Book Review

Queueing Systems. Volume I. Theory Leonard Kleinrock John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Ave., New York, N.Y. 10016. (417 pages; $19.95) 1975.

Engineering Economic Analysis Donald G. Newnan Engineering Press, San Jose, California. (469 pages; $12.95) 1976.     

Book Reviews

Proceedings of the Conference on Industrial Systems Engineering and Management in Developing Countries, 1980, Edited by M. T. Tabucanon and P. Adulbhan. The Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand, 1980

Queueing Tables and Graphs, F.S. Hillier and O.S. Yu with D. M. Avis, L. D. Fossett, F. D. Lo, and M. I. Reiman Elsevier North Holland, Inc., New York, 1981, 231+ pages.     

先进制造技术的系统特性和效益原则

本文以工业工程的观点审视了制造业的发展,指出在发展先进制造技术时必须注意它的系统特性和效益原则,最后提出了几点建议。     

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURING: AN NSF PERSPECTIVE

The Division of Design and Manufacturing Systems (DDM) was created at the National Science Foundation to support research that seeks to serve a broad spectrum of U.S. industry by developing and expanding the scientific and engineering foundations of design, manufacturing and production. This objective is accomplished through support of individual investigators and the implementation of special initiatives that encourage academic teaming as well as interaction between academia and industry. This paper presents an overview of these initiatives along with a summary of current activities and research trends.     

Book Reviews

Managing Work-In-Process Inventory, Kenneth Kivenko, Marcer Dekker, Inc. New York, 1981, 221 pages.

Multiobjective Deicision Analysis with Engineering and Business Applications, A. Goicoechea, D.R. Hansen, and L. Duckstein, John Wiley & Sons, 1982, 519 pages.

Analysis for Optimal Deicision, Derek Bunn, John Wiley & Sons, 1982, 275 pages     

COMPOUND DYNAMIC EVENT METAMODELS FOR ELECTRONIC ASSEMBLY LINE SYSTEMS

In the assembly line systems of the electronics industry, production controls based on steady-state conditions have proved ineffectual in coping with dynamic events, such as machine breakdowns, part supply shortages, and high priority job order processing, which can occur individually or simultaneously.

There are few tools that give results quickly as to how many assemblies will be delayed by a dynamic event and how long it will take to recover from the impact. Computer simulation is available, but its lengthy execution time has hindered its application in real time.

Previous research discovered that the patterns of these dynamic events can be represented by metamodels in the solution form of first order systems. In this paper, these results are unified and it is further shown that compound dynamic event metamodels can be developed from the individual metamodels using linear additivity. These metamodels are fit to the output from the simulation; and the resulting equations can be used in real time to measure the number of assemblies that are delayed due to the dynamic events.

To demonstrate the potential application of compound dynamic event metamodels for decision making in real-time production control, a Decision Support System (DSS) is described that contains the dynamic metamodels in its model base. With this program, the impact of the dynamic events on production can be obtained virtually instantaneously. A case study is presented to support this conclusion.     

Book Reviews

Good Manufacturing Practices for Pharrnaceuticals—A Plan for Total Quality Control Sidney H. Willig and James R. Stoker, Fourth edition, revised and expanded. Marcel Dekker, 1997 520 pages. Hard cover. $99.75.

Clinical Research in Pharmaceutical Development edited by Barry Bleidt and Michael Montagne, Marcel Dekker, 1996 $135.     

PRESENT STATUS OF POWDER TECHNOLOGY EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND RESEARCHES IN JAPAN

Tables to indicate the present status of powder technology educational programs in Japan are presented on the basis of a questionnaire style investigation by the Society of Powder Technology, Japan. Research activities in universities and research institutes are also included in the tables.

The activities of both the Society of Powder Technology and the Association of Powder Process Industry and Engineering in Japan are also introduced by explaining their organizations and annual events.     

Tandem Configurations for Automated Guided Vehicle Systems and the Analysis of Single Vehicle Loops

Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV) systems continue to play a significant role in many low to medium flow manufacturing operations, including Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) and other applications. The relatively inexpensive guidepath, coupled with the high degree of flexibility and control offered in vehicle routing, has made AGV systems a proven and viable handling technology for the 90's.

Traditionally, AGV systems have been implemented and analyzed assuming that every vehicle is allowed to visit any pick up/deposit point in the system. We introduce a conceptually simple and intuitive approach where the system is decomposed into non-overlapping, single-vehicle loops operating in tandem. In this paper, we also develop an analytical model to study the throughput performance of a single vehicle loop. The resulting expressions are the first closed form analytical expressions that have been obtained to determine the throughput capacity of a single vehicle operating under a specific dispatching rule in a non-deterministic environment.     

A systems approach to photolithography process optimization in an electronics manufacturing environment

There are many complex problems in the optimization of an electronics manufacturing environment, and it is the view of the authors that these problems should not be solved and optimized in isolation, but analysed in the framework of a system. A systems approach offers an overall approach for solving problems, and optimizing the whole of the system as well as discrete subsystems. The research introduced in this paper integrates several techniques, namely: Integrated computer aided manufacturing DEFinition (IDEF), and experimental design and response surface methods for the analysis, control and optimization of electronic manufacturing processes. Electronics manufacturing includes three major processes; Printed Circuit Board (PCB) manufacturing, semiconductor device manufacturing and electronics assembly. This paper describes a novel generic systematic methodology that has been used to create a model to optimize the photolithography process in PCB manufacture. For this, photolithography has been considered as a whole system made up of several sub-systems. This is shown in the process map for PCBs that focuses on photolithography and its subprocesses. A model of the manufacturing process is then given with the results of this being validated using an industrial study. Optimized settings for processing equipment are given resulting in an increase in process yield within industry.     

Smart production systems: automating decision-making in manufacturing environment

Smart production systems (SPS) are manufacturing systems capable of autonomously diagnosing their health and autonomously designing continuous improvement projects, leading to the desired productivity improvement. The main component of SPS, developed in this paper, is the Programmable Manufacturing Advisor (PMA), which evaluates the system's health and calculates optimal steps for continuous improvement. The analytics of PMA are based on the theory of Production Systems Engineering (PSE); the numerics of PMA are based on PSE Toolbox, which implements the PSE methods. In this paper, the PMA-based SPS architecture with manager-in-the-loop is described, theoretical/analytical foundations of PMA are outlined, its software/hardware implementations are commented upon, and demonstrations of PMA-based SPS operation are provided using two production systems: automotive underbody assembly (large volume manufacturing) and hot-dip galvanisation plant (small manufacturing organisation).     

Validation of solid dosage forms the FDA view

In May 1987 the United States Food and Drug Administration published the final version of a guideline for process validation for pharmaceutical manufacturing. The document incorporated the comments from the pharmaceutical industry gathered after the publication of three draft versions in 1983, 1984 and 1986.

The presentation will cover the current definition of process validation as well as terms such as “worse case” and “installation qualification”.

The stages of process validation will be discussed including the written plan (protocol): records to be maintained; suitability of raw materials; equipment performance qualification; the number of runs required; and acceptance criteria.

Specifics for solid dosage forms will be presented along with details on batch record in instructions and establishment of acceptable range limits.

Circumstances and requirements for revalidation will be discussed as well as the validation of current finished dosage forms by retrospective validation.     

Setting safety lead-times for purchased components in assembly systems: a general solution procedure

In a recent paper, Hopp and Spearman (1993) presented a model to determine optimal lead-times for purchasing components where the only manufacturing operation is the final assembly. It is assumed that delivery times of the different components are normal variates. An approximate iterative solution procedure is presented that facilitates derivation of the optimal lead-times.

Based on an approximation for the delivery-time distribution, an alternative solution procedure is proposed that results in closed-form expressions for the decision variables of the problem. Both simplicity and ease of calculation are achieved. Furthermore, the new procedure is extended to non-normal delivery-time distributions.

For Hopp and Spearman's numerical examples, the new procedure is shown to yield better accuracy.     

Book Review

Forecasting and Time Series Analysis. Douglas C. Montgomery and Lynwood A. Johnson, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. (304 pages; $14.50) 1976.

Integer Programming: Theory, Applications, and Computations. Hamdy A. Taha Academic Press, Inc., 11 1 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 1003 (380 pages, $1 9.50) 1975.

Queueing Systems. Vol. 2, Computer Applications. Leonard Kleinrock John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 1001 6. (549 pages; $24.95) 1976.     

Thermally conductive composite phase change materials with excellent thermal management capability for electronic devices

Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics - With the innovation of electronics industry and the advancement in 5G technology, the overheating problem has become an urgent obstacle to...     

Book Reviews

Physical Pharmacy Fourth Edition Alfred Martin 622 pages, hard cover, $59.50 published by Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia

UNDERSTANDING BIOTECHNOLOGY LAW Edited by Gale R. Peterson 488 pages, hard cover, $135, published by Marcel Dekker, Inc.

Drug Toxicokinetics Edited by Welling and Inglesia Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc. 1993 432 pages, hard cover $150

Colonic Drug Absorption and Metabolism Peter R. Bieck (Editor) Published by Marcel Dekker, Inc., June 1993 240 pages, hard cover, $110.00

Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical and Industrial Biotechnology 6th International Pharmaceutical Technology Symposium Hacettepe University, Ankara, 7-10 September 1992 Published by: Editions de Sante, Paris, 277 pages, soft cover     

Pharmaceutical Development: Present and Future Directions

The future of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences depends upon an objective evaluation of the discipline in light of recent changes in the marketplace, the industry, the nature of new chemical entities entering the pipeline, manufacturing technologies, worldwide regulatory requirements, and even the plight of Academic Pharmaceutical Sciences. A proactive agenda must be established to effectively harness the business of Pharmaceutical Development to then drive interdepartmental alliances within R&D as well as with Commercial Manufacturing and Marketing. Pharmaceutical Development groups must become well integrated, dynamic learning organizations that can enhance the ability of Industrial Pharmaceutical Sciences to advance its unique, yet diverse science towards the twenty-first century.     

An Integrated Approach to Graduate Education in Manufacturing Systems—The U.T. Dallas Model

A graduate program in Manufacturing Systems has been designed by the faculty of the University of Texas at Dallas and a fourteen member industrial advisory committee using a top-down approach. By establishing an independently administered program with it's own faculty, it was possible to design “de-novo” a highly integrated set of new courses in a structured curriculum built around the central theme of the design of computer supported/controlled systems for engineering and manufacturing. There are nine required courses organized under the categories of manufacturing processes, process control, computer systems, product design, manufacturing systems, and business principles. A manufacturing project caps off the curriculum.     

Good pharmaceutical manufacturing practices

In order to assure the quality of medicines and to encourage the implementation of the international system for the certification of the quality of pharmaceuticals, it was deemed necessary to specify the conditions under which pharmaceutical establishments should operate to provide full assurance that their products are safe for public health.

The French Government Order of 1. October. 1985 therefore provides for the establishement of new recommendations on good pharmaceutical manufacturing practices: “Bonnes Pratiques de Fabrication et de Production Pharmaceutiques: BPF 1985”.

Within the system of quality assurance, good pharmaceutical manufacturing practices represent that part which is concerned with manufacture.

Their implementation requires that the specification of the raw materials and packaging materials, the manufacturing and packaging processes and the control methods be defined and written beforehand, that the premises and equipment be adapted to the intended uses and that the staff have received appropriate training.

Good pharmaceutical manufacturing practices directly concern production departments and packing area, control laboratories, storage areas, purchasing departments, departments receiving raw materials and dispatching finished products. They also concern departments issuing instructions and written or computerised documents intended for the departments previously mentioned.

Although the collection of recommendations thus published constitutes a detailed document, the possibility of there being different methods for attaining the same objective is recognised.     

Contemporary Techniques for Toe Production of Ultra-Pure Water in the Pharmflceutical Industry

The paper reviews the latest manufacturing techniques for producing ultra-pure water to meet the standards specified for the pharmaceutical industry.

The various water treatment techniques are considered in terms of their effectiveness in removing the multiplicity of contaminants found in raw water supplies. The concept of a water purification system is developed, and particular stress is placed on synergistic combinations of ion-exchange and membrane processes that produce high-purity water cost-effectively. Also highlighted is the importance of good system design and validation procedures.

Water treatment principles are illustrated by reference to case histories of pharmaceutical installations, including a low-cost, membrane-based system for providing apyrogenic water.