半轴锥齿轮冷摆辗精密成形技术研究

通过对汽车半轴锥齿轮冷摆辗精密成形技术进行研究,重点剖析了半轴锥齿轮毛坯的锻造工艺、冷摆辗成形工艺参数的选择、模具结构设计、金属切削加工和表面最终热处理等一系列关键技术,结果表明,采用冷摆辗精密成形技术的半轴锥齿轮具有精度高、强度高、啮合性能好,齿轮模具寿命长,材料利用率高,生产成本低等优良性能.     

A Study on the Extrusion by a two-step process for manufacturing helical gear

Much research has been carried out in the manufacturing of helical gears by cold forging or by extrusion. Although cold forging is applied to some bevel, spur, and helical gears, problems in connection with the reduction forming load and tool life still make it difficult for these methods to be commercialized. In this study, focusing on reducing a load in forming helical gears, the extrusion of helical gears by two-step process is proposed. This process is composed primarily of extruding a billet to a spur gear and then twisting the previous spur gear extruded to a helical gear. Cylindrical billets of Cr-Mo steel(SCM 415) and aluminium alloy(Al60 series) were used as specimen materials for the experiments. The maximum loads obtained by upper-bound analysis and FEM are compared with the results of experiments. The loads of the analysis have good agreements with those of the experiment. The newly proposed method can be used as an advanced technique that remarkably reduces the forming load and replaces the conventional forming.     

Design and manufacturing of a straight bevel gear in hot precision forging process using finite volume method and CAD/CAE technology

Forging simulation offers significant cost and time advantages by providing detailed insight into the forging process before tool selection and process decisions are made on the shop floor. Process data such as material flow, stresses, strains and temperature are readily accessible to a user at any point throughout the simulation process, as well as at any location within the forged part. Potential defects such as laps and under-fill of die cavities can be easily identified and corrected before part production begins. In addition, the influence of the process conditions such as lubrication and pre-form can be easily quantified and assessed. In the present work, hot precision forging process of the straight bevel gear is simulated numerically using finite volume method and computer-aided design/computer-aided engineering technology. The required force for the forging process, as well as the final shape of the bevel gear, is determined through numerical estimation. The simulation results are confirmed through the comparison with the experimental data available in DIN standards. Finally, the pre-form dies, the final die, and the bevel gear are manufactured. It is concluded that this method can be effectively used to optimize the forging process to maximize the mechanical strength, minimize material scrap, and hence reduce the overall cost of manufacture.     

Multi-objective optimization of process parameters for the helical gear precision forging by using Taguchi method

Precision forging of the helical gear is a complex metal forming process under coupled effects with multi-factors. The various process parameters such as deformation temperature, punch velocity and friction conditions affect the forming process differently, thus the optimization design of process parameters is necessary to obtain a good product. In this paper, an optimization method for the helical gear precision forging is proposed based on the finite element method (FEM) and Taguchi method with multi-objective design. The maximum forging force and the die-fill quality are considered as the optimal objectives. The optimal parameters combination is obtained through S/N analysis and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). It is shown that, for helical gears precision forging, the most significant parameters affecting the maximum forging force and the die-fill quality are deformation temperature and friction coefficient. The verified experimental result agrees with the predictive value well, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed optimization method.     

基于预成形设计和分流技术的锻造螺旋锥齿轮工艺改进和试验

齿形充满不充分和成形载荷过大是螺旋锥齿轮锻造近净成形的主要问题。利用弹塑性有限元法模拟螺旋锥齿轮从动轮一火两锻的半闭式锻造过程,提出通过优化预成形件面锥形状以改善轮齿端角隅部位填充不满的现象,运用正交试验优化设计方法,确定预锻件高度、圆弧弦高、圆弧弦角以及圆弧高点离轮齿小端的距离4个工艺因素对轮齿充满程度和成形载荷的影响规律,选出最佳工艺因素组合。在此基础上提出在轮齿小端设计分流腔的模具结构,以进一步改善齿轮小端角隅充满不理想的现象,对比分析两种工艺方案的成形载荷的峰值,分流锻造成形载荷减小了22.45%。在25MN电动螺旋压力机上进行锻造试验。通过数值模拟和试验结果的对比分析,验证了新工艺方案的有效性。      

汽车差速器锥齿轮的温锻制坯/冷摆辗成形加工技术研究

为提高差速器锥齿轮的齿部强度和静啮合特性,达到少无切削加工及大批量生产的目的,采用温锻制坯、锻件余热退火与冷摆辗成形相结合的精密成形工艺生产差速器锥齿轮精锻件;对变形程度的分配、成形工艺参数的选择、高精度冷摆辗模具的设计与加工等关键技术问题进行了分析。结果表明,采用该工艺生产的差速器锥齿轮精锻件,较好地解决了差速器锥齿轮制造过程中存在的齿轮精度差、齿部强度低、模具寿命低、设备投资大等问题,为提高差速器锥齿轮的国产化率、减轻差速器的重量进而减轻汽车的自重等奠定了技术基础。     

直齿圆锥齿轮冷闭塞锻造数值模拟分析

轿车上的直齿圆锥齿轮尺寸精度与产品质量要求很高，难以采用常规的塑性加工技术成形。冷闭塞锻造技术是近年发展起来的精密成形技术。以捷达轿车差速器行星齿轮为例，对冷闭塞锻造成形过程进行了数值模拟，分析了成形过程中的金属流动充填规律以及力学量场分布情况，对数值模拟中的一些关键技术问题进行处理，并进行冷闭塞锻造工艺实验研究。结果表明数值模拟分析准确，冷闭塞锻造工艺与模具设计合理，液压模架工作稳定可靠。     

从动螺旋伞齿轮精锻成形的物理模拟及数值模拟研究

通过对从动螺旋伞齿轮的精锻成形过程进行物理模拟和数值模拟研究,分析了成形过程中齿轮齿形的填充情况、等效应力等效应变的分布以及金属内部质点的流动规律,得出了从动螺旋伞齿轮精锻过程的金属流动规律,揭示了从动螺旋伞齿轮精锻过程的变形机理,物理模拟结果与数值模拟结果吻合。     

DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE OF STRAIGHT BEVEL GEAR FOR PRECISION FORGING DIE BY DIRECT MILLING

In the manufacture of straight bevel gears, a precision forging method has been mainly used in recent years and the precision forging die has been usually manufactured using electric discharge machining. However, it is difficult to content the high productivity and low manufacturing cost using electric discharge machining because the gears are produced through a process of several steps. In this article, a design and manufacture of a straight bevel gear for a precision forging die by direct milling is developed in order to improve the productivity and manufacturing cost for the gear production. The tooth profile of a straight bevel gear generated by a quasi-complementary crown gear instead of a usual complementary crown gear is introduced. For this study, first the numerical coordinates on the tooth surface of the straight bevel gear were calculated and the tooth profiles were modeled using a 3D-CAD system. Afterward, the direct milling of the precision forging die of the straight bevel gear in the hardened state was carried out using a CNC milling machine based on a CAM process through the calculated numerical coordinates.     

弧齿锥齿轮参数调节状态下行波共振特性及其影响规律研究

针对某型航空发动机中央传动锥齿轮在实际使用中因行波共振造成的从动轮断裂失效问题,采用仿真分析与试验验证相结合的方法,研究弧齿锥齿轮参数调节状态下的行波共振特性及其影响规律。基于有限元方法对齿轮进行模态分析,讨论辐板厚度和工作温度对齿轮行波共振特性的影响;基于Hertz接触理论对啮合齿轮进行瞬态动力学分析,重点讨论行波共振状态下负载功率、工作温度及阻尼系数对齿轮应力分布的影响。仿真与试验对比结果表明：模态计算和动力学分析的仿真结果误差均在合理范围内。在满足齿轮设计有关要求前提下,调整辐板厚度可避开共振转速或共振频率。在振动应力分布的共振参数敏感性方面：当齿轮在三四节径行波共振状态下工作时,齿根处应力值最大,辐板正面应力值最小;随着齿轮负载功率、工作温度和阻尼系数变化,从动轮辐板正面应力变化较小,辐板背面和齿根处变化较大。在该齿轮改进和优化设计中,需重点针对三四节径行波共振进行处理。     

直齿圆柱齿轮精锻成形过程数值模拟及参数分析

采用三维有限元数值模拟方法分析了直齿圆柱齿轮的精锻成形过程，选择模拟表面单元数、加载步长、模数、齿数、齿轮高度等参数进行了多次模拟分析，根据模拟结果对比分析了以上诸参数对成形工艺的影响。确定了适宜的表面单元数目和加载步长值，较好地满足了模拟的需要。从数值模拟结果分析可知，在齿轮其他参数不变的情况下，锻造载荷随模数和齿数的增加而增加，模数的变化对载荷的影响显著；在对高度不同的齿轮成形过程的模拟分析中发现，在成形的初始阶段，高度越小载荷越大，在填充终了阶段，随高度增加载荷稍有增加。     

高齿弧齿锥齿轮的承载啮合仿真和动态性能试验

研究了高齿弧齿锥齿轮和普通弧齿锥齿轮的加载接触过程，对比了二者在载荷作用下的齿面载荷分布、齿面加载接触印痕和承载传动误差，计算了齿根弯曲应力。在台架试验台上测定了高齿弧齿锥齿轮和普通弧齿锥齿轮的噪声和振动量，实验证明高齿弧齿锥齿轮齿面载荷分布合理，弯曲应力较小，具有较低的噪声和较好的动态特性。     

锥齿轮冷挤压成形加工数值模拟研究

为了解决人工设计锥齿轮冷挤压模具过度依赖经验的问题,将数值模拟应用到锥齿轮模具设计中。设计了一套用于冷挤压加工锥齿轮的三层组合凹模,制定了相应的工艺措施,利用Deform-3D软件对锥齿轮的冷挤压加工过程进行了数值模拟,分析了加工过程中的载荷曲线、速度场、应力场和温度场,获得了有关锥齿轮变形规律的基本情况。研究结果表明,通过改善润滑条件、优化模具几何参数可以提高冷挤压加工锥齿轮的成形质量,并对锥齿轮冷挤压加工工艺流程定制、模具设计具有一定的指导意义。     

ZL50装载机螺旋锥齿轮断齿原因分析及优化

20CrMnTi合金渗碳钢作为ZL50装载机驱动桥螺旋锥齿轮的主要材料,通过考察螺旋锥齿轮的设计参数、产品技术要求、热处理工艺以及1000 h的满负荷试验,分析螺旋锥齿轮断齿原因和明确了齿轮断齿因素。结果表明:齿轮氧含量超标、心部硬度和有效硬化层深度偏低是螺旋锥齿轮断齿的主要因素;增大齿轮齿根圆角半径和轮齿压力角,可提高齿轮齿根弯曲强度;齿轮表面采用强力喷丸处理可增加齿轮表面的接触应力,从而进一步提高齿轮的使用寿命。     

双联齿轮精锻成形工艺及数值模拟分析

针对双联齿轮的结构特点,提出了两种双联齿轮成形工艺,设计了坯料的合理形状,建立了三维有限元分析模型。通过工艺分析和不同工艺条件下的材料流动过程三维有限元动态仿真,研究了变形全过程的材料塑性变形行为、流动规律、几何尺寸变化以及成形件几何质量和缺陷等。对比有限元模拟结果发现:闭式模锻工艺齿形填充较差,产生折叠缺陷或充不满现象;挤压成形工艺齿形填充良好,是双联齿轮精锻成形的优选方案。研究结果为双联齿轮成形工艺实用化研究提供了理论指导或技术支持。     

The forging of helical gears (I): Experiments and upper-bound analysis

In this paper, the forging of helical gears has been investigated. A punch and a die are tooth-shaped for the guiding type forging of helical gears. The punch compresses a cylindrical billet placed in a die insert. As a consequence the material of a billet flows into the tooth region. The forging has been analysed by using the upper-bound method. Kinematically admissible velocity fields have been developed, where an involute curve has been introduced to represent tooth profile of the gear. Numerical calculations have been carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as modules, numbers of teeth, helix angles and friction factors on the forging of helical gears. Some forging experiments were carried out with commercial aluminium alloy to show the validity of the analysis. Good agreements were found between the predicted values of the forging load and those obtained from the experimental results.     

圆柱斜齿轮浮动凹模冷挤压成形仿真与实验研究

采用浮动凹模冷挤压成形工艺,对螺旋角不同的同一型号圆柱斜齿轮进行了数值模拟与实验研究。分析了成形过程中金属的流动特点、成形载荷,并与传统工艺进行了比较。通过不同螺旋角斜齿轮的对比,探索了影响脱模后锻件精度的因素。结果表明:对圆柱斜齿轮采用浮动凹模冷挤压成形可有效降低成形载荷,且在脱模过程中齿轮锻件沿着齿形螺旋方向做刚性旋转运动,脱模后锻件可保持较高精度。研究成果为圆柱斜齿轮精锻成形工艺的深入研究提供了参考。     

齿轮的冷挤压成形技术研究进展

随着汽车生产的大规模化,高效率、高质量、低污染、低成本的齿轮冷挤压制造技术越来越受到国内外学者和专家的关注,有限元分析和上限法等理论依据越来越多地被应用到齿轮冷挤压成形的工艺改进,闭式冷精锻和分流冷挤压成为直锥齿轮和圆柱直齿轮大批量生产的关键工艺。从理论研究和工艺研究两方面论述了汽车齿轮的冷挤压成形技术研究现状,并对其发展进行了讨论。     

A study on the forging of spur gears

In this paper, the forging of spur gears have been analysed by using the upper-bound method. The tooth profile of the gear consists of an involute curve and a circular arc shaped fillet. A kinematically admissible velocity field is newly proposed. Numerical calculations have been carried out to investigate the effects of various parameters, such as module, number of teeth, addendum modification coefficient and friction factor on the forging of spur gears. Some forging experiments were carried out with Al-2024 to show the validity of the analysis. Good agreement was found between the predicted values of the forging load and those obtained from the experimental results.     

平面齿双曲线锥齿轮的运动学分析

提出了1种平面齿双曲线锥齿轮啮合的运动学公式，利用此公式去比较双曲线锥齿轮啮合面与其他形式啮合面的最大赫兹接触应力，得出平面齿双曲线锥齿轮传动比其他形式齿轮传动能传递更大功率。