卫星链路中TCP传输性能仿真与分析

卫星信道与地面有线信道具有不同的特点,当3TCP协议直接应用于卫星链路上时,其吞吐量等性能会受到影响。针对卫星链路的特点,文中分析了卫星链路中TCP协议存在的主要问题,使用NS2仿真软件,建立了仿真模型,并在给定的仿真环境下得出了一些结论。卫星链路具有时延大、误码率高等特点,仿真结果说明了当数据大小一定时,比特误码率越高,系统吞吐量越低,引起的丢包率越高;时延（往返时间）越长,系统吞吐量越低。最后,分析比较了优化TCP的运行参数、修改TCP控制机制、分割连接技术等卫星链路TCP协议的主要解决方案。     

TCP和XTP协议传输性能仿真与分析

针对卫星链路的特点,利用仿真技术,采用NS2仿真软件建立仿真模型,设计仿真场景,给出了软件实现方法,分别在固定误码率和信道带宽、时延变化条件下,固定时延和信遣带宽、误码率变化条件下,固定时延和误码率、信道带宽变化条件下,对TCP协议和XTP协议在卫星链路的传输性能进行了仿真和对比分析,最后得出结论,XTP协议的通信机制比TCP协议更适合于卫星链路数据传输,为基于XTP协议的卫星协议网关设计提供仿真依据.     

卫星IP网络中传输控制协议的研究

传输控制协议(TCP)是TCP / IP协议栈的主要传输协议,它在网络中的传输效率是影响IP网络传输性能的关键因素之一。当网络中存在卫星链路时,卫星链路的一些固有特性会使TCP的传输性能受到一定影响。文中首先指出卫星信道的特点,对TCP协议在卫星网络中的传输性能进行了分析,重点介绍最近几年这方面的研究成果。     

一种空间环境下的TCP传输技术研究

随着因特网技术的高速发展,如何利用基于可靠连接的传输控制协议(TCP)作为传输机制成为空间环境下测控通信的新问题。在研究航天科学数据业务的特点和空间传输信道特点及链路特性的基础上,分析了空间环境下TCP传输机制具有长时延和高误码率等缺陷。针对这些问题提出了用于空间高时延信道条件下的TCP高速传输的解决方法,并详细阐述2种方法的原理和实现途径。经过系统仿真,证明此方法可行,传输性能得到显著的提高。     

改善卫星Internet上TCP性能的措施

首先对卫星信道的特点及其对TCP性能的影响进行了分析,然后介绍了几种提高卫星链路上TCP性能的解决方案。     

卫星TCP加速技术研究

由于卫星链路长时延高误码的特点,传输控制协议(TCP)在卫星链路上效率很低。提出了一种卫星通信系统中TCP加速网关的设计实现方法,介绍了基于加速网关的卫星网络结构,描述了其关键技术实现,对提出的设计实现方法在OPNET中进行了仿真验证。仿真结果表明,该技术大大提高了TCP应用在卫星链路上的传输效率,而且在多连接共享带宽时保持了较好的公平性。     

基于卫星的Internet接入技术的研究

近年来随着卫星通信应用的快速发展，卫星网络可提供更广泛的Internet业务。目前大部分的应用和业务是基于TCP和UDP协议，因为卫星链路和地面信道有许多不同的特性，所以TCP在卫星链路上的实现对TCP性能和应用有很大的影响。本分析了卫星链路的特征和影响TCP性能的主要因素，提出了一种改进的Internet接入方案。     

基于TCP的卫星链路性能分析与改进策略

针对低误码率有线网络所设计的TCP协议,具有使用广泛、算法成熟、可移植性好等优点,然而卫星链路自身的高误码率、长传播时延、高时延带宽积等因素导致了TCP性能的大幅下降.这使得传统TCP协议应用到卫星网络时性能不理想.本文在梳理TCP协议特点的基础上,对卫星链路影响TCP性能的原因进行了分析,并提出了几种基于卫星链路传输TCP协议的性能改进方法.     

基于SCPS-TP的TCP协议加速器的研究与实现

TCP协议是目前Internet中应用最为广泛的传输层协议,已经成为端到端可靠数据传输的事实标准。但是由于卫星链路的长传输时延、高误码率和链路带宽不对称等特性,使得卫星链路上TCP传输性能极大下降。针对卫星链路影响TCP性能的因素和SCPS-TP对卫星链路上TCP的改进,总结了卫星链路TCP加速器的几种实现方式,并给出一种基于SCPS-TP的TCP代理加速器的实现方案。测试结果表明,使用基于SCPS-TP的TCP代理能够明显提高TCP协议性能。     

宽带GEO网络移动的TCP协议性能研究

利用宽带卫星链路接入互联网是今后卫星通信的重要发展方向。首先介绍了基于宽带地球同步轨道(GEO,Geostationary Earth Orbit)网络移动的概念并以IPSTAR卫星为例建立模型,重点分析了基于宽带卫星移动通信的网络移动中的传输控制协议(TCP,Transfer Control Protocol)的特点,对TCP协议性能进行仿真模拟,最后分析了TCP协议在网络移动通信中的性能。结果证明,在宽带多媒体卫星移动通信中,由于系统允许信息传输具有较大带宽(IPSTAR中可以达到2 Mb/s),TCP传输的吞吐量和时延表现的较为稳定,因此,在基于宽带多媒体卫星的网络移动通信中实现TCP数据的传输具有一定的可行性。     

A bit error rate analysis for TCP traffic over parallel free space photonics

Inter-satellite links (ISL) are a useful technology to transmit data to space stations and to communicate between satellites. However, there are serious limitations due to long delays and poor channel performance, resulting in high bit error rates (BER). In this paper, parallel transmission and the scaling of the Transport Control Protocol (TCP) window in free space optics (FSO) communications are analyzed in order to overcome these disadvantages in optical inter-satellite links. Latency and BER are the dominant effects that determine link performance. Thus, a physical, link, network and transport cross-layer analysis for FSO over ISL is presented in this paper. This analysis shows the advantages and disadvantages of using optical parallel transmission and TCP window scaling for free space optical links between stations and satellite constellations. The key contribution of this work is to simulate the effects of the BER and to link the results to packet error rate (PER) to determine the goodput for TCP transmissions by using a cross-layering approach. The results give evidence that wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) can mitigate the effects of long delay and high BER for a FSO communication using TCP.     

Multilayer multicast congestion control in satellite environments

It is well known that long and variable link delays, link errors, and handoffs in satellite environments seriously interfere with transmission control protocol's (TCP's) congestion control mechanisms. These channel characteristics also adversely affect existing multilayer multicast congestion control schemes when they are used in satellite environments. In addition, these schemes still have problems with fairly sharing bandwidth with TCP flows, controlling the overhead of frequent grafting and pruning, and handling misbehaving receivers. In this paper, we present a new multilayer multicast congestion control scheme that is suitable for satellite environments and overcomes most of the disadvantages of existing schemes. Our scheme is not affected by the long and variable delays of satellite links. Link errors also do not decrease the performance of our scheme. Further, our scheme has very limited control overhead. In addition to these advantages specific to satellite environments, our scheme achieves good fairness in sharing bandwidth with TCP sessions and is not sensitive to misbehaving receivers.     

Basestation flow control for wired to wireless networks

With the exponential growth of the internet, wireless networks such as satellite networks are becoming increasingly popular. The characteristics of satellite networks such as long latency, large delay-bandwidth product, high bit error rate over satellite links and variable round trip time, severely degrade TCP/IP performance. At the conjunction of the satellite link and the fixed link, the basestation, the difference in capacity between the satellite link and the fixed link causes the basestation to experience congestion losses that adversely impact TCP performance. We propose a technique that substantially reduces the congestion at the base station and enforces fairness among the TCP connections that are sharing the satellite link. The technique does not require any change in the TCP sender or the receiver. The stability of our algorithm is analytically proven and its performance is evaluated using ns-2 simulations. Preliminary results yield almost a null congestion loss rate, a 60% decrease in average queue length, and more than 30% increase in the throughput. Fairness is well enforced.     

卫星链路TCP传输性能分析

TCP协议作为TCP／IP协议栈的主要传输协议，其在网络中的传输效率高低是影响IP网络传输性能的关健因素之一。当网络中存在卫星链路时，由于卫星链路的一些固有特性使得IP的传输性能受到了一定的影响。本文对于TCP协议在卫星网中的传输性能问题进行了分析，指出了IP协议在卫星网中应用时存在的问题。介绍与分析了一些相应的解决方法。     

Rate-adaptive snoop: a TCP enhancement scheme over rate-controlled lossy links

We study TCP performance over the wireless links deploying a wireless rate-control technique, whose link characteristics are identified by variable link rate and bursty transmission error. We present a TCP enhancement scheme, called rate-adaptive snoop (RA-Snoop). RA-Snoop caches TCP packets selectively based on the wireless channel condition and the cached packets are retransmitted locally over the wireless link in case corruption loss is detected. In addition, for effective adaptation to variable bandwidth, RA-Snoop calculates the window feedback based on the bandwidth-delay product estimation and the queue level, then conveys this feedback information on the receiver's advertised window field in the acknowledgements returning to TCP sources. We compare the performance of RA-Snoop with that of existing schemes in the aspect of goodput and fairness. Results from simulations reveal that RA-Snoop achieves significant improvements over the existing schemes for various traffic scenarios.     

A Simulation Study of Scalable TCP and HighSpeed TCP in Geostationary Satellite Networks

This paper investigates the performance of two TCP enhancements (i.e., Scalable TCP and HighSpeed TCP), recently proposed for high-speed backbone networks with a very large bandwidth-delay product, in a geostationary satellite environment. Both persistent and elastic traffic patterns are considered, performance being evaluated in terms of TCP throughput and mean session delay, respectively. The impact of channel characteristics (packet error rate, correlation between successive losses) is widely discussed. Fairness issues are also accounted for, together with the impact of some system parameters, such as the satellite link bandwidth. Extensive comparisons are carried out among Scalable TCP, HighSpeed TCP and other congestion control schemes. The obtained results show the soundness for the use of such protocols in geostationary satellite networks. Indeed, both protocols permit to improve the performance of TCP connections in a wide range of channel conditions, showing (especially Scalable TCP) to be able to cope well with rainy conditions and to exploit a future increase in the satellite link capacity. This work was carried out within the framework of the SatNex Network of Excellence, http://www.satnex.org     

On the impact of link layer retransmission schemes on TCP over 4G satellite links

We study the impact of reliability mechanisms introduced at the link layer on the performance of transport protocols in the context of 4G satellite links. Specifically, we design a software module that performs realistic analysis of the network performance, by utilizing real physical layer traces of a 4G satellite service. Based on these traces, our software module produces equivalent link layer traces, as a function of the chosen link layer reliability mechanism. We further utilize the link layer traces within the ns‐2 network simulator to evaluate the impact of link layer schemes on the performance of selected Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) variants. We consider erasure coding, selective‐repeat automatic request (ARQ) and hybrid‐ARQ link layer mechanisms, and TCP Cubic, Compound, Hybla, New Reno and Westwood. We show that, for all target TCP variants, when the throughput of the transport protocol is close to the channel capacity, using the ARQ mechanism is most beneficial for TCP performance improvement. In conditions where the physical channel error rate is high, hybrid‐ARQ results in the best performance for all TCP variants considered, with up to 22% improvements compared to other schemes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Estimation of packet losses due to propagation impairments: Application to TCP performance over satellite

The transmission control protocol (TCP) is widely used to provide reliable data transmission due to its congestion and flow control mechanisms that provide reliable error recovery in higher layers. In satellite links, various atmospheric phenomena may lead to high packet loss rate (PLR) degrading the TCP throughput. Modern satellite systems operate at frequencies above 10 GHz, where rainfall is the dominant fading mechanism leading to high bit error ratio and correlated packet losses. In this paper, a mathematical analysis is presented to accurately describe the statistical properties of the packet‐error process in a dynamically varying satellite channel. The proposed method is extended to provide PLR estimations when block forward error correction (FEC) is employed. A new Markov‐based method, based on the previous analysis and adapted to the rain‐faded satellite channel, is also presented for the estimation of TCP SACK throughput and tested against simulation results. Based on the information provided by the packet‐error model, a study between the TCP performance under various FEC schemes and a proposed adaptive FEC scheme has provided indications about the superiority of the proposed model. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.