工作流模型检测研究

研究了利用模型检测技术对WPDL描述的工作流模型的正确性的检测方法，提出了工作流模型的正确性检测指标及其CTL*公式描述，以及博弈算法实现工作流模型的正确性检测，该方法的特点是具有较强的检测指标描述能力及高效的检测算法。     

Symmetry and model checking

We show how to exploit symmetry in model checking for concurrent systems containing many identical or isomorphic components. We focus in particular on those composed of many isomorphic processes. In many cases we are able to obtain significant, even exponential, savings in the complexity of model checking.The author's work was supported in part by NSF Grant CCR 941-5496, Semiconductor Research Corporation Contract 95-DP-388, and Texas Advanced Technology Program Grant 003658-250.The author's work was supported in part by NSF Grant CCR-9212183.     

Distributed breadth-first search LTL model checking

We propose a parallel distributed memory on-the-fly algorithm for enumerative LTL model checking. The algorithm is designed for networks of workstations communicating via MPI. The detection of cycles (faulty runs) effectively employs the so-called back-level edges. In particular, a parallel level synchronized breadth-first search of the graph is performed to discover all back-level edges, and for each level the back-level edges are checked in parallel by a nested search procedure to confirm or refute the presence of a cycle. Several improvements of the basic algorithm are presented and advantages and drawbacks of their application to distributed LTL model checking are discussed.Research partially supported by grant No. 1ET-408050503 and the Grant Agency of Czech Republic grant No. 201/03/0509.

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Efficient reduction of finite state model checking to reachability analysis

Two types of temporal properties are usually distinguished: safety and liveness. Recently we have shown how to verify liveness properties of finite state systems using safety checking. In this article we extend the translation scheme to typical combinations of temporal operators. We discuss optimizations that limit the overhead of our translation. Using the notions of predicated diameter and radius we obtain revised bounds for our translation scheme. These notions also give a tight bound on the minimal completeness bound for simple liveness properties. Experimental results show the feasibility of the approach for complex examples. For one example, even an exponential speedup can be observed.     

一种有效的基于LTL和Petri网的模型检测方法

模型检测的一个主要方法是构建线性与时序逻辑（LTL）公式φ的否定形式等价的Büchi自动机Aφ和系统模型M的正交积，并检测正交积的可接受语言是否为空。通过对Generalized Büchi自动机进行化简，可以减小自动机的状态空间，从而提高模型检测的效率。根据所提出的方法设计并实现的基于LTL和Petri网进行模型检测的工具包，可以有效地对基于Petri网表示的系统模型进行模型检测。     

用LTL模型检验的方法验证SpaceWire检错机制

SpaceWire是应用于航空航天领域的高速通信总线协议,对SpaceWire设计正确性与可靠性要求极高,由于传统的验证方法,存在不完备性等缺陷,对SpaceWire的严格验证一直是备受关注的问题之一。模型检验以其验证的完备性得到设计人员的重视。提出用线性时态逻辑（LTL）模型检验的方法验证SpaceWire系统的检错机制。在检错模块中,该方法与用分支时态逻辑（CTL）验证方法相比,BDD分配数和状态数明显减少,提高了验证效率,还验证了错误优先级;对检错模块处理的五种错误的发生进行验证,验证结果均为正确。该方法实现了对检错机制的完备性验证。     

Model checking LTL with regular valuations for pushdown systems

Recent works have proposed pushdown systems as a tool for analyzing programs with (recursive) procedures, and the model-checking problem for LTL has received special attention. However, all these works impose a strong restriction on the possible valuations of atomic propositions: whether a configuration of the pushdown system satisfies an atomic proposition or not can only depend on the current control state of the pushdown automaton and on its topmost stack symbol. In this paper we consider LTL with regular valuations: the set of configurations satisfying an atomic proposition can be an arbitrary regular language. The model-checking problem is solved via two different techniques, with an eye on efficiency. The resulting algorithms are polynomial in certain measures of the problem which are usually small, but can be exponential in the size of the problem instance. However, we show that this exponential blowup is inevitable. The extension to regular valuations allows to model problems in different areas; for instance, we show an application to the analysis of systems with checkpoints. We claim that our model-checking algorithms provide a general, unifying and efficient framework for solving them.     

LTL公式到自动机的转换

在LTL公式和自动机理论的基础上,给出了一种从LTL公式到自动机的转换算法.该算法先简化LTL公式,然后再对简化的LTL公式转换,形成选择Buchi自动机.此算法与其他算法相比,具有可扩展性的优点,可以在此基础上形成属性描述语言PSL向自动机的转换.     

Combining search space partition and abstraction for LTL model checking

The state space explosion problem is still the key obstacle for applying model checking to systems of industrial size. Abstraction-based methods have been particularly successful in this regard. This paper presents an approach based on refinement of search space partition and abstraction which combines these two techniques for reducing the complexity of model checking. The refinement depends on the representation of each portion of search space. Especially, search space can be refined stepwise to get a better reduction. As reported in the case study, the integration of search space partition and abstraction improves the efficiency of verification with respect to the requirement of memory and obtains significant advantage over the use of each of them in isolation.     

A vertex centric parallel algorithm for linear temporal logic model checking in Pregel

Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) Model Checking is a very important and popular technique for the automatic verification of safety-critical hardware and software systems, aiming at ensuring their quality. However, it is well known that LTL model checking suffers from the state explosion problem, often leading to insurmountable scalability problems when applying it to real-world systems. While there has been work on distributed algorithms for explicit on-the-fly LTL model checking, these are not sufficiently scalable and capable of tolerating faults during computation, significantly limiting their usefulness in huge cluster environments. Moreover, implementing these algorithms is generally viewed as a very challenging, error-prone task. In this paper, we instead rely on Pregel, a simple yet powerful model for distributed computation on large graphs. Pregel has from the start been designed for efficient, scalable and fault tolerant operation on clusters of thousands of computers, including large cloud setups. To harness Pregel’s power, we propose a new vertex centric distributed algorithm for explicit LTL model checking of concurrent systems. Experimental results illustrate feasibility and scalability of the proposed algorithm. Compared with other distributed algorithms, our algorithm is more scalable, reliable and efficient.     

Another Look at LTL Model Checking

We show how LTL model checking can be reduced to CTL model checking with fairness constraints. Using this reduction, we also describe how to construct a symbolic LTL model checker that appears to be quite efficient in practice. In particular, we show how the SMV model checking system developed by McMillan [16] can be extended to permit LTL specifications. The results that we have obtained are quite surprising. For the specifications which can be expressed in both CTL and LTL, the LTL model checker required at most twice as much time and space as the CTL model checker. We also succeeded in verifying non-trivial LTL specifications. The amount of time and space that is required is quite reasonable. Based on the examples that we considered, it appears that efficient LTL model checking is possible when the specifications are not excessively complicated.     

一种基于投影时序逻辑模型检测的入侵检测方法

基于时序逻辑模型检测的入侵检测技术降低了误用检测的漏报率,然而却几乎不能描述并发攻击和分段攻击,因而对这些复杂的攻击模式漏报率仍很高。本文针对该问题,提出了一种基于投影时序逻辑模型检测的入侵检测方法。对若干复杂攻击实例的检测表明,新方法可有效降低对并发攻击和分段攻击的漏报率。     

Efficient model checking for LTL with partial order snapshots

Certain behavioral properties of distributed systems are difficult to express in interleaving semantics, whereas they are naturally expressed in terms of partial orders of events or, equivalently, Mazurkiewicz traces. Two examples of such properties are serializability of a database and global snapshots of concurrent systems. Recently, a modest extension for LTL by an operator that expresses snapshots, has been proposed. It combines the ease of linear (interleaving) specification with this useful partial order concept. The new construct allows one to assert that a global snapshot appeared in the past, perhaps not in the observed execution sequence, but possibly in an equivalent one.     

模糊交互时态逻辑的模型检测

交互时态逻辑已被广泛应用于开放系统的规范描述,交互时态逻辑的模型检测技术是一个比较重要的验证方法。为了形式化描述和验证具有模糊不确定性信息的开放系统的性质,提出了一种模糊交互时态逻辑,并讨论了它的模型检测问题。首先,引入了模糊交互时态逻辑的基于路径和基于不动点的两种语义,证明了其等价性。然后,基于其等价性,给出了模糊交互时态逻辑的模型检测算法和复杂性分析。     

Redundancy checking algorithms based on parallel novel extension rule

Abstract

Redundancy checking (RC) is a key knowledge reduction technology. Extension rule (ER) is a new reasoning method, first presented in 2003 and well received by experts at home and abroad. Novel extension rule (NER) is an improved ER-based reasoning method, presented in 2009. In this paper, we first analyse the characteristics of the extension rule, and then present a simple algorithm for redundancy checking based on extension rule (RCER). In addition, we introduce MIMF, a type of heuristic strategy. Using the aforementioned rule and strategy, we design and implement RCHER algorithm, which relies on MIMF. Next we design and implement an RCNER (redundancy checking based on NER) algorithm based on NER. Parallel computing greatly accelerates the NER algorithm, which has weak dependence among tasks when executed. Considering this, we present PNER (parallel NER) and apply it to redundancy checking and necessity checking. Furthermore, we design and implement the RCPNER (redundancy checking based on PNER) and NCPPNER (necessary clause partition based on PNER) algorithms as well. The experimental results show that MIMF significantly influences the acceleration of algorithm RCER in formulae on a large scale and high redundancy. Comparing PNER with NER and RCPNER with RCNER, the average speedup can reach up to the number of task decompositions when executed. Comparing NCPNER with the RCNER-based algorithm on separating redundant formulae, speedup increases steadily as the scale of the formulae is incrementing. Finally, we describe the challenges that the extension rule will be faced with and suggest possible solutions.     

Combining search space partition and search Space partition and abstraction for LTL model checking

The state space explosion problem is still the key obstacle for applying model checking to systems of industrial size.Abstraction-based methods have been particularly successful in this regard.This paper presents an approach based on refinement of search space partition and abstraction which combines these two techniques for reducing the complexity of model checking.The refinement depends on the representation of each portion of search space. Especially, search space can be refined stepwise to get a better reduction. As reported in the case study, the Integration of search space partition and abstraction improves the efficiencyof verification with respect to the requirement of memory and obtains significant advantage over the use of each of them in isolation.     

Bounded model checking of infinite state systems

Bounded model checking (BMC) is an attractive alternative to symbolic model checking, since it often allows a more efficient verification. The idea of BMC is to reduce the model checking problem to a satisfiability problem of the underlying base logic, so that sophisticated decision procedures can be utilized to check the resulting formula. We present a new approach to BMC that extends current methods in three ways: First, instead of a reduction to propositional logic which restricts BMC to finite state systems, we focus on infinite state systems and therefore consider more powerful, yet decidable base logics. Second, instead of directly unwinding temporal logic formulas, we use special translations to ω-automata that take into account the temporal logic hierarchy and maintain safety and liveness properties. Third, we employ both global and local model checking procedures to take advantage of the different types of specifications that can be handled by these techniques. Based on three-valued logic, our bounded model checking procedures may either prove or disprove a specification, or they may explicitly state that no information has been obtained due to insufficient bounds.

Compositional encoding for bounded model checking

Verification techniques like SAT-based bounded model checking have been successfully applied to a variety of system models. Applying bounded model checking to compositional process algebras is, however, a highly non-trivial task. One challenge is that the number of system states for process algebra models is not statically known, whereas exploring the full state space is computationally expensive. This paper presents a compositional encoding of hierarchical processes as SAT problems and then applies state-of-the-art SAT solvers for bounded model checking. The encoding avoids exploring the full state space for complex systems so as to deal with state space explosion. We developed an automated analyzer which combines complementing model checking techniques (i.e., bounded model checking and explicit onthe-fly model checking) to validate system models against event-based temporal properties. The experiment results show the analyzer handles large systems.     

CSL model checking algorithms for QBDs

We present an in-depth treatment of model checking algorithms for a class of infinite-state continuous-time Markov chains known as quasi-birth death processes. The model class is described in detail, as well as the logic CSL to express properties of interest. Using a new property-independency concept, we provide model checking algorithms for all the CSL operators. Special emphasis is given to the time-bounded until operator for which we present a new and efficient computational procedure named uniformization with representatives. By the use of an application-driven dynamic stopping criterion, the algorithm stops whenever the property to be checked can be certified (or falsified). A comprehensive case study of a connection management system shows the versatility of our new algorithms.