Experimental research on creep behaviors of sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses

The consideration of time dependence is essential for the study of deformation and fracturing processes of rock materials, especially for those subjected to strong compressive and tensile stresses. In this paper, the self-developed direct tension device and creep testing machine RLW-2000M are used to conduct the creep tests on red sandstone under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses. The short-term and long-term creep behaviors of rocks under compressive and tensile stresses are investigated, as well as the long-term strength of rocks. It is shown that, under low-stress levels, the creep curve of sandstone consists of decay and steady creep stages; while under high-stress levels, it presents the accelerated creep stage and creep fracture presents characteristics of brittle materials. The relationship between tensile stress and time under uniaxial tension is also put forward. Finally, a nonlinear viscoelastoplastic creep model is used to describe the creep behaviors of rocks under uniaxial compressive and tensile stresses.     

Laboratory creep tests for time-dependent properties of a marble in Jinping Ⅱ hydropower station

In order to investigate the time-dependent behaviors of deep hard rocks in the diversion tunnel of Jinping II hydropower station,uniaxial creep tests were carried out by using the triaxial testing machine RC-2000.The axial compressive load was applied step by step and each creep stage was kept for over several days.Test results show that:(1) The lateral deformation of rock specimens is 2-3 times the axial compressive deformation and accelerates drastically before damage,which may be employed as an indicator to predict the excavation-induced instability of rocks.(2) The resultant deformation changes from compression to expansion when the Poisson’s ratio is larger than 0.5,indicating the starting point of damage.(3) In the step-loading stages,the Poisson’s ratio approximately remains constant;under constantly imposed load,the Poisson’s ratio changes with elapsed time,growing continuously before the specimen is damaged.(4) When the applied load reaches a certain threshold value,the rock deteriorates with time,and the strength of rocks approximately has a negative exponent relation with time.(5) The failure modes of the deep marble are different in long-and short-term loading conditions.Under the condition of short-term loading,the specimen presents a mode of tensile failure;while under the condition of long-term loading,the specimen presents a mode of shear failure,followed by tensile failure.     

岩石单轴拉伸蠕变特性试验研究

采用自行设计加工的岩石拉伸试验装置,对砂岩进行了直接拉伸蠕变试验。结果表明:拉伸试验中蠕变量与总应变的比值明显高于压缩试验中相应值,表明岩石拉伸蠕变变形能力高于岩石单轴压缩蠕变。分析等时应力-应变曲线直线段斜率变化规律,得到Kelvin体弹性模量随时间变化的表达式,将其代入Kelvin模型中,得到一个改进的非线性广义Kelvin模型,并通过串联的方式,将之与一个能反映非线性加速蠕变特征的黏塑性体联结,组成一个新的非线性蠕变模型。利用非线性曲线拟合软件1stOpt,对试验曲线进行拟合,对模型参数进行辨识,对比试验曲线和拟合曲线,二者能较好地吻合,验证了模型的适用性。     

重庆红砂岩单轴直接拉伸蠕变特性试验研究

 以重庆市典型的红砂岩为研究对象,应用自行设计加工的岩石单轴直接拉伸装置进行该红砂岩的单轴直接拉伸蠕变试验。基于试验结果,研究红砂岩在单轴直接拉伸作用下的轴向蠕变、侧向蠕变以及卸荷蠕变规律,并探讨红砂岩蠕变断裂特征。最后,应用改进的非线性西原蠕变模型分别对该红砂岩的轴向、侧向蠕变试验曲线进行辨识,基于Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)优化算法的Matlab编程获得改进西原模型的材料参数。蠕变模型与试验结果比较,显示蠕变模型在该红砂岩直接拉伸蠕变中的适用性。研究成果丰富了重庆市红砂岩蠕变资料,对该地区进行大型岩土工程具有积极的指导意义。     

单裂隙砂岩蠕变模型参数时间尺度效应及颗粒流数值模拟研究

深部高应力环境下硬岩的蠕变变形不可忽略,尤其是裂隙岩体的蠕变变形。为研究含裂隙硬岩的长期蠕变变形行为及蠕变模型,采用高速水射流技术在红砂岩试样中预制了一条贯穿的α=45°单裂隙。确定了该裂隙岩石在围压30 MPa下的三轴压缩强度,采用单级加载方式对试样进行长期压缩蠕变试验,蠕变应力水平约为峰值偏应力的80%。试验结果表明:经历539 h(约22 d)的含45°单裂隙红砂岩只出现衰减和稳态蠕变变形,未发生加速蠕变破坏。为描述裂隙岩石的蠕变变形,在Burgers模型基础上基于有效应力原理建立了考虑损伤的蠕变模型。通过最小二乘法得到的蠕变模型参数显示出显著的时间效应,据此提出了考虑时间尺度的损伤蠕变模型,该模型可以描述裂隙岩石在不同时间尺度下的蠕变变形。最后,采用颗粒流程序PFC~(2D)对试样的三轴压缩及蠕变进行了数值模拟,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合程度较高。研究工作为进一步研究裂隙硬岩的蠕变变形和模型提供了一定的参考价值。     

岩石拉压特征的相似性

通过近年来岩石力学的试验结果，其中包括单轴拉应力和压应力作用下不同岩石的完全应力－应变曲线、受拉强度和受压强度的载荷速度效应以及蠕变寿命随蠕变应力水平的变化等，研究了岩石在拉应力和压应力作用下上述力学特征的相似性和规律性。     

砂岩直接拉伸蠕变特性及 Burgers 模型的改进与应用

应用自行研制的岩石直接拉伸装置对红砂岩进行了单轴直接拉伸蠕变试验,试验结果表明,在低应力状态下砂岩的直接拉伸蠕变由衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变组成,高应力状态下砂岩直接拉伸出现历时较短的加速蠕变阶段。在对蠕变特性分析的基础上对 Burgers 蠕变模型进行了改进,引入了一个非线性黏塑性体,并基于 BFGS 算法对拉伸作用下蠕变试验结果进行直接拟合。结果表明,基于 BFGS 算法的改进 Burgers 蠕变模型理论曲线与试验曲线吻合效果较好,引入模型的非线性黏塑性体其黏性系数 η _N 的初始值较大（ 10¹⁹ 以上）,该非线性黏塑性体在砂岩的加速蠕变阶段起到主导作用;改进 Burgers 模型不仅可以描述砂岩直接拉伸状态下的衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变阶段,而且可很好地描述砂岩加速蠕变过程。     

红层泥岩的剪切蠕变试验研究

红层是红色陆相沉积为主的碎屑沉积岩层,岩性以砂岩、泥岩、粉砂岩和页岩为主。红层中的泥岩抗压强度较低,并具有明显的流变特性,蠕变变形量较大,常造成工程边坡的失稳和破坏,在进行工程勘察设计时应充分考虑红层泥岩的蠕变特性,进行合理的参数取值。本文通过对滇中地区红层泥岩进行的室内剪切蠕变试验研究,分析了不同的法向正应力下天然状态与饱水状态红层泥岩的剪切蠕变特性,并通过对红层泥岩长期强度与短期强度试验资料的分析,提出了红层泥岩长期剪切强度的取值建议。     

COx黏土岩三轴压缩蠕变特性及速率阈值试验研究

 黏土岩具有低渗性和自我裂缝修复能力等优点,被用于高放废物地质处置的候选基岩。出于高放废物处置库的长期性及高安全性要求,研究黏土岩的蠕变破坏特征显得极其重要。通过一系列黏土岩的单级三轴压缩蠕变试验,获得Callovo-Oxfordian(COx)黏土岩较为精确的蠕变速率阈值范围。试验结果表明,发生蠕变破坏的蠕变速率阈值与黏土岩的湿度及所处围压等因素有关。总体上,当轴向蠕变速率低于2.5 µε/h,该类黏土岩很难发生蠕变破坏;但若高于58 µε/h,则黏土岩极易发生加速蠕变破坏;而处于两者之间的速率值,目前试验尚无明确结论。该阈值可用于在稳定蠕变阶段判断黏土岩是否会出现加速蠕变破坏。     

Rock rupture phenomenon and pillar failure in tuffs in the Cappadocia region (Turkey)

The aim of this study is to investigate the relation between the critical failure stresses for rupture and pillar instabilities observed in tuffs in Cappadocia region and stresses triggering the early crack propagation stages such as crack initiation, systematic cracking and crack coalescence thresholds determined from Brazilian and uniaxial compression tests on rock samples obtained from these instabilities. These failures in the region have been occurring as a result of strength reduction of rocks through time, and long-term strengths of these rocks are achieved by own weight of the rock mass. In this study, these failures were evaluated in order to estimate long-term failure strength of rocks by classical short-term laboratory tests. For this purpose, some cases on rock rupture phenomenon and a pillar failure case were picked from different parts of the region. During the selection of these instabilities, the ones with relatively regular geometries were preferred. Rock block samples were collected from each case, and uniaxial compressive and indirect tensile (Brazilian) tests were carried out on dry and saturated specimens. In these tests, axial deformations and acoustic emission (AE) activity were also recorded in order to identify thresholds of the crack propagation and deformation stages of rock samples. The simplified back-analysis of each case was conducted, and the tensile stresses on rupture surfaces and uniaxial compressive stress on pillar were calculated. Then, stress levels at the thresholds of crack propagation and deformation stages determined by laboratory tests and stress levels determined by back-analyses were compared. Finally, it is concluded that crack initiation and/or systematic cracking thresholds may be a good indicator to determine lower bound of the in-situ strength of these tuffs and can be used as an estimator of their long-term strengths.     

第一拐点法确定结构面长期强度的研究

在岩石双轴流变试验机上进行了圆柱体标准试件单轴抗压强度试验、结构面常规剪切试验以及结构面剪切蠕变试验,利用蠕变曲线第一拐点法确定了不同粗糙度结构面试件在不同法向应力条件下的长期强度,并将其与结构面的瞬时强度进行了对比。     

砂岩蠕变特性的水物理化学作用效应试验研究

 针对干燥、饱水以及不同离子浓度和酸碱度水溶液循环流动作用至水–岩反应平衡后的砂岩试件,完成一系列单轴压缩蠕变试验。根据试验结果,通过对不同应力水平下干燥砂岩和饱水砂岩的应变–时间关系、瞬时应变、蠕变应变及蠕变速率的比较分析,揭示饱水砂岩蠕变特性的水物理作用效应与机制。在此基础上,分别针对砂岩在酸碱度相同而离子浓度不同以及酸碱度不同而离子浓度相同这两类流动水溶液作用后,其应变–时间关系、瞬时应变、蠕变应变及蠕变速率的差异性开展系统研究,获得砂岩蠕变特性的水溶液离子浓度影响效应和酸碱度影响效应,进而探讨其水物理化学作用机制。研究结果表明,饱水砂岩蠕变性质比干燥砂岩明显;上述不同流动水溶液作用后的砂岩蠕变特性又比干燥、饱水砂岩显著;饱水砂岩蠕变特性主要存在水物理作用效应;而不同流动水溶液作用后砂岩的蠕变特性则兼具水物理作用效应和水化学作用效应;砂岩蠕变的水溶液离子浓度作用效应呈现出离子浓度越高则蠕变特性越显著的特点。研究成果对于岩石流变力学及水–岩相互作用领域的理论与应用研究,具有良好的启示与借鉴意义。     

Time-dependent in-plane behaviour and buckling of concrete-filled steel tubular arches

This paper presents a theoretical analysis for the time-dependent behaviour and buckling of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) circular arches due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete core under a sustained uniform radial load. The algebraically tractable age-adjusted effective modulus method is used to model the time-dependent behaviour of the concrete core, based on which the differential equations of equilibrium for the time-dependent analysis of CFST arches are derived and analytical solutions for the long-term displacements, stresses and internal forces of CFST arches under the sustained load are obtained. It is shown that the visco-elastic effects of creep and shrinkage of the concrete core have significant long-term effects on the in-plane structural behaviour of CFST arches. The long-term radial and axial displacements, as well as the bending moment, increase substantially with time. For a CFST arch with a low area ratio of the steel tube to the concrete core, the long-term deformations may be excessive and affect the serviceability of the CFST arch. The increases of the long-term stresses in the steel tube with time are significant, while the long-term stresses in the concrete core decrease with time and may change from compressive to tensile if the time is sufficiently long. It is demonstrated that the time-dependent change of the equilibrium configuration of the CFST arch can lead to a buckling configuration being attained in the time domain under a sustained load, which is lower than the buckling loads of the CFST arch under short-term loading. The solution for the possible prebuckling structural life for time-dependent creep buckling of deep CFST arches is derived and can be used to determine the effects of various parameters on the creep buckling of a CFST arch.     

饱水状态下隧道围岩蠕变力学性质的试验研究

含水状态是影响岩石蠕变力学性质的一个重要因素，隧道开挖后因渗流路径的增加将改变围岩的含水状态，且使围岩力学性质遇水弱化，以浙江省上三线高速公路任胡岭隧道工程勘探岩样为研究对象，通过干燥和饱水两种状态下岩石蠕变试验结果的对比，探讨了岩石蠕变受含水状态影响的规律性，并根据广义Kelvin模型求得了两种状态下岩石蠕变的模型参数，分析了模型参数变化的规律性。     

An associated elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model for sandstone involving shear-induced volumetric deformation

In contrast to hard rocks, weak rocks often have significant shear-induced volumetric contraction/dilation under short-term or long-term loadings, and this behavior necessitates the development of an unconventional constitutive model. As such, an elastic–viscoplastic constitutive model characterizing the mechanical behavior of weak rocks is proposed, and its validity is demonstrated by comparing the simulated and the actual deformational behaviors of weak sandstone under various stress paths. In order to distinguish the immediate and the time-dependent deformation, the procedures involving multi-stage loading–unloading and creep tests, together with controlled pure-shear stress path, have been undertaken to clarify the deformation behavior of sandstone. Through these experimental procedures, elastic and viscoplastic deformations can be effectively separated, and the coupling between shear stresses and volume stresses can also be identified. Consequently, it is found that the function form of yield surfaces can also be applied to plastic potentials and viscoplastic potentials so that the complexity of the constitutive model to be developed is significantly reduced. Furthermore, the parameters for the proposed constitutive model can be readily obtained by fitting experimental data. Through systematic comparisons of the predictions and the actual behaviors of the studied sandstone, it is found the proposed constitutive model is capable of describing the elastic, plastic, and viscoplastic deformational behaviors not only under pure shearing stress path that were used to calibrate parameters, but also under other stress paths.     

早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性

对早龄期低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变特性的把握,能够为受拉状态地聚物混凝土的应力解析及开裂预测提供重要的参数依据。采用自制混凝土拉伸徐变试验装置,通过恒定应力下的混凝土拉伸徐变试验获取混凝土比徐变、徐变增长速率等徐变特性,研究不同初始加载龄期（2、3、4 d）对低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土拉伸徐变的影响。结果表明：高温密封养护可以使低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土短时间内达到强度稳定状态;低钙粉煤灰基地聚物混凝土的拉伸徐变特性与普通水泥混凝土相似,试验初期阶段徐变增长速率较快,随持荷时间的增加,徐变增长速率迅速下降;在同一应力强度比下,初始加载龄期越大,比徐变越小,试验初期阶段的徐变增长速率也越小;相较于试验中期阶段与后期阶段,初始加载龄期对试验初期阶段的徐变影响更大。     

横观各向同性岩石蠕变性质与本构模型研究

层理的存在使得炭质板岩呈现出横观各向同性性质。开展了水平层理试样和竖直层理试样的三轴压缩蠕变试验,研究了不同层理的炭质板岩在不同加载路径下的蠕变特性,分析了蠕变流动方向特征,发现水平层理试样和竖直层理试样蠕变流动方向差异明显;根据蠕变试验结果,提出了横观各向同性岩石蠕变本构模型,该本构模型由基于广义八面体剪应力的蠕变势函数和非关联流动法则构成,蠕变方程采用基于不可恢复应变的内变量蠕变方程;采用不可恢复应变为内变量来描述炭质板岩的蠕变特性,考虑了初始加速蠕变对初始蠕变的影响;提出了模型参数确定方法,并采用试验数据和文献数据对所提模型与参数求解方法进行了验证。研究结果为了解岩石横观各向同性蠕变特性和丰富岩石力学基本理论提供了基础。     

云应盐矿盐岩蠕变特性试验研究

针对我国盐矿盐岩杂质多、泥岩夹层多的特点,通过对云应盐矿盐岩、含夹层盐岩两种不同盐岩试样进行不同围压、不同轴压下的蠕变试验,研究云应盐矿两种岩样的蠕变特性,通过试验数据建立其蠕变本构关系,并获得相应的蠕变参数。通过对两种岩样的蠕变参数比较发现,含夹层盐岩的稳态蠕变率对偏应力变化的的敏感性要略高于纯盐岩,而其对围压变化的敏感性要远低于纯盐岩。研究结论可用于盐岩体工程长期稳定性分析中。     

破裂砂岩蠕变试验研究

 为了认识破裂砂岩蠕变特征,利用MTS815岩石力学试验系统,对永川煤矿T3xj6砂岩进行一系列加载水平的峰后蠕变试验,并用改进的西原模型描述破裂(峰后)砂岩蠕变全过程。试验结果表明,破裂砂岩失稳蠕变过程与煤岩一般的蠕变规律相似;破裂砂岩也存在长期强度,其值可根据岩石加载过程中的应力–应变关系通过理论分析的方法得出;破裂砂岩蠕变全过程可用改进的西原模型描述,对加载应力大于Sh(破裂砂岩的长期强度)的情况,模型的参数可用最小二乘法求得;影响破裂砂岩蠕变成功进行的因素是岩样的均质性、加载控制和岩样移送三轴压力室前密封的可靠性。研究结论对揭示地下工程灾害发生的时滞性、确定掘进巷道围岩支护参数等有重要的参考意义。