Effects of Temperature and Atmosphere on Pellets Reduction Swelling Index

 After taking into account the conditions of the domestic iron resources and the non-coking coal resources, the process of coal gasification-shaft furnace is an effective way to develop direct reduction iron in China. The following tasks are very critical to choose suitable process of shaft furnace and gasification, including the production of oxidized pellets with excellent comprehensive properties as well as the study of the reaction behavior and mechanism of swelling. The results showed that the oxidized pellets of using domestic magnetic iron concentrate as raw materials have favorable comprehensive properties, including higher mechanical strength both before and after reduction, faster reduction rate and lower reduction swelling index (RSI). All of these properties can meet the shaft furnace yielding requirement. When the temperature was below 1223 K, the pellets′ RSI was lower than 20%. With increasing of the content of H2 in atmosphere, the pellets reaction rate accelerated, crushing strength enhanced and RSI decreased. The RSI dropped to 10.26% at 1323 K in 100% H2 atmosphere, and it is up to 39.88% in 100% CO atmosphere. The iron grains mainly presented in platelike when pellets were reduced by H2, however, in CO atmosphere the iron grains were precipitated in flocculent. The whisker shape of iron grains and heating effects of reduction reaction are the major factors leading to the poor pellets strength and increase of RSI. Appropriately controlling the temperature and increasing the ratio of H2 to CO in atmosphere are good for dropping the RSI.     

含钒钛铁精矿氧化球团气基竖炉直接还原模拟试验

我国钒钛磁铁矿资源丰富,但综合利用难度大,现有工艺仍存在一些问题,工艺流程还有待完善和革新。气基竖炉直接还原-电炉熔分新工艺为钒钛磁铁矿资源清洁高效综合利用提供了新途径。以含钒钛的铁精矿为原料制备氧化球团,模拟气基竖炉直接还原条件,研究了还原气组分和温度对球团的还原进程、还原膨胀以及还原强度的影响。结果表明:以钒钛铁精矿为原料,配加1%膨润土,在1 250℃下焙烧20 min后,所制备氧化球团性能良好,具有较高的抗压强度。在恒定还原气组分(纯H2、H2/CO=2.5、H2/CO=1、H2/CO=0.4和纯CO)和温度(850、900、950和1 000℃)下,钒钛铁精矿球团还原速率快、还原膨胀率小(<20%),可满足气基竖炉直接还原工艺要求。煤制气-气基竖炉直接还原凭借其能耗小、环境友好、单机产能大、产品质量好等优点,将在钒钛磁铁矿资源高效清洁综合利用领域得到发展。     

Numerical Evaluation of Blast Furnace Performance under Top Gas Recycling and Lower Temperature Operation

The new process of top gas recycling by hot reducing gas (HRG) injection has been developed in this study in order to overcome the disadvantageous problems under the lower temperature operation, to enhance the utilization of top gas carbon and to reduce carbon dioxide emission of blast furnaces. Numerical evaluation of blast furnace top gas recirculation together with lower‐temperature operation was performed by means of a multi‐fluid blast furnace model. The simulation results show that, (1) under the lower temperature operation, the shaft injection, or simultaneous shaft and tuyere injection of hot reducing gas is effective to increase the heat supply and to enrich the reduction atmosphere in the shaft zone, to improve the reduction of iron burdens, and enhance the efficiency of the shaft zone. (2) If top gas is recirculated by HRG on the basis of lower temperature operation, a highly efficient low‐carbon blast furnace is obtained. The productivity of the furnace shows a remarkable increase and the total reducing agent rate shows a considerable decrease. Furthermore, the top gas carbon utilization is enhanced and the carbon dioxide emission rate is lowered. (3) Generally, shaft efficiency, carbon emission and heat efficiency under simultaneous tuyere and shaft injection are comparatively better than in the other two methods of single injection.     

Fundamental Study on New Method of Reducing Iron Ore-Coal Pellet in Cocurrent Shaft Furnace

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块状铁矿石竖炉磁化焙烧的工艺优化

竖炉磁化焙烧是处理难选红铁矿较有效的方法。通过对弱磁块矿竖炉磁化焙烧的试验研究,提出了更加科学、高效的竖炉磁化焙烧理论,在现有鞍山式竖炉的基础上,通过高效控制铁矿石竖炉磁化焙烧还原气氛,对竖炉磁化焙烧工艺进行了优化。结果表明：还原气体H2体积分数提高到12%±1%,同时降低CO体积分数,提高块矿焙烧还原温度,可获得最佳的磁化焙烧效果;通过独立设置铁矿石磁化焙烧还原煤气系统与加热煤气系统,可实现还原煤气的成分、流量、压力灵活调节;通过减少还原煤气总量,将矿石还原煤气量降低至1400～1600m3/h,降低竖炉的生产成本;通过独立的还原煤气系统,提高还原煤气中焦炉煤气比例,将H2体积分数控制在12%±1%,矿石磁化率控制在2.33左右,降低了竖炉磁化焙烧煤气消耗,提高矿石磁化焙烧质量;为保证还原煤气降低用量后的压力和喷出的均匀性,将还原煤气喷出塔的出口面积缩小50%,使矿石能够充分、均匀地完成还原。     

气基竖炉生产直接还原铁工艺的技术经济分析

介绍了焦炉煤气竖炉直接还原铁工艺,在分析气基竖炉生产直接还原铁技术的市场前景基础上,从成本、盈亏平衡、敏感性等方面对焦炉煤气竖炉直接还原铁工艺进行了技术经济分析,提出了降低生产成本的建议,即:廉价的原料气、能源介质,搞好综合利用,回收有用资源,选择合适的规模等。     

气基竖炉工况焦炉煤气甲烷改质行为试验

 利用焦炉煤气+气基竖炉生产优质海绵铁,可延伸焦化行业产业链,同时可促进中国废钢/海绵铁—电炉短流程发展,改变钢铁行业能源、产品结构。针对典型焦炉煤气,通过基础性试验研究了在气基竖炉工况下,温度、H2O和CO2配比,高温海绵铁载体对焦炉煤气中甲烷改质行为的影响。研究结果表明,提高温度有利于焦炉煤气中甲烷的改质反应,1000℃时改质后有效还原气体体积分数最高可达80%;热态海绵铁对焦炉煤气改质有催化促进作用,可提高CO2参与改质反应比例至84.9%、H2O参与反应比例至100%;CO2配入体积分数2%～6%、H2O配入体积分数4%～10%为促进甲烷改质反应的适宜范围。     

气基竖炉直接还原炼铁流程重构优化

直接还原铁比较纯净、成分稳定,是电炉炼钢的优质原料。中国焦化行业产生大量焦炉煤气,适宜发展以焦炉煤气为还原气的竖炉直接还原炼铁流程,现有工艺主要有Midrex工艺和HYL-ZR工艺。为了解决Midrex工艺和HYL-ZR工艺所存在的问题,通过流程功能分析,提出气基竖炉直接还原重构优化流程,主要工序包括焦炉煤气压缩、TSA预处理、PSA脱碳、PSA提纯CH₄、富氢气加热、竖炉直接还原炼铁等。该流程不仅净化焦炉煤气,而且可分离CH₄,使还原气中H₂与CO的比例达到8,并省去CH₄重整环节,提高炉内直接还原效率。该流程前端与焦化工序连接,后端与电弧炉连接,不仅有利于钢铁联合企业资源优化配置,而且可以生产天然气,提高能源利用效率。     

COREX煤气中H2含量的对比分析

宝钢2#COREX投产后各技术经济指标持续改善,竖炉金属化率稳定在85%以上,冷煤气中H2含量比1#COREX高出2个百分点,但竖炉炉顶煤气中H2含量相差很小。基于COREX工艺过程中H2含量变化的理论解析,分析了氢元素的守恒、海绵铁金属化率、拱顶温度和竖炉还原对H2含量的影响。研究结果表明,冷煤气中H2含量的增加主要由竖炉海绵铁金属化率的提高所致,且随着竖炉金属化率的提高,气化炉运行更稳定,料柱温度升高,气化炉用氧分配趋向合理等冶炼特征发生改变。     

氢气竖炉内气固热质传递行为的数值模拟

随着对钢铁行业绿色低碳发展要求的日益迫切,氢气竖炉已成为目前涉及氢冶金工艺的研发焦点.由于H2还原铁氧化物为强吸热反应,氢气竖炉的供气强度主要由还原反应和加热固相炉料对应的物理能需求决定,因此造成炉内物理能与化学能的利用严重不匹配.为定量研究氢气竖炉内复杂的气固两相热质传递行为,基于双流体假设,建立氢气竖炉CFD模型,...     

Reduction behavior and mechanism of Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite pellets by gas mixture of H2 and CO

Hongge vanadium titanomagnetite(HVTM)pellets were reduced by H_2-CO gas mixture for simulating the reduction processes of Midrex and HYL-III shaft furnaces.The influences of reduction temperature,ratio ofφ(H_2)toφ(CO),and pellet size on the reduction of HVTM pellets were evaluated in detail and the reduction reaction kinetics was investigated.The results show that both the reduction degree and reduction rate can be improved with increasing the reduction temperature and the H_2 content as well as decreasing the pellet size.The rational reduction parameters are reduction temperature of 1050°C,ratio ofφ(H_2)toφ(CO)of 2.5,and pellet diameter in the range of 8-11 mm.Under these conditions(pellet diameter of 11mm),final reduction degree of 95.51% is achieved.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern shows that the main phases of final reduced pellets under these conditions(pellet diameter of 11 mm)are reduced iron and rutile.The peak intensity of reduced iron increases obviously with the increase in the reduction temperature.Besides,relatively high reduction temperature promotes the migration and coarsening of metallic iron particles and improves the distribution of vanadium and chromium in the reduced iron,which is conducive to subsequent melting separation.At the early stage,the reduction process is controlled by interfacial chemical reaction and the apparent activation energy is 60.78kJ/mol.The reduction process is controlled by both interfacial chemical reaction and internal diffusion at the final stage,and the apparent activation energy is 30.54kJ/mol.     

煤制气-竖炉生产直接还原铁浅析

以国内磁选铁精矿为原料制备的氧化球团综合性能良好,可作为竖炉直接还原用氧化球团。国内适合于煤气化的褐煤和低变质烟煤资源储量较大,占煤炭资源总量的50%以上,可以满足煤化工发展的需求。综合煤种需求、生产能力、煤气品质以及能耗指标,选取适宜的煤气化工艺,形成以煤制合成气为还原剂,以竖炉为反应器的煤制气-竖炉直接还原炼铁新工艺,是煤资源丰富而天然气匮乏的中国发展直接还原铁生产、实现低碳高效炼铁的有效途径。     

基于煤气化学能最大化利用的上部吹氧竖炉静态模型

针对竖炉生产中存在的煤气还原势未能充分利用、煤气消耗量高以及二氧化碳排放高等问题,设计出一种上部增设吹氧装置的竖炉.基于物料平衡和热平衡建立了上部吹氧竖炉的静态模型,并对其进行了数值求解模拟和分析.模拟结果表明,在典型条件下,上部吹氧竖炉每吨直接还原铁的还原煤气量为1404.67m³,吹氧量为20.32m³,煤气出口还原势降至0.56,排碳量减少26.25%,能耗减少19.56%.     

直接还原竖炉内磷反应机理与分配规律

根据竖炉还原特点，用化学反应热力学和模拟还原竖炉试验研究了磷在竖炉中的反应机理和分配规律．得到了煤气中磷全都进入金属铁的结论．降低海绵铁含磷量的措施是降低煤中的磷含量。     

高铬型钒钛磁铁矿综合利用现状及进展

高铬型钒钛磁铁矿是一种典型的多金属共伴生矿产资源,具有极高的综合利用价值。目前主要的冶炼流程为高炉—转炉。该工艺处理量大、生产规模大、技术成熟,但有价组元利用率低、资源浪费严重、环境负荷高。并且转底炉、回转窑等非高炉流程亦具有能耗高、钛渣品位低活性差等一系列缺点。基于气基竖炉直接还原的优越性,研发了高铬型钒钛矿氧化造块—气基竖炉直接还原—熔分新工艺。高铬型钒钛矿适宜氧化焙烧条件为1 300℃下焙烧20min;在1 100℃、V(H2)/V(CO)=5/2条件下还原35min,还原率达95%;最佳熔分条件为配碳比1.2,熔分温度1 650℃、熔分时间45min、CaF2配量2%(质量分数),碱度1.1。该种工艺下铁、钒、铬、钛收得率分别约为99%、98%、95%和95%,实现了有价组元的高效分离,是高铬型钒钛矿高效低碳综合利用的首选技术之一,为攀枝花钒钛矿的综合利用提供了参考。     

Analysis of reduction of iron ore and oxidation of reducing gas in moving bed

To investigate the influence of technical parameters on reduction of iron ore and oxidation of reducing gas in moving bed, the coupling kinetic model of iron oxide reduction and reducing gas oxidation in moving bed was established. The model was applied in pre- reduction shaft furnace of C- 3000, and main calculating results were in a good accordance with production data. At a certain ratio of gas flow to ore mass, improving gas velocity at standard state can increase output of metal iron, yet decrease ratio of metallization and gas utilization rate. At a certain gas velocity at standard state, improving ratio of gas flow to ore mass can increase ratio of metallization, yet decrease output of metal iron and gas utilization rate. Reduction potential of gas has a substantial effect on reduction efficiency. It is suggested to improve reduction potential of gas to a 95% level for a high ratio of metallization. At a certain gas velocity at standard state, increasing gas pressure can improve ratio of metallization and gas utilization rate. Inert gas content has a disadvantageous effect on reduction reaction in moving bed. It is advantageous for improving reduction efficiency in moving bed by adjusting increasing ratio of pellet or adding part of rich- hydrogen gas in reducing gas.     

中国低碳炼铁技术的发展路径与关键技术问题

"碳达峰"和"碳中和"是中国钢铁工业未来发展的总体规划,降低碳排放是钢铁企业需要共同攻克的技术难题.从源头减碳、过程节碳和末端用碳3个层面分析了中国低碳炼铁技术的发展路径,提出了实现"碳中和"需要解决的关键技术问题.分析表明废钢电炉短流程炼钢将是中国钢铁行业实现"碳中和"的主要途径,氢气竖炉直接还原将是中国钢铁行业实现...     

铁矿煤球团内生还原气生产DRI工艺及估算

在高炉热风炉中用高炉煤气、垃圾制燃气、低热值煤气加热循环还原气,或用红焦、热DRI(直接还原铁)等热量加热循环还原气至1100℃,输入还原竖炉加热铁矿煤球团,生产DRI,从炉顶气中回收硫和CO₂,炉顶气净化后作为还原气循环使用.球团内煤干馏形成的半焦、焦炭起到了与高炉内焦炭不同的骨架作用.利用还原反应后气体余热来预热和干馏球团,利用铁精矿粉和煤粉的高比表面积,利用煤的干馏气化促进低温下碳的一次气化反应和直接还原反应,使DRI煤耗进一步降低.设炉顶气温度降到150℃,配煤218kg,高炉煤气消耗约947m³时,工艺能耗约333kg/t煤.比高炉工艺节能约52%,减排CO₂约83%.比MIDREX节能约84kg标准煤.该工艺简称为DRI-NHQ.     

直接还原技术进展及其在中国的发展

近年来,全球直接还原铁(DRI/HBI)产量和需求逐年增加,表明直接还原技术是钢铁工业不可缺少的组成部分,有助于炼铁生产摆脱焦煤资源短缺的羁绊,降低钢铁生产能耗,提高钢铁产品质量和品质。气基竖炉生产规模不断增大,成为主要的生产工艺;竖炉直接还原铁热装热送技术的发展进一步降低了工序能耗。回转窑、隧道窑等工艺在特定地区迅速发展,但很难成为直接还原铁生产的主流。我国具备发展直接还原生产的资源条件和技术基础,煤制气—气基竖炉技术是可能的主要发展方向。     

氢气含量对含铁炉料还原及软熔性能的影响

为了研究氢气含量对含铁炉料还原及软熔性能的影响,利用程序还原炉分析了不同氢气含量对含铁炉料还原性能的影响,利用高温熔滴炉模拟高炉喷吹含氢煤气,研究了氢气含量对含铁炉料软熔性能的影响。结果表明,当增大氢气含量后,炉料的软化温度会升高,滴落温度逐渐降低,同时也会改善炉料结构的透气性,使得渣铁更加容易分离;氢气含量会使含铁炉料中的FeO含量降低,弱化了脱碳反应,从而促进生铁中碳含量的增加。低温时氢气含量对还原几乎没有促进作用,高温则会促进氢气的还原性能;同时,氢气会促进含铁炉料中铁的析出。