Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings.

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 134(3) of Psychological Bulletin (see record 2008-04614-006). In the article "Neuropsychological Impairments in Schizophrenia: Integration of Performance-Based and Brain Imaging Findings," by Abraham Reichenberg and Philip D. Harvey (Psychological Bulletin, 2007, Vol. 133, No. 5, pp. 833-858), on page 837, right column, first paragraph; in Table 1 (p. 835); and in Table 2 (p. 843), the word perseverations was misspelled as preservations. In addition, on page 846, left column, third paragraph, the last word in the sentence was incorrect. The correct word should be hyperactivation.] Until recently, the dominant view was that schizophrenia patients have limited, if any, neuropsychological impairments, and those that are observed are only secondary to the florid symptoms of the disorder. This view has dramatically changed. This review integrates recent evidence demonstrating the severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia. We present quantitative evaluation of the literature demonstrating that the most severe impairments are apparent in episodic memory and executive control processes, evident on a background of a generalized cognitive deficit. The neuropsychological impairments potentially represent genetic liability to the disorder, as similar, yet milder, impairments are evident in schizophrenia patients even before the onset of psychotic symptoms, as well as in the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Corresponding cognitive neuroimaging literature on executive functions, episodic memory, and working memory in schizophrenia documenting abnormalities in frontal and medial temporal lobes is summarized, and current models integrating neuropsychological and neuroimaging data are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Placement Report: 1973 and 1974.

This report is the fifth in a series (Gates & Cummings, 1970, 1972; Cummings & Gates, 1971, 1973) and covers the fifth and sixth years of an annual survey of placement activities in psychology. Data come from listings at the annual conventions of the seven regional psychological associations, in addition to prelistings in the annual APA Regional Placement Bulletin. Also included in the data are listings in the monthly APA Employment Bulletin for the February through June issues. These months are included in order to provide continuity with previous reports. It seems likely that the rationale for selecting that time period initially was to cover the period of greatest placement activity for academic recruitment, the major source of employment for psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the fit of models to covariances and methodology to the Bulletin..

Notes that 7 of the 10 top-cited articles in the Psychological Bulletin deal with methodological topics. One of these is the P. M. Bentler and D. G. Bonett (1980) article on the assessment of fit in covariance structure models. Some context is provided on the popularity of this article. In addition, a citation study of methodology articles appearing in the Bulletin since 1978 was carried out. It verified that publications in design, evaluation, measurement, and statistics continue to be important to psychological research. Some thoughts are offered on the role of the journal in making developments in these areas more accessible to psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychological Bulletin.

This article is reprinted from the Psychological Bulletin, 1965, 63, 73. There will be an important change in editorial policy for the Psychological Bulletin which will be put into effect for Volume 63, 1965. This was made possible by action of the Board of Directors and Council of the Association in doubling the number of pages per year for the Bulletin. The editors will welcome methodological articles, including all phases of methodology, whether experimental, analytical, or statistical. Although such articles have been accepted in the past, the invitation stressed methodological reviews. The characteristics methodological articles should have are discussed here. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Central Office placement report: 1969.

Examined placement listings at 6 regional conventions, the American Psychological Association (APA) Regional Placement Bulletin, and the monthly APA Employment Bulletin (February through June, 1969). Overall, there were 1,931 unduplicated positions and 1,753 unduplicated applicants. Colleges and universities were the most frequent employment setting. Employers generally were successful in locating applicants with the desired educational requirements. For PhDs, there was a surplus of applicants for clinical/counseling positions, while there was a surplus in industrial psychology for those with less than a PhD. Salaries associated with different settings and educational backgrounds are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sexual satisfaction and sociological factors

Using the interview method, three sexologists examined over a period of 36 years the sexual development and life of 2425 gynecological patients who were sent to Frant. Lázn? (Franzensbad) for post-treatment of conditions following gynecological inflammations or surgery. They had all been married at least one year and when interviewed were 20-40 years old. After their division into individual decades of birth between 1911 and 1970 it was ascertained that the percentage of coitally orgastic women continuously increased from 31% to 80%. This was accompanied by a distinct increase of coital activity. On the basis of results of new sociological studies the authors try to explain the increase of sexual satisfaction mainly through changes in the course of sexual life of women. These were caused through changes of social milieu not only after the second world war but also in the course of the whole twentieth century. The authors are of the opinion that the sexual satisfaction in women will remain due to biological differences always somewhat lower than in men.     

Message from the President.

The Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science is the fourth venture in journal publication of the Canadian Psychological Association. The first was the Bulletin, a modest little quarterly which from 1940 to 1946 served the association as an embryonic scientific journal and newsletter. By 1946 the number of reports of scholarly and scientific works which it received indicated clearly that a proper scientific journal was required. Hence, in 1947 the association undertook its second, but first major journal publishing venture, the Canadian Journal of Psychology. This replaced the Bulletin. In 1950, the association established another journal to serve as a house organ and named it the Canadian Psychologist. In May 1967, the association decided that if funds could be found, a journal devoted to theory, research, and application in the areas of psychology concerned with social problems would be established and called the Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. In January 1968 President W. H. Coons reported the gratifying news that the Canada Council had agreed to provide the needed funds. With the wholehearted support of the members of the association the Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science should soon become a sister of the Canadian Journal of Psychology of which the Canadian psychological community can be justly proud. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Psychotherapy as a problem in learning theory.

This reprinted article originally appeared in Psychological Bulletin, 46, 366–302. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1950-01904-001.) A learning theory interpretation of psychotherapy is offered "to effect a rapprochement between psychotherapy and general psychology, and to organize some of the phenomena of clinical practice within the framework of systematic behavior theory." 66-item bibliography. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Simonton.

Reports an error in the original article by D. K. Simonton (Psychological Bulletin, 1977 [May], Vol No. 84, 489-502). There is an error on page 497. Contrary to the author's statement, each and every independent variable (namely, the dummy, time, and product terms) should be transformed in the same manner as the dependent variable, using Equation 4. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1978-00178-001.) In the past, statistical analyses for time-series experiments have usually operated with a single-case model, thereby limiting the general applicability of the designs. In this article, alternative analytical procedures are developed for cross-sectional time-series in which the sample size is large and the number of observations per case is relatively small. Interrupted time series, equivalent time samples, and multiple time series are all treated within a multiple regression framework. A generalized least squares estimation procedure is outlined as a more suitable alternative to the G. E. Box and G. M. Jenkins (1970) approach. Some of the special advantages of the designs are briefly discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to articles by Keselman and Keselman and Murray.

In the articles, "The Statistic With the Smaller Critical Value," by H. J. Keselman (Psychological Bulletin, 1974, Vol. 81, No. 2, pp. 130-131) in record 1975-22206-001, and "Tukey Tests for Pair-wise Contrasts Following the Analysis of Variance: Is There a Type IV Error?" by H. J. Keselman and Robert Murray (Psychological Bulletin, 1974, Vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 608-609) in record 1975-02174-001, there is an error regarding Jacob Cohen's (Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences; New York: Academic Press, 1969) effect size index, f. The f values and their respective proportions of variance in the two articles are larger than the values that Cohen has operationally defined as small, medium, and large. However, it is important to note that this misrepresentation neither invalidates nor limits the usefulness of the multiple-comparison results. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Histamine modulation of glutamate release from hippocampal synaptosomes

We have discovered two substituted 4-aminopiperidine compounds having high in vitro affinity and selectivity for the human dopamine D1 receptor. Both compounds, 3-ethoxy-N-methyl-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-pyridinylamine (U-99363E), and its 3-isopropoxy analog (U-101958), were found through a routine receptor binding screen. The determined affinities (Ki) of these compounds for the cloned human dopamine D4 receptor were 2.2 and 1.4 nM, respectively. They exhibited at least 100-fold lower affinities for dopamine D2 and for other dopaminergic, serotonergic and adrenergic receptors. Both compounds were found to antagonize quinpirole-induced mitogenesis in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the human dopamine D4 receptor. In spite of their poor metabolic stability and low bioavailability. U-99363E and U-101958 appear to be among the first high-affinity, highly selective dopamine D4 receptor antagonists reported, and may have utility in in vitro investigations requiring selective tagging or blockade of dopamine D4 sites.     

Monitoring system change: a new need for an old tool

Like many of the contributors to the early development of anaesthesia in Germany. Prof. Fritz Lotsch (1879-1958) was a surgeon. His acknowledged clinical teachers were Habs. Magdeburg, (1904-1907) in surgery and Benda, Berlin, (1909-1911) in pathology. Lotsch worked at the famous Charité in Berlin under Hildebrand (1908-1909 and 1911-1924) and later as chief surgeon in Burg (1925-1946) and Magdeburg (1946-1952). Lotsch's main contributions to anaesthesia were the development of devices for the administration of inhalation anaesthesia. In cooperation with the Georg Haertel Company he recommended as early as 1910 a "positive pressure anaesthesia apparatus". He improved this device and demonstrated repeatedly the advantages of the Kuhn principle of endotracheal intubation. As early as 1903 Lotsch reported on clinical experience with the recently developed barbiturate "Veronal". Later he reported on advantages and disadvantages of combined anaesthesia using inhalation anaesthetics, opiates and barbiturates. In 1913 he recommended a special double cannula for intravenous infusion purposes which was only rediscovered decades later.     

The existence of a precursor of cathepsin D: evidence from autolysis, denaturation and activation studies

This report evidences that the single polypeptide chain of cathepsin D undergoes in vitro autolysis resulting in heavy (Mr about 30000) and light (Mr about 15000) polypeptide chains. These two chains are held together through non-covalent interaction, thus constituting a stable active conformation. Fluorescence and circular dichroism measurements demonstrate the irreversible denaturation of cathepsin D. The existence of cathepsin D precursor, cathepsinogen D, of about 50000 molecular weight was proved. Cathepsinogen D is converted to the active enzyme by intramolecular activation, releasing activation-inhibitory peptide(s).     

"Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings": Correction.

Reports an error in "Neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia: Integration of performance-based and brain imaging findings" by Abraham Reichenberg and Philip D. Harvey (Psychological Bulletin, 2007[Sep], Vol 133[5], 833-858). In the article, on page 837, right column, first paragraph; in Table 1 (p. 835); and in Table 2 (p. 843), the word perseverations was misspelled as preservations. In addition, on page 846, left column, third paragraph, the last word in the sentence was incorrect. The correct word should be hyperactivation. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2007-12463-006.) Until recently, the dominant view was that schizophrenia patients have limited, if any, neuropsychological impairments, and those that are observed are only secondary to the florid symptoms of the disorder. This view has dramatically changed. This review integrates recent evidence demonstrating the severity and profile of neuropsychological impairments in schizophrenia. We present quantitative evaluation of the literature demonstrating that the most severe impairments are apparent in episodic memory and executive control processes, evident on a background of a generalized cognitive deficit. The neuropsychological impairments potentially represent genetic liability to the disorder, as similar, yet milder, impairments are evident in schizophrenia patients even before the onset of psychotic symptoms, as well as in the nonpsychotic relatives of schizophrenia patients. Corresponding cognitive neuroimaging literature on executive functions, episodic memory, and working memory in schizophrenia documenting abnormalities in frontal and medial temporal lobes is summarized, and current models integrating neuropsychological and neuroimaging data are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Correction to Holland and Copenhaver.

Reports an error in "Improved Bonferroni-type multiple testing procedures" by Burt S. Holland and Margaret D. Copenhaver (Psychological Bulletin, 1988[Jul], Vol 104[1], 145-149). An error was made in the author note on page 145. Correspondence should be addressed to Burt S. Holland, Department of Statistics, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122. Margaret DiPonzio Copenhaver is now at Merck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 1988-34705-001.) The Bonferroni multiple comparisons procedure is customarily used when doing several simultaneous tests of significance in relatively nonstandard situations in which other methods do not apply. We review some new and improved competitors to the Bonferroni procedure, that although constraining generalized Type I error probability to be at most α, afford increased power in exchange for increased complexity in implementation. An improvement to the weighted form of the Bonferroni procedure is also presented. Several data sets are reanalyzed with the new methods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Vitamin D increases expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase gene in adrenal medullary cells

We examined expression of the 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2 D3] receptors in chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the effects of 1,25(OH)2 D3 on expression of the tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene. Accumulation of 1,25(OH)2 D3 in the nuclei of adrenal medullary cells, but not in the adrenal cortex, was observed in mice intravenously injected with radioactively labeled hormone. 1,25(OH)2 D3 produced concentration-dependent increases in the TH mRNA levels in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells (BAMC). The maximal increases (2-3-fold) occurred at 10(-8) M 1,25(OH)2 D3. Combined treatment with 1,25(OH)2 D3 and 20 microM nicotine had no additive effect on TH mRNA levels suggesting that transsynaptic (nicotinic) and vitamin D (hormonal) stimulation of TH gene expression are mediated through converging mechanisms. Induction of TH mRNA by 1,25(OH)2 D3 was not affected by calcium antagonist TMB-8. By increasing expression of the rate limiting enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway, 1,25-(OH)2 D3 may participate in the regulation of catecholamine production in adrenal chromaffin cells. This regulation provides mechanisms through which 1,25(OH)2 D3 may control response and adaptation to stress.     

Placement report: 1970.

The Annual Report of spring Placement activities is intended as one indicator of the job market. This article announces the placement report for the year 1970. The Report includes listings from six regional psychology conventions, the APA Regional Bulletin, the APA Employment Bulletin, and the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Soluble adhesion molecules correlate with liver inflammation and fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon-alpha

Investigators have recently identified a two-factor structure underlying posttraumatic stress symptoms through the use of exploratory factor analysis. [Taylor et al. (1988). The structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 154-160]. These two factors, which were labeled as Intrusion and Avoidance, and Hyperarousal and Numbing, are consistent with current theoretical models of posttraumatic stress disorder--PTSD [e.g. Foa et al. (1992). Uncontrollability and unpredictability in post-traumatic stress disorder: An animal model. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 218-238]. However, the authors of the Taylor et al. study issued caution in interpreting their findings because there has yet to be a systematic replication of their results. This paper presents a confirmatory factor analysis of the two-factor structure of posttraumatic stress symptoms in 217 survivors of serious motor vehicle accidents with varying degrees of PTSD symptoms. A hierarchical, confirmatory-factor analysis conducted with a structural equation modeling statistics package confirmed that the model proposed by Taylor et al. can adequately account for the presentation of PTSD symptoms in this sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. The implications for the assessment and diagnosis of PTSD are discussed.     

"Outcome Studies in Mental Hospitals: A Search for Criteria": Erratum.

Reports an error in the original article by Richard C. Erickson (Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1972[Aug] 39[1], 75-77. On page 77, the reference by D. J. Kiesler should be cited as: Psychological Bulletin, 1966, 65, 110-136. (The following abstract of this article originally appeared in record 1973-02848-001.) Considers issues raised by H. H. Strupp and A. E. Bergin in their review of individual treatment. It is argued that the task of determining whether therapy has been successful is conceptually more complicated for hospital programs. Individual therapy is presented as a 2-party contract between the patient and therapist while hospital programs are seen as a 6-party contract including the patient, state, local community, family, hospital staff, and therapist. The goals of each of the 6 parties are presented and some incompatabilities noted. Given the multiplicity of incompatible goals, it is suggested that various treatment programs may be designed for optimal success on the terms set by 1 of the 6 parties and evaluation of outcome may involve selecting whose outcome to assess. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Modulation of dopamine release from rat striatum by protein kinase C: interaction with presynaptic D2-dopamine-autoreceptors

1. Interactions between dopamine receptors and protein kinase C (PKC) have been proposed from biochemical studies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that there is an interaction between protein kinase C and inhibitory D2-dopamine receptors in the modulation of stimulation-induced (S-I) dopamine release from rat striatal slices incubated with [3H]-dopamine. Dopamine release can be modulated by protein kinase C and inhibitory presynaptic D2 receptors since phorbol dibutyrate (PDB) and (-)-sulpiride, respectively, elevated S-I dopamine release. 2. The protein kinase C inhibitors polymyxin B (21 microM) and chelerythrine (3 microM) had no effect on stimulation-induced (S-I) dopamine release. However, when presynaptic dopamine D2 receptors were blocked by sulpiride (1 microM), an inhibitory effect of both PKC inhibitors on S-I dopamine release was revealed. Thus, sulpiride unmasks an endogenous PKC effect on dopamine release which suggests that presynaptic D2 receptors normally suppress endogenous PKC activity. This is supported by results in striatal slices which were pretreated with PDB to down-regulate PKC. In this case the facilitatory effect of sulpiride was completely abolished. 3. The inhibitory effect of the dopamine D2/D3 agonist quinpirole on S-I dopamine release was partially attenuated by PKC down-regulation. Since the effect of sulpiride was completely abolished under the same conditions, this suggests that exogenous agonists may target a PKC-dependent as well as a PKC-independent pathway. The inhibitory effect of apomorphine was not affected by either polymyxin B or PKC down-regulation, suggesting that it operated exclusively through a PKC-independent mechanism. 4. These results suggest that there are at least two pathways involved in the inhibition of dopamine release through dopamine receptors. One pathway involves dopamine receptor suppression of protein kinase C activity, perhaps through inhibition of phospholipase C activity and this is preferentially utilized by neuronally-released dopamine. The other pathway which seems to be utilized by exogenous agonists does not involve PKC.