DYNA-TEST simulator for relay testing. I. Design characteristics

The authors describe a new digital dynamic testing (DYNA-TEST) simulator developed for protection relay applications. This simulator is capable of producing voltage and current transients that correspond to actual fault events in the power systems. Fault transients are generated either by simulating power system faults using an electromagnetic transient program or by replaying records of fault signals captured in substations by digital fault recorders. These signals are used to test protection relays. Such an approach to relay testing represents a major improvement over steady-state testing     

Real-time digital simulator with digital/analog conversioninterface for testing power instruments

The need for real-time simulation stems from the fact that in many practical situations it is desirable to analyze the dynamic behavior of a large power system with advanced equipment that has complex and high-speed performance. Analog simulators are effective, however they impose serious limitations on the size of the system that is being modeled. The authors have studied and developed a real-time digital simulator using a hypercube computer, and realized real-time performance available for the analysis of large power systems. As the second step of the study, they developed a digital/analog conversion interface for testing actual power instruments. The interface exchanges the variables of fundamental frequency domain in the real-time digital simulator, and the variables of exact time domain in the analog equipment connected to the simulator. In this paper, the authors describe the detail of the digital/analog conversion interface of the real-time digital simulator for testing advanced power instruments. Its conversion algorithm, system configuration of the simulator with the interface, and experimental results are also presented     

Design, implementation and validation of a real-time digitalsimulator for protection relay testing

This paper presents implementation details describing a new design of a real-time digital simulator for relay testing. The simulator is developed under requirements to utilize, as much as possible, low cost commercial computer hardware and system software support. The other requirements ask for a three-terminal support with extensive graphical user interface (GUI) and a simulation time step as low as 50 μs. Such a design has been built for Western Area Power Administration (WAPA), USA, and fully validated using a model of an actual WAPA power system section. The simulator was delivered to WAPA in March 1994     

继电保护测试用小型化实时数字仿真器研究

详细介绍了基于ＤＳＰ和ＰＣ机研制而成的专用于继电保护全面 电力系统实时数字仿真器,介绍了这类仿真器的性能要求,描述了该仿真器的软、硬件的实现。介绍了该仿真器的功能如各故障条件下电力系统实时仿真谐波发生器、故障波形回放、振荡模拟以及各种继电器测试。该仿真器体积小,操作方便,可广泛适用于继电保护生产厂家、实验室、电厂、变电站等场所测试种类继电保护装置。     

Computer-aided engineering for computer architecture laboratories

Students coming to senior-level computer architecture courses generally have a substantial background in introductory computer organization, assembly-language programming, and digital-logic design. With this background they are ready to embark on sizable design and implementation projects in computer architecture. The author describes an engineering workstation environment that supports student laboratories in computer architecture. The backbone of this environment is a digital simulator that gives each first-term architecture student the necessary power to produce their own working (simulated) computer     

Digitalized control system with simultaneous data sampling and fault protection

A digitalized control system with simultaneous data sampling has been developed to provide protection and control for power systems. The system architecture is characterized by a measuring scheme of source data through a digital potential and current device, an automatically synchronized sampling scheme, and a multiple computer configuration. The system also embodies the d'Alembert-relay protection principle, the theoretical soundness of which is justified by the travelling-wave theory. The protective relay has been under field test at a 275 kV substation.     

继电保护设备的实时数字仿真测试系统综述

介绍了目前流行的几种典型电力系统数字仿真软件。结合继电保护设备仿真测试的特点,讨论了在开发实时数字仿真测试系统时尚需研究和注意的问题。最后对几种继电保护设备的实时数字仿真测试系统的可行性方案作了分析比较。     

Real time digital power system simulator design considerations andrelay performance evaluation

Environmental pressures, right of way problems for new transmission lines, large scale system interconnection and increasing power demand especially in developing countries call for new transmission technologies. Use of FACTS and HVDC is gaining momentum. Relaying problems in such systems require a sophisticated approach and numerical technology using high grade processors offers a promising solution. To establish the performance of such relays which are designed more as powerful schemes rather than as a conglomeration of individual relays, detailed testing is required using an elaborate real-time simulator model. These tests are not only necessary during design and development but also are required by the utilities as a part of their acceptance. Highlighting the requirements of a hybrid real-time simulator including the complete spectrum of power system dynamics, this report describes an analog cum digital model used for real-time assessment of system performance. SVCs, HVDC, ASC and CSC can be modelled fully digitally by computer simulation and transient real-time data injection as well as by an analog method using physical simulation with original converter controllers for performance evaluation of numerical relays under real system conditions. As an example of the use of this simulator, tests on a numerical EHV-line relay are described and the relay performance is analyzed     

基于对等网络的变电站培训仿真系统

介绍了基于对等网络的变电站培训仿真系统的构成、主要功能和特点,阐述了WINDOWS对等网络系统在变电站培训仿真系统中的组网方法、软件实现及相关技术,分析了培训仿真系统中的关键技术,如面向对象技术和多媒体技术等。     

A digital simulator for determining the performance limits ofcomputer relays

Unlike most other digital simulators that generate test waveforms for specific system configurations, playback previously recorded fault waveforms, or randomly generate artificial waveforms, the digital simulator presented in this paper generates the worst case waveforms for specified bounds on noise components present in the relay input signals. As a result, the performance limits of a computer relay can be determined, for specified bounds on its noise components, by performing a single test only. The parameters that define the worst case waveforms; are obtained by utilizing a modified univariate search algorithm. The PC-based simulator was implemented using a general-purpose multifunction card and a graphical programming package called Visual Designer. It did not require any text-based programming for tasks such as interfacing, digital-to-analog conversion, and outputting the discrete analog values of the generated waveform under hardware control. For demonstrating the operation of the digital simulator, a computer relay was also developed in the laboratory and its performance limits were determined     

电磁暂态仿真系统EMTS及其在高压直流系统仿真分析中的应用

电磁暂态仿真系统(electro-magnetic transient simulator,EMTS)是中国电力科学研究院自主开发的大型电力系统全数字仿真系统的一个子系统。它具有先进性、开放性、可扩展性以及友好的人机界面,并具有与机电暂态程序的接口,以实现在同一次仿真过程中与机电暂态程序一起对大规模电网进行混合仿真。首先介绍了该系统的设计思想、体系结构、设备配置及软件组成,并应用该仿真系统对三峡—广东直流输电系统进行了一系列仿真研究,仿真结果与实际工程和理论分析的特性相近,能够满足直流仿真要求。     

继电保护装置自动测试系统设计

分析了继电保护装置自动测试的现状和优势,针对继电保护装置研发过程中性能测试的要求和特点,介绍了一种通用的继电保护装置自动测试系统。该系统采用分布式体系结构和模块化设计思想,利用Python语言构造实时测试脚本,可实现保护装置的闭环自动测试和回归测试。通过改变配置,可以实现对常规站保护装置和数字化站保护装置的自动测试。对自动测试系统各模块的设计进行了详细说明,重点介绍了测试用例的实现方法。实际应用表明,该系统可提高研发过程中的测试质量及效率。     

Real-time digital simulation of power electronics systems with Neutral Point Piloted multilevel inverter using FPGA

Most of actual real time simulation platforms have practically about ten microseconds as minimum calculation time step, mainly due to computation limits such as processing speed, architecture adequacy and modeling complexities. Therefore, simulation of fast switching converters’ instantaneous models requires smaller computing time step. The approach presented in this paper proposes an answer to such limited modeling accuracies and computational bandwidth of the currently available digital simulators.As an example, the authors present a low cost, flexible and high performance FPGA-based real-time digital simulator for a complete complex power system with Neutral Point Piloted (NPP) three-level inverter. The proposed real-time simulator can model accurately and efficiently the complete power system, reducing costs, physical space and avoiding any damage to the actual equipment in the case of any dysfunction of the digital controller prototype. The converter model is computed at a small fixed time step as low as 100 ns. Such a computation time step allows high precision account of the gating signals and thus avoids averaging methods and event compensations. Moreover, a novel high performance model of the NPP three-level inverter has also been proposed for FPGA implementation. The proposed FPGA-based simulator models the environment of the NPP converter: the dc link, the RLE load and the digital controller and gating signals. FPGA-based real time simulation results are presented and compared with offline results obtained using PLECS software. They validate the efficiency and accuracy of the modeling for the proposed high performance FPGA-based real-time simulation approach. This paper also introduces new potential FPGA-based applications such as low cost real time simulator for power systems by developing a library of flexible and portable models for power converters, electrical machines and drives.     

Frequency relaying based on instantaneous frequency measurement[power systems]

A frequency relay capable of under/over frequency and rate of change of frequency measurements has been implemented on a digital signal processor using an instantaneous frequency measuring algorithm. Careful attention to the filtering aspects of the relay is needed under dynamic conditions due to frequency modulation of the input signal. An algorithm for avoiding unwanted relay operation due to impulsive changes in the input signal is presented. Results are shown for simulated tests using computer-based relay testing equipment, and for overloads on a micromachine power system simulator     

发电厂继电保护综合分析管理系统的研究

介绍了一种基于面向对象设计的发电厂继电保护综合分析管理系统。该系统将继电保护整定计算、潮流计算、故障计算、动作仿真集成于统一的图形数据一体化分析平台。图形平台以发电厂电气主接线为背景,提出了基于捕捉点的全网拓扑形成的三层模型,实现了电气接线图绘制、运行方式设置、参数查询、计算结果显示等功能。故障计算结果可转化为Com trade格式的录波文件,通过继电保护测试仪与继电保护实际装置接口,为保护装置测试提供了一个面向实际电网运行方式的分析环境。该系统已在珠海发电厂投入运行,效果良好。     

Modal reduced dynamic equivalent model for analog type power systemsimulator

Analog type power system simulators are playing important roles in cases where real time dynamic studies are required. Power system reductions are more important in analyses using an analog type simulator than a digital computer due to facilities limitations. This paper describes a modal reduced dynamic equivalent model which was developed for an analog type power system simulator to provide power system reductions. The model is implemented by using a modal analysis approach based on a digital type synchronous generator model. In simulator tests on a 28-machine power system, the model is judged to be useful for representing subsystems to be reduced in an analog type simulator     

继电保护及故障信息网络传输系统

继电保护及故障信息系统是一个分布式系统，是目前电网故障分析和处理保护信息的完整解决方案。文中简单介绍了继电保护信息主站和子站系统的结构和功能，分析了现有继电保护信息传输系统的不足。通过对信息传输系统和信息流向的分析，提出单子站多主站的概念，并结合电力系统数据网络技术体制，引出构建网络化继电保护信息传输系统的思路，提出基于光纤 SDH IP技术体制的继电保护信息网络传输系统方案，并分析了该方案的特点。     

基于电力系统全数字实时仿真装置的大电网机电暂态–电磁暂态混合仿真

对高压直流输电和柔性交流输电系统设备的准确仿真需建立详细的电磁暂态模型,而大电网中建立所有设备的电磁暂态模型来进行计算是不现实的,针对该问题,采用了3个典型算例,详细介绍了应用电力系统全数字实时仿真装置的混合仿真功能进行大规模电网仿真的过程。将大电网分为电磁暂态子网和机电暂态子网,其中大电网局部或某些关注的设备作为电磁暂态子网,其余网络作为机电暂态子网,电磁暂态子网中的设备用详细的电磁暂态模型描述。将混合仿真计算结果与传统的机电暂态仿真结果相比较,验证了混合仿真的准确性。