燃料组分对含硼富燃料推进剂一次燃烧性能的影响

对含不同金属添加剂(镁、铝及镁铝合金)、不同硼粉粒度及硼粉含量的含硼富燃料推进剂分别进行了爆热(Qv)、燃烧温度(Tf)和成气率(η)测试,对比研究了金属组分对含硼富燃料推进剂燃烧性能的影响。结果表明:镁比铝能提高含硼富燃料推进剂的爆热值、燃烧温度和成气率;镁铝合金比镁更能降低含硼富燃料推进剂爆热及燃烧温度,且提高推进剂燃烧的成气率;当硼粉粒度较粗或较细时,含硼富燃料推进剂的爆热及燃烧温度均较高,而成气率较低,硼粉粒度适中时,推进剂的爆热值及燃烧温度均较低,而成气率较高;硼粉含量增大(氧化剂AP的含量减小),含硼富燃料推进剂的爆热、成气率均降低,而燃烧温度升高。     

包覆及团聚对硼燃烧的影响

采用DTA-TG研究了包覆材料AP、LiF对硼颗粒热氧化特性的影响。并通过氧弹式量热计测试了不同粒度团聚硼的燃烧热及含硼富燃料推进剂的爆热,研究了包覆材料AP、LiF以及团聚硼颗粒粒度与团聚硼燃烧热和推进剂爆热之间的关系。结果表明,AP有利于提高硼的氧化程度,LiF可显著降低硼的氧化温度。包覆材料可显著改善了硼颗粒的燃烧性能,利于团聚硼颗粒及推进剂能量的释放,且小粒度的团聚硼有利于硼的燃烧。     

助燃条件下硼粉燃烧热测试不确定度分析

为提高硼粉燃烧热值测试的准确性,确定助燃条件下影响硼粉燃烧热值测量不确定度的主要因素,依据硼粉的点火、燃烧特性以及助燃条件下硼粉热值测试原理,采用直接评定法分析了影响硼粉燃烧热值测试的不确定度,进行了硼粉的燃烧热值测试。计算了各因素对硼粉燃烧热测试值不确定度的影响程度。结果表明:影响硼粉燃烧热测试不确定度的主要因素是量热体系的温升、助燃剂的热值、参与燃烧的硼粉的质量,降低系统热容量的不确定度可提高硼粉燃烧热值测量的准确度。助燃条件下测试硼粉燃烧热值的相对不确定度仅为0.95%。     

金属基固体燃料的燃烧性能和热物理特性

讨论了两种金属基固体燃料以测定其燃烧性能和热物理特性。发现镁基固体燃料的燃速只随介质压力增加而增加。对硼基固体燃料的点火和燃烧性能的研究表明,硼可以大大地降低聚(BAMO/NMMO)的点火延迟时间。在确定燃料试样的热物理特性时,提出了一种表面下温度测量方法,以测定试样的导热系数对温度的依赖关系。这些结果与用激光-闪光法取得的结果很符合。     

硼颗粒点火和燃烧研究进展

综述了国内外硼颗粒点火和燃烧的研究状况;讨论了改善硼颗粒点火和燃烧行为的途径。指出硼表面的氧化物是造成硼点火困难和燃烧效率低的主要因素。在含硼推进剂中使用细粒么匠硼,对硼进行包覆并添加其它组分,可提高硼在推进剂中的利用效率。     

《硼的点火和燃烧》新书简介

<正>《硼的点火和燃烧》由浙江大学能源清洁利用国家重点实验室周俊虎教授、刘建忠教授等含能材料研究专家共同撰写,该书由中国科学院科学出版基金资助,科学出版社出版。硼的点火和燃烧等相关研究是固体推进技术的关键科学问题。本书结合浙江大学长期在金属燃料(铝、镁、硼、锌)燃烧,煤粉燃烧,催化燃烧,燃烧过程数值计算,燃烧诊断等方面开展的大量研究工作,对硼的点火和燃烧进行了     

高氯酸铵包覆层对硼粉燃烧性能的影响

为揭示高氯酸铵（AP）包覆层对硼燃烧性能的影响规律,采用溶剂蒸发法制备了AP包覆硼（AP/B）复合粒子。借助扫描电镜评估了AP/B复合粒子的包覆效果,利用CO₂激光点火装置研究了AP/B复合粒子点火燃烧特性,通过量热弹测试了DNTF基AP/B复合粒子炸药的爆热值。结果表明：严格控制溶剂蒸发法工艺参数可使AP均匀地析出在硼的表面上,并实现硼的较好包覆;AP包覆层可以改善硼的燃烧完全性,AP/B复合粒子相比于硼粉以及AP燃烧更为剧烈且光照强度瞬间增至最大值;AP/B复合粒子可明显提高炸药能量释放率,DNTF基AP/B复合粒子炸药爆热值（7 696 kJ/kg）较相同配方未包覆炸药爆热值（7 208 kJ/kg）提高6.5%以上。为揭示高氯酸铵（AP）包覆层对硼燃烧性能的影响规律,采用溶剂蒸发法制备了AP包覆硼（AP/B）复合粒子。借助扫描电镜评估了AP/B复合粒子的包覆效果,利用CO₂激光点火装置研究了AP/B复合粒子点火燃烧特性,通过量热弹测试了DNTF基AP/B复合粒子炸药的爆热值。结果表明：严格控制溶剂蒸发法工艺参数可使AP均匀地析出在硼的表面上,并实现硼的较好包覆;AP包覆层可以改善硼的燃烧完全性,AP/B复合粒子相比于硼粉以及AP燃烧更为剧烈且光照强度瞬间增至最大值;AP/B复合粒子可明显提高炸药能量释放率,DNTF基AP/B复合粒子炸药爆热值（7 696 kJ/kg）较相同配方未包覆炸药爆热值（7 208 kJ/kg）提高6.5%以上。     

硼含量对燃料空气炸药爆炸性能影响的试验研究

为了解硼含量对燃料空气炸药爆炸性能的影响规律,将硼粉和铝粉作为高能金属燃料混合添加到燃料空气炸药（配方体系为铝/硼/环氧丙烷/石油醚/硝酸异丙酯）中,采用静爆试验法,对含硼量不同的燃料空气炸药爆炸超压、冲量及热效应进行研究。研究结果表明：随着燃料空气炸药中硼含量的增加,炸药的冲击波超压、超压冲量和热效应均先增大、后减小;当硼含量为12.5%时,炸药的地面冲击波超压冲量为112.51 KPa·s,比含铝样品高6.16%,空中冲击波超压冲量为63.42 KPa·s,比含铝样品高5.16%;当硼含量为12.5%时,最高爆炸温度是1 650 ℃,比含铝样品提高20 ℃,最大热辐射量为68.266 kJ/m²,比含铝样品的最大热辐射量提高约7.14%. 在含铝燃料空气炸药中添加少量硼粉,可以提高炸药的整体能量水平。     

硼粒子表面包覆的研究进展

对硼粒子包覆材料提出了要求,简要介绍了用钛、锆、镁、GAP、AP、LiF等物质包覆硼粉的工艺过程和包覆机理,并阐述了包覆后硼粉对含硼贫氧推进剂工艺及燃烧性能的影响。研究结果表明,包覆是改善制药工艺过程以及提高含硼推进剂燃烧性能的主要途径。     

氧化剂包覆硼颗粒对硼基推进剂点火燃烧特性的影响

选取高氯酸铵(AP)、硝酸铵(AN)、硝基胍(NQ)、奥克托今(HMX)4种氧化剂,采用重结晶法包覆硼(B)颗粒,制取了相应的B基推进剂样品。利用热重-差示扫描量热及激光点火试验系统研究了不同氧化剂包覆对B基推进剂点火燃烧特性的影响,设置机械混合样品作为对照组。结果表明,AP的包覆会使样品发生低温急剧燃烧,从而促进硼颗粒的低温氧化,有效缩短样品的点火延迟时间至330 ms。与机械混合样品进行对照发现,包覆是产生低温急剧燃烧现象的重要原因。AN包覆的B基推进剂样品具有更低的起始反应温度,为327.6℃,但其整体放热性能较差,平均燃烧温度仅为642.8℃。NQ、HMX的包覆能有效提高B基推进剂的燃烧强度,缩短燃烧时间。其中,NQ有利于提高燃烧强度的峰值;而HMX则更有利于整体燃烧强度的提升,其包覆使B基推进剂燃烧时间缩短为2750 ms,平均燃烧温度达到845.5℃,放热量提高至9968 J·g~(-1)。     

Nitrosation and Nitration of Tetraacetyldibenzylhexaazaisowurtzitane

Tetraacetyldibenzylhitane (TADBIW) was subjected to debenzylation by nitrosating with inorganic materials available commercially to synthesize tetraacetyldinitrosohexaazaisowurtzitane (TADNSIW). TADNSIW was purified, and its structure was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, MS and element analysis. The debenzylation reaction of TADBIW gave quantitative benzaldehyde as a by-product. This indicates that the reaction produces an imine cation as an intermediate. Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) was prepared from unpurified TADNSIW with the yield over 96.0 % and the purity more than 98.0 %. And the mechanism of the reaction from TADNSIW to HNIW is proposed to be oxidation of nitroso and nitration of acetyl on the molecule of TADNSIW, This reaction system involved is simple, and the reaction can complete within a short time and under mild conditions. The product can be easily to separate and the waste disposed readily.     

A Robust Algorithm for Watermarking 2D Vector Maps with Low Shape-Distortions

The technique of watermarking has been introduced into 2D vector maps for many potential applications such as protecting the copyright of important GIS （geographical information system） data and tracing the data source of military maps. In most previous works, although the validity of the map data could be preserved during the embedding procedure, the shape-distortions of the map elements are usually neglected which would tend to degrade the invisibility of the watermarking schemes. A shape-preserving algorithm for watermarking 2D vector maps is presented in this paper. A 1D distance sequence extracted from the original map is adopted as the cover data instead of 2D coordinates. A watermark bit is represented by changing the distributions of the cover data. The embedding procedure induces lower shape-distortions than in former works. Experimental results indicate better invisibility of the proposed scheme, as well as its robustness to certain attacks such as map simplification, interpolation, additive noise and most geometric transforms.     

Open Rule-setting System Applied to Conceptual Design of Engines

Open rule-setting method advanced in this paper concentrates on providing designers of engines with a convenient way to express their design innovations and develop the expected prototypes in the early CAD stage, and constitute effective models for the following analysis process of CAE and CAPP. The problems arisen in the process of conceptual design with the traditional experience-based development method are analyzed. Based on those analyses, open rule-setting method is presented and some associated technical problems are discussed. The functional framework of open rule-setting system was built as software engineering methods. The speciality of the engine product as a kind of complex product and the requirement of the engine product based on its structural particularity to rule-setting system are considered carefully. A demonstration is supplied to illustrate how the open rule-setting method enhances the efficiency and quality of the engine conceptual design.     

Method for Measuring Velocity of Warhead Fragments Based on Photoelectric Detection

For measuring velocity and impacting position of single fragment of warhead, a non-contact measuring method is proposed, in which a six-light-screen array, a position indicator, a multi-channel chronograph and a computer are used.The principle of measurement is described. The key device of the system is a light screen array sensor which consists of six light screens allocated with certain geometrical parameters. When the fragment flies through the light screen array, the time of passing through each of the screens is recorded by the multi-channel chronograph. According to the time data and the geometrical parameters of the array, the velocity vector and the location of the fragment can be calculated immediately. The presented method can be used to locate the fragment and to measure the real velocity on its flying direction. It can also be used to measure the velocity of a fragment swarm after the system is engineered further.     

Research on Linux Network Device Driver

By analyzing the working principle of Linux network device driver, discussing the Linux network driver structure and its key technologies, the general network driver structure and its design methodologies in Linux system are summarized. Through modifying the network device driver of Linux device driver 3rd version snull, c and improving the COW technology, the Zero-Copy technology in Linux （kernel version 2.6.11 ） is implemented. In the end, the success test tells us that the thorough analysis of network device driver is the foundation of many applications, and it also provides a certain improvement to a lot of real applications, even to military application development.     

数码电子雷管中影响点火头性能因素分析

阐述了数码电子雷管中,点火药剂细结晶三硝基间苯二酚铅（LTNR）的制备工艺;从点火药剂的种类、加入黏合剂的质量分数、桥丝直径、点火头的电阻值、防潮漆的蘸涂等方面对点火头性能的影响因素进行了探讨;通过震动试验、并联起爆试验、延期精度检测与考核,试验结果表明：一次性合成的细结晶LTNR是制造数码电子雷管点火头较为理想的点火药剂,按技术要求生产的点火头性能指标能够满足行业标准要求。     

Improvement and Experiment of the Reamer in Vibra Cutter Against Wave Edge of Titanium Sheet Alloy Parts

By analyzing the influencing factors of part quality making of sheet alloy of titanium by vibra cutter, the shape of upper reamer is set as cylinder and wedge-shaped form, and the lower reamer as plain and hemicycle form, and its main structural parameters are defined as well. Then it is validated further that such improved vibra cutter reamer can be used to process curve-edged parts of titanium alloy sheet. The experimental result shows that the titanium alloy sheet parts processed by above equipment have no sharpen angles for convex parts and evident crevasse of concave-edged part. In summary, such improvement can eliminate the free-waved edge and improve the manufacture quality of titanium alloy sheet parts greatly.     

Experimental Study on the Small Flyer Initiating Behavior of Fine-grained Explosives

The initiating behavior of fine-grained explosives by small flyer is studied. The diameter of small flyer in this device is 1 ram. The test results indicate that the granularity of explosives has great effect on its flyer initiating sensitivity.The flyer initiating sensitivity of the fine-grained explosives is higher and the critical initiating energy is lower than that of common explosives. For common explosive, the flyer initiating sensitivity increases as the density is reduced. But for the fine-grained explosive, the test results are exactly opposite.     

Algorithm for Multi-laser-target Tracking Based on Clustering Fusion

Multi-laser-target tracking is an important subject in the field of signal processing of laser warners. A clustering method is applied to the measurement of laser warner, and the space-time fusion for measurements in the same cluster is accomplished. Real-time tracking of multi-laser-target and real-time picking of multi-laser-signal are introduced using data fusion of the measurements. A prototype device of the algorithm is built up. The results of experiments show that the algorithm is very effective.     

Robust Graded Sliding Mode Tracking Control for Low Speed Spinning Ballistic Missiles

The nonlinear dynamic model of spinning ballistic missiles is established during the first boosting phase of the missile. Based on the conventional backstepping sliding mode control and the assumption of a two time-scale separation of missile dynamics, a graded sliding mode controller is designed with two sub-sliding surfaces which have invariability to external disturbances and parameter perturbations, and a matrix which comprises three first order low pass filters is introduced to prevent ＂explosion of terms＂. Owing to the upper bounds of the uncertainties are difficult to obtain in advance, adaptive laws are introduced to estimate the values of the uncertainties in real-time. Eventually, the numerical simulation results given to show the proposed controller can ensure the steady flight of missiles.