塔里木河下游生态应急输水方法及成效

为有效缓解塔里木河（以下简称“塔河”）下游生态进一步恶化，在塔河流域综合治理期间实施向塔河下游生态应急输水任务。项目实施后塔河下游“绿色走廊”生态有了明显改善，有效遏制了塔河下游生态环境日益恶化的趋势，对保护塔河下游生态环境及人们生存环境起到举足轻重的作用，对本地区、新疆乃至全国产生重要影响。     

基于利用回归分析法预报上下游相关洪峰水位

根据实际工作需要,为克服采用传统手段利用上下游洪峰水位相关图法来进行洪水预报所带来的不精确性和任意性,笔者利用数学函数方程和回归分析计算软件,使用excel的图形功能,先绘制样本数据散点图,然后在图上添加趋势线,确定了回归方程类型。根据回归方程类型进行了方程系数率定分析,最终推求出预报黑龙江乌云站洪峰水位和洪峰传播时间的数学回归方程,经实例拟合验证,方程计算结果通过检验,基本满足实际应用要求。     

皂市水利枢纽下游河道生态基流量研究

皂市水利枢纽的建设将改变枢纽下游河流水文情势,对下游局部地区的生态环境造成负面影响;而合理确定枢纽下游河道生态基本流量,在水库常规运用的基础上,结合生态调度的方法,保证下游河道生态需水,对缓解因枢纽建设对生态系统所造成的不利影响,发挥枢纽综合效益,具有重要意义。通过对皂市水利枢纽常规调度运行方式及其对下游河道生态环境的影响分析,采用TENNANT法和7Q10法对皂市水利枢纽下游河道枯水期及丰水期的生态需水量进行了综合分析,提出利枢纽下游生态基流量,从而为水利枢纽的生态调度提供参考。     

黄河三门峡以下水资源供需分析

黄河三门峡以下河段高含沙水质,给下游水资源的开发利用带来极大的不便,造成水资源供需紧张。通过水库模拟调配,研究黄河三门峡以下流域在不同状况下水资源的供需形势。研究结果表明：①三门峡和小浪底两水库的运行,极大地改善了三门峡以下水资源的供需状况,但在来水较枯的年份,水资源供给仍然紧张;②小浪底水库采用多年泥沙调节的运用方式既保证了下游输沙生态用水、减少了泥沙的淤积,又提高了水资源的利用效率;③由黄河下游向外流域调水,可引用的水量既少又不稳定,因此在枯水期过多地引水只能加重黄河下游自身水资源的供需矛盾。     

用经济分析法确定连片干旱区域取水方式

根据水利经济理论,对连片干旱区域的三种灌溉取水方式进行了经济分析。通过经济比较,选出较优的灌溉取水方式,从而确定连片干旱区域最经济的灌溉组合形式。实例计算说明了该方法在实践中的应用。     

Dynamic Management of a Water Resources-Socioeconomic-Environmental System Based on Feedbacks Using System Dynamics

Water Resources Management - System dynamics (SD) have been used in water resources management for many years. However, water resources management using SD is usually in one direction, up to down...     

基于水位流速法的矩形渠道流量自动检测系统

为了提高检测精度,实现水位、流量测量的自动化,减少人力的投入,研制了流量自动检测系统。该系统以水位—流速法为基本测流原理,将水位、流速检测技术与机械传动机构结合起来。整个系统选用低功耗的16位单片机MSP430F149为控制单元,采集到的水位和流速信号经过其内部的算法可得出流量值;而且还能控制x-y直角坐标机械传动装置,可在整个矩形断面范围内自动改变流速测杆的位置,使渠道流量的测量工作自动化程度高。试验结果表明:使用该系统检测矩形断面流量具有准确性和适用性,测量结果与采用明渠超声波流量计测得的流量值相比,相对误差在±4%以内。     

Numerical Study of the Dynamics and Structure of a Partial Dam-Break Flow Using the VOF Method

Water Resources Management - This paper aims to evaluate the effects of the opening width of a dam site on the evolution of partial dam-break waves over a fixed dry bed. The volume of fluid (VOF)...     

农村供水管网管段流量与管径设计方法探讨

在农村供水工程中,管网管径的确定是供水工程正常运行的基本保证,正确的确定管段流量是基本条件。根据农村供水的实际工程经验,总结了计算管网管段流量和管径的方法和步骤,并举例说明,对农村供水工程的建设提供指导。     

Application of System Dynamics to Water Security Research

Water security is an important component of regional security and sustainable development and it significantly affects regional development strategies. Flood security, water resource security, and water environment security are the basic elements of a water security system. These elements exhibit dynamic and complex characteristics. System dynamics (SD) is a qualitative and quantitative simulation and analysis method for system integration. SD is applicable to complex system research and has achieved significant results in water security system research. This study initially collected literature on water security research and application in recent years, and then verified the progress and deficiencies in current research. Our research on water security focuses on managing and predicating a single subsystem. Our research on flood control and disaster mitigation focuses on managing and forecasting floods. Our research on water resource security focuses on water resource management, carrying capacity, and planning, as well as on sustainable water utilization. Finally, our research on water environment security includes water quality management, water pollution control, early warning systems, and water ecology. The SD method can properly solve the complicated relations in a water security system but exhibits limitations in the following aspects: research on large systems; influence of social environment changes; uncertainties in water security; and the methods, means, and influence of natural environment changes on water security.     

西、北江下游流量测验与整编方法探究

阐述了西、北江下游水系构成、水流特性、相关水文站的流量测验与整编方法,通过对闭合区水量平衡分析,找出水量不平衡时段,并进一步分析影响闭合区水量出现不平衡主要原因和影响因素;针对水量不平衡的原因和影响因素,分别对清水河和潮水河流量测验提出改进方案,尤其对受潮汐影响的河段的流量测验与整编提出新的方案———在线测流。     

面流消能下游水面波动的统计特性：面流消能试验研究之三

论述了面流消能下游旋滚后水面波动的统计特性。分析表明，波面振幅的概率密度基本符合正态分布，平均波高的概率密度接近瑞利分布。对旋滚后的波动传递速度与波长也作了初步探讨。     

Analysis of Water Management Scenarios Using Coupled Hydrological and System Dynamics Modeling

Water Resources Management - The North China Plain (NCP) has been affected by severe water scarcity over the past several decades. To address this issue, several water management plans have already...     

计算溢流坝下游收缩断面水深的方法

溢流坝下游收缩断面水深hc的计算对水工消能设计下分重要,目前常用的方法有试算法、图解法和迭代法,这些方法计算精度不高,人工计算最大或要求较高的计算数学的理论知识等,不便于在生产实际中推广应用,为此,把hc的计算问题归结为非线性优化问题,用作研制的加速遗传算法（AGA）来处理,应用AGA方法的实例计算结果说明,AGA比常用方法简便,计算精度高,且具有通用性。     

SMS模型在长洲水利枢纽下游水流模拟中的应用研究

文章以SMS模型为基础,针对我国流域特点,以长洲水利枢纽下游河段为例进行数值模拟研究,为建设项目河段水流形态的研究探索可行的有效的新途径。     

Probabilistic Water Demand Forecasting Using Projected Climatic Data for Blue Mountains Water Supply System in Australia

Long term water demand forecasting is needed for the efficient planning and management of water supply systems. A Monte Carlo simulation approach is adopted in this paper to quantify the uncertainties in long term water demand prediction due to the stochastic nature of predictor variables and their correlation structures. Three future climatic scenarios (A1B, A2 and B1) and four different levels of water restrictions are considered in the demand forecasting for single and multiple dwelling residential sectors in the Blue Mountains region, Australia. It is found that future water demand in 2040 would rise by 2 to 33 % (median rise by 11 %) and 72 to 94 % (median rise by 84 %) for the single and multiple dwelling residential sectors, respectively under different climatic and water restriction scenarios in comparison to water demand in 2010 (base year). The uncertainty band for single dwelling residential sector is found to be 0.3 to 0.4 GL/year, which represent 11 to 13 % variation around the median forecasted demand. It is found that the increase in future water demand is not notably affected by the projected climatic conditions but by the increase in the dwelling numbers in future i.e. the increase in total population. The modelling approach presented in this paper can provide realistic scenarios of forecasted water demands which would assist water authorities in devising appropriate management strategies to enhance the resilience of the water supply systems. The developed method can be adapted to other water supply systems in Australia and other countries.     

偏最小二乘回归模型在城市需水预测中的应用

科学地预测城市需水量对城市的发展具有十分重要的意义.城市需水量受到多重因素的影响,各因素之间的相关性较大,从而导致一些预测计算结果失真,使一些公式的适用性不是很强.为此,采用偏最小二乘回归建模,借助主成分分析与典型相关分析的思路,采用成分提取的方法,有效地解决了各因子之间的相关问题,建立了城市生活用水量预报模型,并对模型进行了辅助分析,模型的拟合和预报精度均较好.     

天津市城市用水量模拟方法的研究

通过对时间序列分析方法的研究总结 ,提出了以季节性指数平滑法对城市用水量进行预测模拟。建立了城市用水量预测模型 ,并应用于天津市用水量的预测。经预测残差和自相关分析 ,证明该预测模型可以满足工程需要。     

宝泉抽水蓄能电站输水系统取消尾水调压室研究

宝泉抽水蓄能电站总装机容量为4×300MW,水轮机额定水头为510m,输水系统全长约2380m,共分两个水力单元,每个水力单元的机组上游侧为一洞两机形式输水,机组下游侧为两机一洞形式输水,引水道长约1490m,尾水道长约890m。宝泉工程长尾水道通过扩大尾水隧洞洞径取消了尾水调压室,该设计可供类似工程参考。     

计算溢流坝下游收缩断面水深的方法

溢流坝下游收缩断面水深 hc 的计算对水工消能设计十分重要． 目前常用的方法有试算法、图解法和迭代法，这些方法计算精度不高，人工计算量大或要求较高的计算数学的理论知识等，不便于在生产实际中推广应用． 为此，把 hc 的计算问题归结为非线性优化问题，用作者研制的加速遗传算法 （AGA） 来处理． 应用 AGA 方法的实例计算结果说明 AGA 比常用方法简便 计算精度高且具有通用性．