一种新型小型化功分器

文章提出了一种新的功分器分析方法。该方法利用任意两个隔离端口之间的反射和隔离散射参数,严格推导了任意两个隔离端口应该满足的以Y矩阵表示的约束条件。同时提出了先功分电路,后隔离电路的设计流程,为器件的小型化设计指引了方向。与传统的奇/偶模方法相比,该方法对于非对称功分器提供了更严谨的分析过程。该方法也适用于分析任意端口数、任意端接实阻抗、任意功分比的功分器、正交和180°耦合器设计问题。利用该方法,在微带PCB(印刷电路板)上,制作了一款功分器。通过对比理论计算、全波仿真以及测量结果,表明设计的小型化功分器性能良好。     

Dual-band devices based on coupled striplines for different power distribution in the frequency bands

The approach to the development of dual-band power distribution devices with different power division ratios in different frequency bands, based on the method of a dual-frequency equivalent replacement, is considered in the article. For its implementation, an equivalent four-terminal network based on a section of coupled microstrip transmission lines is proposed in addition to the T- and —type circuits. Relations for calculating the electrical parameters of the circuit elements of these four-pole devices are obtained. The relations allow replacing the transmission line section with different values of the wave impedance in different frequency bands. The electrical length of such a section can vary and be different from π/2. Examples of modeling of non-equilateral power distribution devices with unequal branches such as two-channel balanced dividers and a ring divider (ring coupler) with power division coefficients of 2.0 and 1.0 in frequency bands with center frequencies of 2.0 and 3.6 GHz are given. Experimental measurement of characteristics of the designed models of the two devices showed good agreement between the experiment and the simulation results.     

Dual-Band Filter Design With Flexible Passband Frequency and Bandwidth Selections

In this paper, improved dual-band filter design is studied. The dual-band resonators are composed of shunt open- and short-circuited stubs. In order to fulfil the requirements of dual-band inverters, a structure of stepped-impedance asymmetric coupled lines is proposed and its equivalent circuit is also derived. The dual-band filter is then designed based on this equivalent circuit. This type of filter can achieve relatively large practical passband center frequency ratios (in theory infinite), and it has more freedom of bandwidth ratio. The circuit size is also reduced. Detailed design procedure is presented and, finally, a filter example is given to validate the theoretical study     

Broadband quasi-Chebyshev bandpass filters with multimode stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs)

Planar broadband bandpass filters of order up to 9 are synthesized based on the multimode property of stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs). Based on the transmission line theory, the modal frequencies of the SIRs are calculated based on the impedance and length ratios of its hi- and low-Z segments. In the synthesis, the SIR coupling schemes are determined by the split mode graphs. Using one, two, two, three, and three dual- or triple-mode SIRs, quasi-Chebyshev filters with four, six, six, eight, and nine transmission poles, respectively, are synthesized with a fractional bandwidth (BW) /spl Delta/=50%. Emphasis is placed not only on designing the I/O coupling structures for matching the external Q (Q/sub ext/) and the circuit BW, but also on matching the resonant peaks of the circuit with the nominal Chebyshev poles. Measured results of experimental circuits show good agreement with simulated responses.     

Synthesis of coherent two-port lattice-form optical delay-linecircuit

A method is presented for synthesizing a coherent two-port lattice-form optical delay-line circuit that is composed of optical delay lines, directional couplers, and phase shifters. The two bases of the method are the use of a unimodulus para-unitary matrix as a transfer matrix and the division of the transfer matrix into basic component transfer matrices. We succeeded in obtaining a set of recurrent equations with which to calculate circuit parameters to use for designing an optical delay-line circuit with a desired cross-port (through-port) transfer function. In the developed method, it is shown that two-port optical delay-line circuits can have the same transmission characteristics as finite impulse response digital filters with complex expansion coefficients. Three synthesis examples for optical frequency filters are described: a linear-phase Chebyshev filter, a multi-channel selector, and a group-delay dispersion equalizer. It is confirmed that transmission characteristics with a maximum transmittance of 100% can be always synthesized. The allowable parameter error for the synthesized linear-phase Chebyshev filter is also discussed     

Tri-Band Bandpass Filter With Sharp Passband Skirts Designed Using Tri-Section SIRs

This letter presents a second-order tri-band bandpass filter (BPF) designed using tri-section stepped-impedance resonators (TSSIRs). The impedance ratios of the TSSIRs were computed using the formulas expressed as functions of the passband center frequencies, which are located at 1.57, 2.45, and 3.5 GHz. A cross-coupled configuration was arranged to sharpen the passband skirts. The newly designed tri-band BPF was verified by circuit implementation and very good agreement between the simulated and measured results was observed.     

Composite Coupler Design

Unequal power splitters and combiners are generally limited by the line widths which can be practically synthesized in a given transmission medium. This practical limitation on the ratio of unequal power division can be extended by incorporating the same types of couplers into a composite design. The general composite design approach outlined in this paper rises three couplers (three terminal couplers) to generate a new three-terminal circuit. The design equations are derived for the composite approach and summarized in graphic form. The feasibility of the composite design approach is demonstrated by the construction of a 5.76-dB differential coupler rising intenally series-terminated Wilkinson couplers. The circuit was designed, analyzed via computer, and finally built and tested. The results from the composite design are compared to that of a single Wilkinson coupler design.     

微波功率器件的滤波器测试电路

在微波电路原理和半导体器件物理的基础上,设计和模拟了三种用于微波功率器件的测试电路,并且设计了与之配套的测试夹具.采用矢量网络分析仪对该测试电路和夹具,在3～8GHz范围内进行了小信号测试.模拟和测试结果表明,采用阶梯阻抗滤波器偏置网络的测试电路性能较好,比采用扇形线偏置网络的测试电路具有更宽的带宽.该滤波器偏置电路能够用来在整个C波段,即在4～8GHz内对微波功率器件进行测试.但是,微带叉指耦合电容没有起到取代贴片隔直电容的目的,原因是该结构对参数精度要求高,而PCB制作工艺无法满足这个要求.     

Design of a New Tri-Band Microstrip BPF Using Combined Quarter-Wavelength SIRs

A new tri-band microstrip bandpass filter (BPF) is designed to produce three passbands at the commercially practical frequencies through a single piece of filter circuitry. The basic component used to build the proposed filter consists of two quarter-wavelength (lambda/4) stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs). One of the lambda/4 SIRs is designed to operate at 1.57 GHz and 5.25 GHz, and the other at 2.45 GHz. The feed positions for the two lambda/4 SIRs are carefully located to have the same distance from the via-hole ground and meanwhile to give the required external quality factors (Q_e's). In such a way, the microstripline sections between the via-hole and each of the feed positions can be combined into one to simplify the filter structure, and to reduce the BPF circuit size. Performance of the newly designed tri-band BPF is verified by measured results     

Optimum design of a wideband planar N-way fork power divider with arbitrary power division and input-to-output impedance matching

An effective design procedure based on method of least squares is proposed for multi-section and multi-output fork power divider/combiner with arbitrary power division ratios among its outputs in a specified frequency bandwidth together with impedance matching among its arbitrary source/load impedances. Transmission and scattering matrices are obtained for its equivalent circuit. An error function is constructed based on design specifications on its output power division ratios, isolations among output ports, return losses at its input and output ports and source/load impedances in a desired frequency bandwidth. The design procedure is fully developed, which determines the widths and lengths of microstrip line sections and resistor values. A design example is described for unequal power division ratio and unequal input/output impedances. A 3-section and 3-output fork power divider is designed for equal power division and load/source impedances for 2–12 GHz band. It is fabricated and measured. Variations of its transmission coefficients are less than 0.5 dB, isolations at its outputs are better than −15 dB and reflection coefficients at its ports are better than −10 dB. Excellent agreement is observed among the results of the proposed design procedure, full wave computer software and measurement data.     

Transmission-line directional couplers for impedance transforming

Normalized scattering parameters of a two-port circuit terminated in arbitrary impedances are derived and design equations of directional couplers for impedance transforming are derived. To verify the design equations, a microstrip directional coupler is designed at a center frequency of 2GHz, fabricated on a substrate (/spl epsiv//sub r/=3.5,H= 30mil, tan/spl delta/= 0.04) and measured. The measured performance shows good agreement with the simulated one.     

Compact dual-band microstrip bandpass filter without external feeds

A compact dual-band microstrip bandpass filter is proposed and designed to operate at 2.4 and 5.2GHz without needing any external impedance-matching block. The modified half-wavelength stepped-impedance resonator with sinuous configuration is constructed to simultaneously excite the dual resonances at these two specified frequencies with miniaturized overall size. The parallel-coupled microstrip line is properly characterized to minimize the return losses within both dual passbands. The optimized results exhibit the good dual-band filtering performances with return losses higher than 20dB as well being confirmed by experimentation with a fabricated filter circuit.     

Loaded transmission line as a two-port network

A college homework problem, dealing with a loaded transmission line, is reviewed. The setup is then treated as a two-port distributed network. The law of conservation of power is explained with the aid of a scattering theory. Two coupled circuit relations are then formulated. One, associated with the load terminals, is quite different from the conventional equation involving the self impedance and the mutual impedance. An effective impedance function, designated as the scattering impedance, is introduced to facilitate the formulation. The result of applying the Rayleigh/Carson reciprocity theorem to find the expression of the load current is also discussed     

A new compact microstrip two-layer bandpass filter using aperture-coupled SIR-hairpin resonators with transmission zeros

A new design of a compact two-layer bandpass filter using aperture-coupled microstrip stepped-impedance hairpin resonators is proposed and investigated in this paper. The proposed filter is composed of four stepped-impedance hairpin resonators located on two stacked microstrip layers, and the couplings between the resonators on the upper layer and those on the lower one are obtained by using three coupling apertures etched on a common ground plane placed between the two layers. In addition, the use of tapped input/output couplings allow this bandpass filter to generate two independent transmission zeros. A full-wave simulator is used to design the proposed structure and calculate the aperture coupling coefficients. With this two-layer configuration, the proposed filter becomes very compact and occupies a small space. To demonstrate the proposed design, a four-order bandpass-filter prototype was designed, fabricated, and tested at 2.14 GHz. Furthermore, a single-layer filter prototype was also designed and fabricated at the same frequency band and then compared to the first one. As a result, a significant reduction of approximately 50% was achieved. These features make the proposed structure suitable for compact and high-performance circuit component designs in microwave circuits.     

A design method to achieve wide wavelength-flattened responses inthe directional coupler-type optical power splitters

A simple design method to achieve wide flattened bandwidths in the directional coupler-type light power splitters is presented, which is applicable both to the three- and two-guide couplers. Couplers with variable differences along the guide axis in the propagation constant between the waveguides are investigated, and the optimum profiles of the variation of the propagation-constant difference are designed for desired given wavelength responses. Designed examples for the three- and two-port splitting operations in the three-guide coupler and for two-port splitting operations in the two-guide coupler are demonstrated, in which the detuning of the propagation constant is assumed to be given by the electrooptic effect in the LiNbO₃ used as the substrate     

双口形式的戴维宁定理在电路分析中的应用

本文通过网络撕裂法,将电路网络分解为共地连接的有源双口网络和无源双口网络的组合,构造戴维宁定理双口等效网络,分别求出有源双口网络开路电压和无源双口网络的Z参数,根据戴维宁定理的矩阵形式计算双端口电流。文章分析了戴维宁定理在独立电源与含受控源双口网络中的应用,通过算例说明该方法的正确性与适用性。本文的讨论可供讲授电路理论课程的教师参考。     

Ultra-Wideband Power Divider With Good In-Band Splitting and Isolation Performances

An ultra-wideband (UWB) power divider on microstrip line is proposed, analyzed and designed. This divider is formed by installing a pair of stepped-impedance open-circuited stubs and parallel-coupled lines to two symmetrical output ports. In addition, a single resistor is properly placed between two output ports. After simple transmission line theory analysis, it is demonstrated that 3 dB power splitting from one input to two output ports, good impedance matching at all the three ports and excellent isolation between two output ports are achieved over the specified 3.1–10.6 GHz UWB range. Finally, a prototype divider is fabricated and measured to provide an experimental verification on the predicted attractive features.      

基于多级不对称耦合器负群延时电路研究

提出了一种基于多级不对称耦合器结构的负群延时电路。通过合理设置耦合器的耦合系数,可以在多节耦合线耦合器的耦合端得到带宽较宽的负群延时效果,和采用集总电阻、电容元器件构成的带阻结构的传统负群延时电路相比,该电路设计全部采用分布式耦合微带线实现,集成化程度高,插入损耗小、可应用于更高的频段。此电路结构可广泛用于功率放大器前端,用以提高放大器的效率。     

关于正弦稳态功率传输的讨论

正弦稳态最大功率传输定理是电路教学中的重要内容。本文讨论了在给定电源内阻抗和负载阻抗的情况下,通过在电源和负载之间接入一个二端口网络,以达到实现阻抗变换的目的,从而实现负载阻抗获得的功率最大;推导了在电源和负载之间接入由动态元件构成的对称互易二端口网络实现负载功率最大的传输矩阵计算公式;并对二端口网络的结构作了进一步的说明。上述讨论结果可供讲授电路课程的教师参考。     

基于功率反射法的E 型可重构功分器

基于对功率反射电路和级联传输线的分析计算,提出了一种新型分配比可重构方法。奇-偶模分析表 明,当改变功率反射电路中级联传输线的电长度时,可以实现任意范围的功率分配比连续可调。在此原理的基础上,利 用E 型调谐电路代替级联传输线,设计了一款工作在2. 45 GHz 的E 型可重构功分器。仿真和实物测试得到,当E 型 调谐电路中变容二极管的偏置电压在0~20 V 范围内改变时,可重构功分器的功率分配比可以在-21. 3~22 dB 之间连 续可调,同时回波损耗和隔离度均优于20 dB,插入损耗低于1. 3 dB。