛋（6.049 ng/g）>鸭蛋（2.514 ng/g）的趋势,不同肉类食品中∑PFASs的中位数呈现牛肉（0.765 ng/g）>鸭肉（0.665 ng/g）>鸡肉（0.547 ng/g）>猪肉（0.535 ng/g）的趋势,乳制品中,酸奶中∑PFASs的中位数为0.138 ng/g。经估算,当地一个标准人摄入上述水产类食品和蛋类食品中全氟辛烷磺酸（Perfluorooctane sulfonate,PFOS）危害指数均大于1,会对当地居民产生潜在危害。     

婴幼儿乳粉中新兴持久性有机污染物的来源、检测技术及污染水平研究进展

综述了关于婴幼儿乳粉中氯丙醇酯和缩水甘油酯(GEs)、氯酸盐、高氯酸盐、多氯联苯(PCBs)、丙烯酰胺、矿物油、全氟及多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)的污染来源、分析方法、污染水平等方面的研究进展,指出现阶段婴幼儿乳粉新兴持久性有机污染物(POPs)国内外污染现状以及检测技术的优缺点,并对婴幼儿乳粉的新兴POPs检测技术发展与种类进行了展望。     

食品接触材料中全氟/多氟烷基化合物的监管及对其替代品的思考

全氟/多氟烷基化合物(per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs)是食品接触材料中的风险物质,由它所引起的食品安全问题,是国际国内社会关注的焦点。因此研究广泛存在的PFASs给社会群体带来的问题,提高社会各界的意识,引导对PFASs替代品的思考,具有十分重要的意义。本文分析了食品接触材料中PFASs的应用及膳食暴露,PFASs对人体健康的危害,总结了国际各主要贸易体的监管措施,简单梳理了PFASs替代品的研究进展,对各利益相关方提出了要求和建议,并展望了研发绿色的非氟PFASs替代品的发展趋势。     

武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物浓度及其影响因素研究

目的 了解武汉市一般人群血清中全氟及多氟烷基化合物(PFASs)浓度,探索血清中PFASs浓度水平的影响因素.方法 以在武汉市某医院进行一般体检的人群为研究对象(n = 67),通过超高效液相色谱-三重四级杆质谱(UPLC-TQ/MS)联用仪测定外周血清中12种PFASs浓度,采用多元线性回归分析方法分析一般人口学特征...     

食品接触材料中全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)检测方法的研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）由于具有生物蓄积性、多种毒性和难降解的特点,近年来受到越来越多的国内外学者的关注。作为一种广泛存在的典型全氟化合物,PFOS通过各种途径不同程度地污染了许多日常食物,如快餐包装纸对食物的污染、一次性纸杯对饮料的污染、不粘锅涂层对饭菜的污染等,其中食品接触材料是最易被忽视的一个污染途径。PFOS具有急性毒性、肝脏毒性、神经毒性、免疫毒性、细胞毒性及生殖毒性等多种毒性作用,但在被污染的食品接触材料中,PFOS的含量往往比较低,因此对其快速准确地测定有一定的难度。本文主要综述了PFOS的毒性、PFOS在各种介质中的污染水平、PFOS向食品中的迁移状况以及检测食品接触材料中PFOS的各种方法,并对食品接触材料中PFOS的检测及其发展作出总结与展望。     

The perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) contamination of fruits and vegetables

Fruit and vegetables play a major role in human nutrition due to richness of nutrients, dietary fibre, and phytochemicals. As dietary intake is identified as one of the dominant exposure pathways to perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a cross-sectional study involving determination of their levels in food of plant origin has been conducted. Locally-grown and imported fruit and vegetable samples, collected in 2016 were inspected for 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) using QuEChERS as sample pre-treatment procedure followed by micro-HPLC-MS/MS. Three of 10 target analytes, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were quantitatively determined. The detection frequency for PFASs across the 55 samples analysed was less than 10%. The major contributor of the total PFASs concentration in the investigated group was PFBA for which the concentration, reported only for banana, apple and orange samples, was 50.740 ng g^?1 ww. The most often detected compound was PFOA. The origin and growing region are possible factors with the potential to influence PFASs distribution profile and their levels in food.     

全氟/多氟烷基化合物的毒理学研究进展及新型替代物健康危害

全氟/多氟烷基化合物（per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances,PFASs）因有优良的理化特性,在当前工业生产领域具有无可替代的地位,在世界各地被广泛使用,但由于其具有极强的生物蓄积性和环境持久性,进入环境后不易降解,会对人体健康造成不可忽视的伤害,包括神经、免疫、内分泌、生殖发育、肝肾毒性,因此受到世界各国的重视和严格的管控。传统PFASs的使用受限导致替代物被大量开发,近几年在环境和生物体内检测到越来越多的新型替代物,同时它们表现出比传统PFASs更强的生物毒性,但目前依然缺乏对于PFASs替代物及前体的毒性研究和暴露评估数据。本文对近五年传统PFASs的毒理学研究结果进行综述,并对几种检测频率较高的替代物及前体的人体接触水平及对健康的影响进行总结,为PFASs新型替代物的进一步研究和监管措施提供科学依据。     

Levels and distribution of PBDEs and PFASs in pork from different European countries

ABSTRACT

Meat and meat products are included in a great number of human diets. However, the great consumption of meat needs to be controlled for the presence of traces of contaminants. The European Commission has not stated maximum limits for some environmental pollutants such as the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE); the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Panel has recommended that more occurrence data for PFASs in food should be collected to improve the accuracy of future exposure calculations. Therefore, the distribution of PFASs and PBDEs trace contaminants from eight EU Member States were investigated through liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). No PFASs were detected, except perfluorooctanoic acid, in only one Austrian sample at the concentration of 0.531 ng g^?1. PBDEs were detected in 3 out of 77 samples: one from Germany showed the presence of all congeners analysed in the concentration range 0.53–0.77 ng g^?1, the others, from Netherland and Italy, respectively contained PBDE 153 (0.53 ng g^?1) and PBDE 100 (0.62 ng g^?1). The results show that the analysed samples do not pose a risk for human beings in regard to PFASs and PBDEs. Further studies are needed to keep monitoring their presence in foodstuff, as it has been suggested by European Commission.     

Human dietary exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances in Catalonia, Spain. Temporal trend

In this study, we assessed the levels of 18 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the most widely consumed foodstuffs in Catalonia, Spain, as well as the total dietary intake of these compounds. Forty food items were analysed. Only perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluorohexadecanoic acid (PFHxDA) and perfluorooctanoicdecanoic acid (PFOcDA) were not detected in any sample. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the compound found in the highest number of samples (33 out of 80), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) and perfluorodecane sulfonic acid (PFDS). Fish and shellfish was the food group in which more PFASs were detected and where the highest PFAS concentrations were found. The highest dietary intakes corresponded to children, followed by male seniors, with values of 1787 and 1466ng/day, respectively. For any of the age/gender groups of the population, the Tolerable Daily Intakes (TDIs) recommended by the EFSA were not exceeded. In general terms, PFAS levels found in the current study are lower than the concentrations recently reported in other countries.     

Food safety traits of mussels and clams: distribution of PCBs,PBDEs, OCPs,PAHs and PFASs in sample from different areas using HRMS-Orbitrap® and modified QuEChERS extraction followed by GC-MS/MS

Reviewing the presence of contaminant residues is important both for food safety and for monitoring of environmental pollution. Here, the occurrence of 6 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 15 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), 4 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 17 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) was evaluated in mussels and clams. A liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) and an innovative QuEChERS extraction followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) methods were developed, validated and applied. We demonstrate good linearity, repeatability and accuracy of these methods, confirming that they are suitable for the analyses of mollusc samples. The prevalence of PCBs, OCPs and PAHs was higher in mussels than in clams. For PFASs, contamination was higher in clams than in mussels. The samples were all compliant with the regulations, and, for the compounds without legislative limits, a risk assessment confirmed that the values were lower than the tolerable intakes.     

Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in various food items of animal origin collected in four European countries

This study summarises the results of the levels of 21 perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 50 selected pooled samples representing 15 food commodities with the special focus on those of animal origin, as meat, seafood, fish, milk, dairy products and hen eggs, which are commonly consumed in various European markets, e.g. Czech, Italian, Belgian and Norwegian. A new, rapid sample preparation approach based on the QuEChERS extraction procedure was applied. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing electrospray ionisation (ESI) in negative mode was used for the quantification of target analytes. Method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the range of 1–10 ng kg^?1 (ng l^?1) for fish, meat, hen eggs, cheese and milk, and in the range of 2.5–125 ng kg^?1 for butter. Only 16 of the group of 21 PFASs were found in at least one analysed sample. From 16 PFASs, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most frequently detected analyte present in approximately 50% of samples (in the range of 0.98–2600 ng kg^?1). PFCAs with C8–C14 carbon chain were presented in approximately 20% of samples. The concentration ranges of individual compounds in the respective groups of PFASs were: 2.33–76.3 ng kg^?1 for PFSAs (without PFOS), 4.99–961 ng kg^?1 for PFCAs, 10.6–95.4 ng kg^?1 for PFPAs, and 1.61–519 ng kg^?1 for FOSA. The contamination level in the analysed food commodities decreased in the following order: seafood > pig/bovine liver >> freshwater/marine fish > hen egg > meat >> butter. When comparing the total contamination and profiles of PFASs in food commodities that originated from various sampling countries, differences were identified, and the contents decreased as follows: Belgium >> Norway, Italy > Czech Republic.