Basic parameters of coplanar-strip waveguides on multilayer dielectric/semiconductor substrates. Part 2: Low permittivity superstrates

For Part 1 see ibid., vol.4, pp.67-70 (2003). In Part 1, closed-form formulas were proposed for basic parameters of coplanar-strip (CPS) waveguides on multilayer dielectric substrates. In Part 2, a new partial capacitance technique is proposed to deal with the case where the permittivity of the substrate layers increase away from the strips, and the magnetic wall approximation between the dielectric layers used in Part 1 is not valid. CPS on a SiO/sub 2//Si substrate is a typical example. Conformal mapping technique is also used for the evaluation of the line inductance (including internal) of the strips. The line capacitance, inductance, and conductance are then used to evaluate the frequency-dependent complex impedance, effective dielectric permittivity, and losses. The results are in good agreement with experiments and numerical simulations. The computation time is at least an order of magnitude shorter in comparison with the available commercial software (e.g., Momentum, Sonnet).     

输电线路工频参数影响因素的量化研究

输电线路参数的准确性对于系统的正常运行、计算及保护整定等起着至关重要的作用,为此分析了诸多影响线路参数准确性的因素,并将这些因素量化到计算公式中。计算一条220 kV线路修正前后相关参数的结果表明,考虑这些因素影响后的计算结果更接近于实际运行状况或实测值。由此得出以下结论:多回运行线路间的磁场作用会使线路阻抗值变大;不同的土壤类型及湿度、温度等环境因素会影响土壤电阻率值,进而影响零序阻抗值;在长距离线路中,将考虑弧垂的地面平均高度作为导线对地高度来计算零序电容会大大减小与实测值的误差。     

Validation of the earth resistance formulae using computational and experimental methods for gas insulated sub-station (GIS)

This paper shows the mathematical formulas involved in obtaining the earth resistance value of a gas insulated sub-station (GIS) of 275/132 kV systems. It involves resistivity measurements and then interpretation as two layers of soil [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. This study compares the formulas available in previously published work and the results obtained for the field site [1], [2], [3], [8], which has not been attempted before. All of these formulas are only considered for 2 layers, which may be adequate for the design of earthing systems. Some considerations of the initial design of the earthing systems are also presented in this paper.     

氧等离子体反应器中氧化铝电介质特性

绝缘电介质层是氧等离子体反应器中的重要组成部分,高性能的电介质材料保证了氧等离子体反应器能够高效、稳定的运行。本文对氧化铝电介质材料的特性以及氧等离子体反应器长时间工作后电介质材料的特性变化进行了研究。结果表明,α-Al_2O_3电介质层表面光滑平整、无缺陷,相对介电常数约为9.79,具有较高的体积电阻率和表面电阻率,损耗因数很小,有利于氧等离子体反应器效能的提升;长时间工作后的α-Al_2O_3电介质层基底表面结构、相对介电常数与体积电阻率基本不变,但其表面会附着一层由316L不锈钢电极表面溅射产生的黄褐色固态颗粒物,降低电介质层的表面电阻率。研究结果对优化氧等离子体反应器具有一定的意义。     

一类垂直双层土壤中地网接地电阻的简易计算公式

针对特高压输电系统变电站地网常跨越垂直分层土壤,研究垂直双层土壤中地网接地电阻的工程计算方法。用待求接地电阻与参考电阻的比值以及双层土壤两侧电阻率比值减少参数数量,并通过数据拟合得到这两个比值的函数关系,分析自变量等于1和趋向无穷大对应的地网接地电阻和土壤结构获得函数系数的表达式,将表达式代入函数之后进行化简,得到垂直双层土壤中地网接地电阻的计算式。计算式中包含的参考电阻和辅助电阻都是均匀土壤中地网接地电阻,这两个接地电阻可用IEEE标准或中国电力行业标准的推荐公式代替。与仿真软件相比,所得式不需建立土壤和地网模型,不需要仿真计算电流分布,能简单快捷地计算出接地电阻。通过几个算例分析可知,所得计算式的精度受推荐公式的影响,其精度能满足工程设计的需要。     

Permittivity measurement of disk and annular dielectric samples using coaxial transmission line fixtures. part II: experimentation and accuracy analyses

An improved permittivity measurement technique for dielectric disks involving S-parameter measurement of a two-port coaxial transmission line fixture is presented. The previous form of the method suffers from variation of the retrieved permittivity with frequency, which leads to inaccuracies that may be severe at some frequencies. An extension of the method that reduces these errors is devised. In addition, an independently developed new technique for measuring the permittivity of annular samples via quadratic curve fitting is presented. This technique also involves S-parameter measurement of a coaxial fixture and requires measurement of only three known materials (one of them may be free space, in which case the requirement is reduced to only two solid dielectrics). The permittivity of any unknown dielectric may subsequently be determined with high accuracy over a wide frequency range. The method is based on the premise that the variation of the reflection characteristics of the two-port coaxial transmission line fixture with the permittivity of the sample displays a strongly quadratic behaviour. This paper constitutes the second of two parts of this work. Part I, also appearing in this issue, presents the theoretical formulation for the moment method mode-matching treatment of the coaxial fixture for treating annular samples. In the present paper, the measurement techniques are described, and numerical simulations of the experimental procedure based on the theory of Part I are presented. In addition, comparative results of accuracy for these two approaches are given. Sensitivity analyses are also presented, along with preliminary experimental results.     

Grain-Boundary Effect on the Curie-Weiss Law of Ferroelectric Ceramics and Polycrystalline Thin Films: Calculation by the Method of Effective Medium

The influence of grain boundaries on the dielectric properties of ferroelectric ceramics and polycrystalline thin films is described theoretically by the method of effective medium. Grain boundaries are modeled by low-permittivity (dead) layers, which do not exhibit ferroelectric instability. The effective permittivity of a polycrystalline material is calculated in the paraelectric regime above the transition temperature. The calculations are based on the solution of electrostatic problem for a spherical dielectric inclusion separated from the surrounding dissimilar matrix by a low-permittivity interface layer. For isotropic bulk ceramics, an analytic expression is derived for the effective permittivity as a function of the grain size, dead-layer thickness, and its permittivity. Temperature dependence of the aggregate dielectric response is calculated for BaTiO₃ (BT) ceramics of different grain sizes and found to be in good agreement with measurements. It is shown that grain boundaries not only renormalize the Curie-Weiss temperature and constant, but may also cause deviations from the Curie-Weiss law. For BT polycrystalline thin films grown on dissimilar substrates, numerical calculations of the effective dielectric constants are performed, taking into account both the grain-boundary and substrate effects on the film anisotropic dielectric response. Theoretical predictions are compared with the grain size dependence of the permittivity of BT films grown on Pt-coated Si.     

输电线路零序参数的实用计算方法及系统

基于对输电线路参数计算方法的理论推导,分析影响输电线路参数工程计算精度的主要因素.针对输电线路沿线各段土壤电阻率变化较大且不易准确获取的问题,提出根据同一线路走廊内已投运线路实测参数反推沿线等效电阻率的方法;针对输电线路的局部同塔、局部平行及杆塔多样性特征,提出采用分段计算和杆塔参数简化处理方法;通过研究地线不同接地形...     

The application of porous silicon to optical waveguiding technology

The porosification of silicon can be achieved by the partial electrochemical dissolution (anodization) of the surface of a silicon wafer. The degree of porosity is dependent on the anodization parameters and can generally be controlled within the constraints imposed by substrate dopant type and concentration. Control of porosity leads to control of refractive index, and therein lies the concept of using porous silicon as an optical waveguide. We discuss porous silicon wavegides, for the visible to the infrared, produced by a number of approaches: 1) epitaxial growth onto porous silicon (where the porous layer acts as a substrate for a higher refractive index waveguide epilayer); 2) ion implantation (where either selective areas of high electrical resistivity can be produced, which act as a barrier against porosification, or where the surface of a porosified layer is amorphised to form a waveguide; 3) porous silicon multilayers (where the anodization parameters are periodically varied to produce alternate layers of different porosity and thus refractive index); and 4) oxidation of porous silicon (where a porosified layer is oxidized to form a graded-index, dense or porous, oxide waveguide)     

Two-layer soil model for power station grounding system calculation considering multilayer soil stratification

Two-layer soil models are commonly used for the design of power station grounding systems. Calculations based on such models usually give correct values for the gound resistance of grounding electrodes and for the step and touch potentials on the surface of the ground. However, the two-layer model of the actual soil can give absurd results if incorrect values of the layer resistivities and the first layer thickness are used. Conventional methods of fitting the apparent resistivity curve in order to obtain those parameters do not give good results in all cases. This may happen when the soil has a multilayer structure and certain combinations of different layer resistivities exist. In this paper, an analysis of critical cases was carried out, and a novel calculation method for the parameters of the two-layer soil model is presented. The proposed method is valid for an arbitrary number of soil layers with arbitrary values of resistivity, and it is applicable to simple as well as complex grounding systems. The numerical results of this method were compared with electromagnetic field calculations carried out with a computer program based on the finite-element method. The proposed model permits the use of computer programs based on the method of images and a two-layer soil model for the design of station grounding systems buried in horizontal multilayer soil stratifications. Thus, the risk of serious calculation errors that may appear by application of the apparent resistivity fitting method can be avoided.     

Effective area of thin guarded electrode in determining of permittivity and volume resistivity

Effective area of guarded electrode is always larger than its geometrical area as a result of fringing effect. In most standards concerning permittivity and volume resistivity measurements, an increase in the effective fringing is assumed as a half of the width of the gap between the guarded electrode and the guard electrode (then the factor B = 1). In some standards, the increase calculated from Amey relation, is assumed to be smaller (B < 1). The Amey relation is exact only for sample permittivity ε→∞ . It is correct to apply the relation to calculate the volume resistivity, but it is incorrect to use it to calculate the permittivity of a sample. In this paper, a proper relation for the factor B has been derived analytically for thin electrodes made usually by thin film technology. The factor B can be used to calculate the permittivity of samples with arbitrary value of ε. Appropriate changes into the standard IEC 60250 and into other standards concerning permittivity measurements are proposed.     

Microstrip Band Pass Filter of GHz Region Employing Aerosol-Deposited Alumina Thick Films

The miniaturized 10 GHz microstrip band-pass filter was successfully fabricated on the alumina thick films grown on Cu substrates at room temperature by aerosol deposition method and using the newly developed pattern electroplating procedure and electromagnetic analysis. The relative dielectric permittivity and loss tangent of the aerosol-deposited alumina thick films on Cu were 9.9 and 0.089, respectively. The resistivity of the electroplated Cu line was determined to be 2 × 10^{? 8} Ω m. The very good agreement was shown between results simulated using a 3-dimensional electromagnetic analysis and the actual measured data.     

接地设计中两层土壤参数的优化计算

影响电力系统接地电阻的主要因素是接地体所在土壤的模型及参数。对水平分层的两层土壤,用温纳四电极法测得其视在电阻率,然后用非线性规划的单纯形优化方法,求出第一层土壤的厚度与两层土壤的电阻率。计算结果与实测数据一致。     

Analysis and design of terahertz microstrip antenna on photonic bandgap material

In this paper, a dielectric slab with periodic implantation of the air gaps has been analyzed. An effective dielectric permittivity of the 1-D photonic bandgap substrate material (PBG material) with host material as Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) has been computed at 600 GHz. Based on the extracted effective dielectric permittivity, a rectangular microstrip patch antennas on thin and thick 2-D PBG material as substrate have been designed. The electrical performances of the antennas have been simulated by using two different simulators, CST Microwave Studio based on the finite integral technique and Ansoft HFSS based on the finite element method. This proposed antenna on the PBG material as substrate shows the significant enhancement in the directivity. To validate the homogenized medium approximation, the effect of the antenna position on the substrate material has been observed. The response of antenna has been found to be independent of its position. Various electrical parameters of the proposed antennas have been compared with reported literature. In addition to this, the operating frequency of one of the antenna has been scaled down by the factor of 50 and its various results have been compared with the results obtained at 600 GHz.     

Dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites

The dielectric properties of epoxy nanocomposites with insulating nano-fillers, viz., TiO₂, ZnO and AI₂O₃ were investigated at low filler concentrations by weight. Epoxy nanocomposite samples with a good dispersion of nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix were prepared and experiments were performed to measure the dielectric permittivity and tan delta (400 Hz-1 MHz), dc volume resistivity and ac dielectric strength. At very low nanoparticle loadings, results demonstrate some interesting dielectric behaviors for nanocomposites and some of the electrical properties are found to be unique and advantageous for use in several existing and potential electrical systems. The nanocomposite dielectric properties are analyzed in detail with respect to different experimental parameters like frequency (for permittivity/tan delta), filler size, filler concentration and filler permittivity. In addition, epoxy microcomposites for the same systems were synthesized and their dielectric properties were compared to the results already obtained for nanocomposites. The interesting dielectric characteristics for epoxy based nanodielectric systems are attributed to the large volume fraction of interfaces in the bulk of the material and the ensuing interactions between the charged nanoparticle surface and the epoxy chains.     

变压器油纸绝缘体积电阻率与酸值及聚合度的相关性研究

研究了变压器油与绝缘纸的热老化特性,测量了其老化过程中的体积电阻率、酸值和聚合度,对数据进行了分析,得到了参数间的关系式。     

Electric field distortion caused by asymmetric pollution oninsulator surfaces

The pollution on the surface of an insulator is asymmetric, although insulators, in general, are axisymmetric. The distortion of fields on the surface of an asymmetrically polluted axisymmetric insulator is computed in this paper. The surface charge simulation method (SCSM) has been used with cylindrical, conical and toroidal surface elements. The volume resistivity of the insulation also has been taken into consideration, using complex permittivity for the insulating material     

QUASI-STATIC MoL-BASED APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MULTILAYER TRANSMISSION LINE STRUCTURES

In this paper, a generalized approach for the analysis of multistrip multidielectric layer transmission line structures based on the Method of Lines (MoL) is presented. The proposed algorithm is not limited either by the number of dielectric layers or by the number of metallic strips that can be positioned at different interfaces. The program we have written has been successfully tested on various structures and the obtained results are compared with those published by other authors. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved Algorithm for Efficient Extraction of Relaxation Parameter Values from Wideband Permittivity of Baijiu

The complex permittivity of baijiu varies with frequency, and dielectric spectroscopy has been used to evaluate the quality. To simplify the analysis and reduce the number of the parameters, a dielectric relaxation model is often used to fit the permittivity data. However, existing fitting methods such as the least squares and particle swarm optimization methods are often computationally complex and require preset initial values. Therefore, a simpler calculation method of the relaxation parameters considering the geometric characteristics of the permittivity spectrum is proposed. It is based on the relationship between the Cole-Cole relaxation parameters and the Cole-Cole diagram, which is fitted by a geometric method. First, the concepts of the Cole-Cole parameters and the diagram are introduced, and then the process of obtaining the parameters from the complex permittivity measurement data is explained. Taking baijiu with 56% alcohol by volume (ABV) as an example, the fitting is better than the least squares method and similar to the particle swarm optimization. This method is then used for the parameter fitting of baijiu with ABV of 42-52%, and the average error is less than 1%, demonstrating its wider applicability. Finally, a prediction model is used for baijiu with 53% ABV, and the error is only 1.51%. Hence, the method can be applied to the measurement of ABV of baijiu.     

Robust Road Modeling and Tracking Using Condensation

In this paper, we present a robust road detection and tracking method based on a condensation particle filter for real-time video-based navigation applications. The image is divided into horizontal strips, and vanishing point (VP) detection is performed on each image strip. We propose a method for estimating the density of road boundary line segments in the image so that VP detection in an image strip takes into account the detection results in the neighboring image strips. This use of contextual information for VP detection leads to more accurate detection results. The estimated road parameters are then used to initialize the condensation tracker. Experiments using real road videos demonstrate the robustness of our method to difficult road conditions due to the presence of partial occlusion, shadows, and road signs.