Peer preferences in a desegregated school: A round robin analysis.

Analyzed children's sociometric ratings of their classmates in a desegregated school by both conventional and round robin ANOVAs. 49 Black male, 51 Black female, 36 White male, and 27 White female 6th graders indicated how much they would like to play and work with each of their classmates. Unlike conventional ANOVA, which aggregates each S's ratings of the members of a group, the round robin procedure permits the assessment of the effects of individual dyadic relationships on expressed preferences, and can therefore provide additional information on the processes involved in preference formation. The impact of both race and sex on sociometric choices was explored using these 2 techniques. Although conventional ANOVA showed strong same-race preferences, round robin ANOVA revealed that individual relationships were more important than race in forming peer preferences. A high degree of reciprocity of Ss' ratings of each other was found both within and between racial groups. Both conventional and round robin analyses found strong same-sex preferences, and much less reciprocity of ratings between the sexes than within the sexes. The complementary uses of conventional and round robin analyses of sociometric data are discussed. (36 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Significance testing and the science.

Comments on the article by L. Wilkinson & the Task Force on Statistical Inference (see record 1999-03403-008) which was meant to initiate discussion in the field about changes in current practices of data analysis and reporting. The report was concerned with the use of statistical methods only and is not meant as an assessment of research methods in general. D. Sohn's main criticism of this article is its failure to address the controversy over a particular way of drawing statistical inferences, the statistical significance test, which was the impetus for the report. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Hardy-Weinberg testing for continuous data

Estimation of allelic and genotypic distributions for continuous data using kernel density estimation is discussed and illustrated for some variable number of tandem repeat data. These kernel density estimates provide a useful representation of data when only some of the many variants at a locus are present in a sample. Two Hardy-Weinberg test procedures are introduced for continuous data: a continuous chi-square test with test statistic T(CCS) and a test based on Hellinger's distance with test statistic T(HD). Simulations are used to compare the powers of these tests to each other and to the powers of a test of intraclass correlation T(IC), as well as to the power of Fisher's exact test T(FET) applied to discretized data. Results indicate that the power of T(CCS) is better than that of T(HD), but neither is as powerful as T(FET). The intraclass correlation test does not perform as well as the other tests examined in this article.     

Round robin therapy: A technique for implementing the effects of psychotherapy.

Discusses the problem of transferring the new and/or improved interpersonal responses learned within psychotherapy to people outside of therapy in terms of the principles of generalization derived from the research on learning. Specifically, it is pointed out that the limited overlap of person-related stimulus elements between therapeutic and extratherapeutic situations inhibits transference, or stimulus generalization. A therapeutic technique is described in which the patient is seen concurrently on a rotational basis by a number of therapists. It is suggested that the increase in stimulus elements brought about by additional therapists increases the stimulus element overlap, therefore permitting earlier and greater use of the responses learned in therapy, I.e., more stimulus generalization. Data from 6 investigations are summarized and discussed. (27 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

GB/T17990-1999圆钢点式(线圈)涡流探伤检验方法编制说明

通过使用点式涡流探伤检验方法,能够检验出圆钢的表面和近表面缺陷,并与人工缺陷相比较,判定被检验的产品是否符合标准要求.     

Stratified testing for treatment effects with missing data

Dawson and Lagakos (1993, Biometrics 49,1022-1032) proposed a stratified test for repeated measures data that contain missing observations. They recommended stratification based on missing data patterns and considered sufficient conditions under which the size of the test is properly retained. In this paper, we point out some practical problems with these conditions and illustrate them with their CD4 count example as well as a stimulation study. We give a less stringent condition and delineate its merit. We also discuss what to do when none of the conditions are met.     

Flow cytometry data included in first round cluster analysis

Tables 1-16 contain the results of flow cytometry analyses of 18 different cell types labelled with all 176 monoclonal antibodies submitted to the Second International Swine CD workshop. The 19 standards (mAb #171-#189) characterized for their specificity in the first workshop served as controls. Data derived from 40 different analyses are presented as % positive cells.     

包钢圆坯铸机生产小方坯工艺试验

在 12m半径的弧形圆坯铸机上生产 15 0× 15 0mm小方坯 ,且在不改变原铸机的工艺布置与设计的基础上 ,进行工业试验。采用三段工艺冷却 ,通过六个不同水冷工艺参数的调试和三种不同热坯压力的试验 ,优选出了最佳工艺参数 ,成功地在圆坯铸机上生产出了合格的小方坯     

Analysis of attribution data: Theory testing and effects estimation.

Statistical models are presented for the analysis of attribution data (H. H. Kelley, 1967, 1973; L. A. McArthur, 1972) that are more appropriate than previously used methods and that enable researchers to address a broader range of theoretical issues. These new models allow researchers to determine the separate and joint influence of consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information on attributions to the person, stimulus, and circumstance. The techniques are illustrated on several data sets (M. Hewstone and J. M. Jaspars [see PA, Vol 75:4348]; D. J. Hilton and J. M. Jaspars [see PA, Vol 75:35411]; J. M. Jaspars [1983]; and L. A. McArthur [1972]), and an appendix is included describing how researchers can fit these models using a computing package such as SPSS-X (M. J. Norusis, 1985). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Nonparametric alternatives for testing main effects hypotheses: A model for combining data across independent studies.

Describes G. A. Mack and J. H. Skillings's (1980) and A. Benard and P. Van Elteren's (1953) forms of the combined Kruskal-Wallis test, 2 nonparametric tests that can be used to make comparisons across K groups in a design with B blocks or in B independent studies. It is suggested that the dependent variables across studies may be alternative measures of the same underlying construct, and an application of the models to B. G. Davis's (1972, 1974) data on the clinical skills of 3 groups of nurses is described. (12 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Significance testing: Is there something Better?

Comments on the article by R. L. Hagen (see record 1997-02239-002) supporting use of the null hypothesis statistical test (NHST). Hagen did an admirable job of reminding readers that the NHST represents a brilliant and useful innovation, but does not offer a strong case for its continued use as the primary inferential strategy in psychology. The question is not "Is it useless?" but "Is there something better?" Popular opinion holds that interval estimation represents a superior strategy to NHST in many ways. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Complete orders from incomplete data: Interactive ordering and tailored testing.

Ordered sets, whether of stimuli or Ss, are characterized by certain regular properties in the relations between pairs of their members. An incomplete matrix of pair-wise preference judgments may thus be completed. The necessary condition is that the relations between adjacent members in the order be known. If the S is interacting with a computer, the computer can choose the pairs to be presented so as to minimize the number of judgments necessary to define the final order. Mental test data have a formal resemblance to incomplete order relations, so that the principles presented here may also be applicable to computer-interactive testing. Computer-interactive systems must take account of the unreliability of human responses and the limited capacity of computers. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of four types of data on diagnostic conceptualization in psychological testing.

"… judges were called upon to specify certain behaviors, characteristics and interests of a subject (a) on the basis of biographical facts alone and then (b) on the basis of either observation of roleplaying situations, interpretation of a Rorschach protocol, or study of a battery of objective and projective tests… . The judges… did not differ significantly in over-all accuracy regardless of the type of information on which their judgments were based… [and] roleplaying situations, and… the subject's Rorschach protocol… [permitted of] no greater accuracy… than had been achieved by study of biographical facts alone." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

物理检测试验机测量数据自动传送系统的开发与应用

物理检测中心承担着韶钢所有钢材产品的力学性能检测工作,各种记录数据量大,占用人力、劳动时间比重高,是缩短产品力学性能检测流程工作的主要矛盾.应用程序、数字化试验机等信息化技术实现数据自动采集与传送,摆脱了巨大的记录量对检测效率的束缚,最大化地缩短产品力学性能检测流程.     

Comparison of closed testing procedures for pairwise testing of means.

A Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to compare 9 pairwise multiple comparison procedures. Procedures were evaluated on the basis of any-pair power and all-pairs power. No procedure was found to be uniformly most powerful. A modification due to A. J. Hayter (1986) of Fisher's least significant difference was found to provide the best combination of ease of use and moderately high any-pair power in most cases. Pilot or exploratory studies can expect good power results with this relatively simple procedure. The greatest all-pairs power was usually provided by 1 of 2 partition-based versions of E. Peritz's (1970) procedure. Confirmatory studies will require such complex methods but may also need larger sample sizes than have been customary in psychological research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

计算机在理化检测数据管理中的应用

大量的检测数据用计算机进行管理,不仅能快速方便地运用数理统计方法分析各种质量控制数据,使理化检测数据得到更充分的利用,并能随时掌握各种质量动态,了解检测进度,便于调度管理。     

Adjusting for missing data due to culling before testing in genetic evaluations of swine

The aim of this study was to evaluate data augmentation in genetic evaluations as a method of adjusting for missing data due to culling of pigs before testing. A stochastic simulation was used to generate 10 yr of data for age at test (AGE) and fat thickness (FAT) in a breeding unit with 100 sows and 15 boars. Culling was performed at random (C-RAND), within litters (C-W/IN) or over litters (C-OVER), by deleting two-thirds of the records from the simulated data sets. The culling variate (CVAR) used had genetic and phenotypic correlations of 1.00, .75, .50, and .25 with AGE [r(CVAR, AGE)], whereas culling was uncorrelated with AGE in C-RAND. Missing records for AGE were replaced with their expectations (dummy records), based on the phenotypic average of the tested animals and selection intensities applied. With missing records, predictions were seriously biased for AGE in C-W/IN and especially in C-OVER, when r(CVAR, AGE) exceeded .50 and .25, respectively. The ranking of the animals was more affected in C-OVER than in C-W/IN. With dummy records, bias was removed effectively in cases with a high r(CVAR, AGE) in C-W/IN and C-OVER, whereas a larger bias was created in the opposite direction when r(CVAR, AGE) was less than .50 and for C-RAND. In conclusion, this method was beneficial for adjusting missing data owing to culling, when the correlation between CVAR and AGE was .50 or greater.     

Dynamic testing.

This article evaluatively reviews the literature on dynamic testing, a collection of testing procedures designed to quantify not only the products or even the processes of learning but also the potential to learn. The article considers a variety of approaches to dynamic testing and the strengths and weaknesses of each. Moreover, the literature on each approach is reviewed and analyzed in terms of the extent to which it fulfills the claims made for it. In all of these approaches, testing involves learning at the time of test, rather than just static testing of what has been learned before. It is concluded that dynamic testing has great potential for helping to understand people's potentials but that its potential has yet to be realized fully. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)