烧结工艺对低粘结相硬质合金性能及微观结构的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备WC-0.5Cr3C2-0.5Co和WC-8.2(W、Ta、Ti)C-1.0Co两种合金粉末,以1 480℃/90 min真空烧结工艺和1480℃/90 min/5MPa低压烧结工艺分别制备出WC-0.5Cr3C2-0.5Co和WC-8.2(W、Ta、Ti)C-1.0Co两种无粘结相硬质合金。利用X射线衍射分析技术研究合金的物相,利用扫描电镜与能谱仪对合金微观组织结构进行观察与分析。结果表明:真空烧结工艺制备的合金晶粒细小、硬度高;低压烧结工艺制备的合金致密度较高、晶粒粗大、硬度降低。此外,Ti原子的存在使WC晶界能各向异性,从而造成W原子在粘结相中的各向异性溶解-析出,导致形成少量的板条状WC晶粒。     

V和Cr对超细WC-Co硬质合金Co粘结相成分与WC/Co界面组织结构的影响

采用粉末冶金法制备WC-30Co,WC-30Co-1VC和WC-30Co-1Cr3C2硬质合金(成分含量为质量分数,下同),分别采用随炉冷却和水淬2种方式进行冷却,采用电子探针分析技术和高分辨率透射电镜,分析合金的Co相成分以及WC/Co界面结构,研究V和Cr元素对WC-30Co合金的Co粘结相成分与WC/Co界面结构的影响。结果表明:VC抑制晶粒长大的效果比Cr3C2更明显;在1 280~1 360℃下烧结时,V和Cr的添加可提高W在Co相中的固溶量,而在1 400℃烧结时,对W在Co相中的固溶量影响不大。水淬态合金的WC/Co界面发现层状的含Cr和V的析出相,且含V析出相的厚度明显大于含Cr析出相的厚度;可以推断界面析出相是在烧结过程而并非冷却过程中形成的;析出相的形成是Cr3C2和VC抑制WC晶粒长大的重要原因。     

WC-TiC-TaC无金属粘结相硬质合金的热压致密化与晶粒生长行为

采用Cr、V掺杂超细WC与TaTiC2型单一相成分WC-36.5TiC-24.5TaC复式碳化物粉末为原料,通过1 700℃、20 MPa热压工艺,制备WC-3.65TiC-2.45TaC-0.47Cr3C2-0.28VC无金属粘结相硬质合金。采用X射线衍射分析技术研究烧结过程中的物相转变,采用扫描电镜与能谱仪对合金微观组织结构特征进行观察与分析。结果表明,在高温、高压固相烧结过程中,发生了W原子向复式碳化物中的大量固溶、TaTiC2型固溶体向TiWC2型固溶体的物相转变以及固溶体中Ta、Ti原子向WC中的反向固溶。合金固相烧结致密化主要机制为W原子与Ta、Ti原子之间的非平衡体扩散机制以及高温、高压下物质的粘性/塑性流动机制。W原子在固溶体型复式碳化物粘结相中的各向异性溶解-析出会显著削弱晶粒生长抑制剂的功能,导致板状WC晶粒的形成。     

烧结碳气氛对CVD涂层刀片基体脱β层厚度的影响

为了研究烧结气氛对硬质合金脱β层厚度的影响，本研究以WC、Co、Ti(C,N)、(Ti,W)C和(Ta,Nb)C粉末为原料，通过脱氮气氛烧结制备了WC-(Ti,W)C-Ti(C,N)-(Ta,Nb)C-Co梯度硬质合金，并分析了Ti(C,N)含量和烧结碳气氛对合金微观组织与性能的影响规律。结果表明，添加Ti(C,N)将促进立方相向合金内部扩散，钴往外的扩散驱动力增强，在合金表面形成岛状或层状覆钴现象。烧结气氛主要是通过合金表面的碳含量来影响液相和立方相的迁移来影响脱β层的形成，随烧结炉碳气氛升高，脱β层厚度减少，添加0.9%Ti(C,N)制备的梯度硬质合金在低、中、高3种碳浓度气氛中脱β层厚度分别为20.2μm、10.7μm、0μm，因此，碳浓度气氛是影响脱β层厚度的一个重要因素。     

含板状晶WC双模组织结构硬质合金的研究

采用超细WC原料，在WC-20Co合金中加入纳米Y2O3，在1440℃的液相烧结温度下获得了含板状晶WC双模组织结构的合金。通过对比低于共晶温度下热压固结工艺与传统液相烧结工艺制备的WC-20Co=1Y2O3硬质合金的组织结构发现，液相烧结合金中WC板状晶是在液相烧结阶段通过液相重结晶形成的，均匀分散在合金中的Y2O3具有促进WC从粘结相中均匀析出长大、抑制WC沿C轴方向生长的作用，因而使合金中粗大的WC呈现板状晶的形貌。研究结果表明，板状晶强化的双模结构WC-20Co—1Y2O3合金具有较好的综合性能。     

不同粘结相WC基硬质合金微观结构与性能

以碳质量分数为理论含碳量的WC为硬质相，在1450℃下通过气压烧结制备WC-20Fe,WC-20Ni和WC-20Co硬质合金，通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、电子探针和力学性能测试研究了不同金属粘结相对烧结硬质合金微观结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：WC-20Fe合金出现η脱碳相(Fe₃W₃C),W在粘结相Fe中的溶解度仅有1.915%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最小。WC-20Ni合金渗碳出现石墨相(C),W在粘结相Ni中的溶解度达到10.753%(质量分数)，WC晶粒尺寸最大，合金硬度最小。WC-20Co合金为正常两相区组织(WC+γ)，具有最高抗弯强度2720 MPa和最大硬度934.41 kg·mm^-2。所有合金断裂模式均为脆性断裂和沿晶断裂，WC-20Co合金断口出现明显的粘结相撕裂。     

稀土对锌熔法再生WC-8Co合金微观组织的影响

以锌熔回收料为原料,用常规硬质合金生产工艺制备出再生WC-8Co硬质合金试样;用X射线衍射金相显微镜、场发射扫描电子显微镜/EDS能谱分析等测试方法研究了不同稀土钇添加方式制备的再生WC-8Co硬质合金孔隙、孔隙度、杂质形态及成分的差异,并采用截距法测量了WC晶粒尺寸及晶粒度分布。研究结果表明:添加稀土钇可抑制WC晶粒的非均匀长大,在一定程度上减小再生硬质合金的WC晶粒尺寸;可以显著减少再生硬质合金中的A类和B类孔隙,降低合金的孔隙度;稀土钇与杂质元素结合能够改善杂质相形态,由不规则和棒状Ca-S-O相转变为球状或类球形的Ca-Y-S-O相,并显著细化杂质相尺寸;采用复合粉的稀土添加方式使稀土钇元素分布更为均匀,微观组织和含稀土杂质相的均匀细化效果更加显著。     

纯WC材料与WC-10Co硬质合金腐蚀行为对比研究

本文以WC-10Co硬质合金作为对比研究对象,采用动电位极化、恒电位极化和阳极电位下的交流阻抗等电化学方法,研究纯WC材料在1 mol/L NaOH溶液中的阳极极化行为。采用扫描电镜和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)方法对不同电位极化后的样品表面进行表征,采用交流阻抗技术研究纯WC材料在阳极电位下的界面极化行为。结果表明：由于纯WC材料中无Co相存在,较WC-10Co硬质合金更耐腐蚀。在低电位极化后,纯WC材料样品表面显现明显微孔,WC-10Co硬质合金样品表面Co相被腐蚀而在WC晶粒间留下明显的沟槽。在高电位下,两种材料腐蚀形貌均为较复杂的三维结构。XPS分析结果表明,两种材料在不同电位极化下WC晶粒表面均被氧化并生成WO₂和WO₃,纯WC材料中WC/WC晶界和微孔因表面能高,在阳极电位下优先受到氧化进而溶解于碱液中。WC-10Co硬质合金中Co氧化形成沉淀层,阻止离子扩散,导致动电位极化曲线中伪钝化区的形成。     

表层富立方相超细晶梯度硬质合金微观结构

通过富氮气氛烧结WC?10TiC?0.5VC?0.5Cr2C3?12Co和WC?12Co硬质合金,研究梯度结构和均匀结构硬质合金的微观结构及力学性能.利用扫描电子显微镜观察合金断面的微观形貌,使用X射线衍射仪和能谱仪分析合金物相组成,并对合金表面和芯部的硬度与断裂韧性进行测试.结果表明:与均匀结构的WC?12Co硬质合...     

压力对放电等离子烧结硬质合金性能的影响

采用放电等离子技术(SPS)烧结WC-12Co硬质合金.主要研究了SPS烧结过程中压力对WC-12Co硬质合金致密化、显微组织及性能的影响,并探讨了压力对致密化和WC晶粒长大的影响机制.结果表明,提高SPS烧结压力提高了WC-12Co硬质合金的密度但导致了wC晶粒的长大.在较低的烧结温度下(1100℃)或较短的保温时间内(3 min),烧结压力对密度的影响较为显著.在较高的烧结温度(1150℃)时,烧结压力的提高导致合金中WC晶粒的明显长大.烧结压力对SPS烧结WC-12Co硬质合金力学性能的影响是通过对密度和WC晶粒尺寸的影响而起作用的.     

转炉炉壳热应力分析

根据实际转炉建立实体模型。以有限元为手段,考虑了炉衬和炉壳材料的物性参数随温度变化的特点和炉衬与炉壳之间膨胀间隙,计算了转炉炉壳在温度载荷和炉衬膨胀压力同时作用下的热应力。所得结果可为转炉炉壳设计提供依据。     

焦炭热性能指标意义浅析

通过对焦炭在高炉内的历程及其变化规律的剖析,阐述焦炭热性能指标的意义,形象地把焦炭在高炉内的损耗分为三部分(M1,M2,M3)。指出M2对焦比及焦炭价格有一定的指导作用。     

Results of treatment of cancer of the cardia

Cancer of the cardia is traditionally discussed with cardiac cancer of the lower portion of the esophagus and upper gastric cancer invading the esophagus, and the specific characteristics of cancer of the cardia have never been clearly defined. We reviewed the outcome of 172 patients with adenocarcinoma of the cardia who had undergone radical surgery between 1949 and 1994 in the Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery of the Cancer Institute Hospital. The centers of the tumors were located within 2 cm above and below the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach, and their longitudinal diameter was less than 8 cm. We divided the patients into an early period (1949-1979; n = 79) and a late period (1980-1994; n = 93), and focused on the historical transition. There were no differences in patient gender or histology between the two periods. However, the late period was associated with fewer cases of esophageal invasion and shorter longitudinal diameter, as the age of the population advanced. The number of advanced cancers such as the localized and infiltrative type had decreased, and early cancer and early clinical stage had become more common, but despite the fact that the number of early cancers had increased, extended dissection, such as thoracic and paraaortic lymph node dissection, was performed more frequently. By clinical stage, the long-term outcome markedly improved in Stage I patient in the late period, and tended to improve in Stage II and III patients. This appears to have been attributable to the prevention of micrometastasis by extended dissection, although the number of early cancers is another major potential cause. There were no differences in the outcome of Stage IV patients between the two periods, and further advances in multimodality therapy must be awaited. The range of resection is basically proximal gastrectomy, and if there are adequate indications, the prognosis is favorable. In view of the status of lymphatic flow and lymph node metastasis, and long-term results, lateroaortic lymph node dissection is important. Since the number of early cancer patients has been increasing, if intraabdominal recurrence is prevented, intrathoracic lymph node dissection will contribute greatly to the outcome of such patients.     

Effect of antibiotics of chemotaxis of human leukocytes

The effect of 20 different antibiotics on chemotaxis by human neutrophils was studied. Human leukocytes incubated with chloramphenicol, rifampin, sodium fusidate, and tetracyclines in vitro showed markedly depressed migration. The mechanisms by which these antibiotics affect leukotaxis are discussed.     

Quality of life of relatives of mental patients

Usage of quality of life of psychiatric patients' relatives as the parameter of estimation of the quality of psychiatric care is considered. By means of standard questionnaire elaborated by the authors as well as by means of both individual and group conversations the quality of life was analyzed in 40 relatives which lived together with psychiatric patients. Different spheres of their life and difficulties (financial, social-psychologic, production) were examined in families with such patients. The defects of psychiatric care that had direct influence on the quality of life of the psychiatric patients' relatives are outlined.     

The effect of amount of possession of the trait of hostility on accuracy of perception of hostility in others.

Some theories of personality hold that an individual's perception of others is influenced by his own personality characteristics; more specifically, that a trait of low social value will be projected more into others, and that insight into the possession of these characteristics reduces this distortion. These 2 hypotheses were tested by having a group of college students rate each other (including themselves) on degree of friendliness or hostility. Agreement with group rating about self yielded the insight score. In general, the hypotheses were supported; the "friendly" Ss were most accurate in their perception of others, and insight was positively associated with accurate perception. From Psyc Abstracts 36:04:4HL16M. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)