Effects of remanent field on an elliptical flaw and a crack in a poled piezoelectric ceramic

Commonly used piezoelectric ceramics such as PZT and PLZT are polarized ferroelectric polycrystals. After poling, remanent strains and a remanent polarization exist in a ceramic material. Remanent field can affect the electroelastic field and consequently plays a critical role in fracture of poled ceramics. Based on a linear constitutive law, the electroelastic field and the energy release rate of an elliptical cavity (or a crack) in a poled piezoelectric are re-examined in this study by including the effects of remanent field. It is noted that the remanent field generally has a minor effect on the stress field and a pronounced effect on the electric field at the apex of the major axis of an elliptical flaw. When the permittivity of the cavity is small, the effect of remanent polarization is similar to that of a very strong electric field applied along the poling direction. However, for the case of a conducting flaw, the remanent field does not influence the electroelastic field and energy release rate. Energy release rate of a flaw in a poled ferroelectric ceramic with and without the remanent polarization is generally different.     

On the effects of an electric field on the fracture toughness of poled piezoelectric ceramics

Central crack specimens have been used to study the effects of an applied electric field on the fracture toughness of poled soft lead zirconate titanate ceramics (PZT-5). The ultrasonic lapping technique was used to machine the central crack of the specimens used. The present experimental study illustrated that changing the field from negative to positive reduced the fracture toughness of a specimen subjected to an applied electric field. These experimental results were in agreement with the observations made by Park and Sun (J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 78 (1995) 1475) and Heyer et al. (Acta Mater. 46 (1998) 6615). Finite element results were employed to compare with the experimental data. Four fracture criteria, i.e. total energy release rate, mechanical energy release rate, local energy release rate and strain energy release rate, were compared with the experimental results. It was found the local energy release rate, which was defined based on a strip electric saturation model, was in broad agreement with the experimental observations. Moreover, it was found that the strain energy density criterion was unable to describe the effect of electric field on fracture toughness when a large electric field was applied.     

压电陶瓷的非线性特性校正研究

讨论了非线性对正弦相位调制Fabry-Perot(F-P)干涉术的影响.当用分块积分讨论相调F-P干涉术的输出光强,并作近似处理时,就可以给出类似的结果,所以把这种方法进一步推广到对相调F-P干涉术的研究中.同时提出了两种测量压电陶瓷非线性系数的方法,在实际测量得到的非线性系数基础上,完成`影响大小的数值计算和实验研究.最后证明提出,相调F-P干涉术的初相位应选择在π/4附近以及它可用于测量精细表面的粗糙度或其轮廓.     

双相压电介质中界面附近圆孔的动态性能分析

采用Green函数法研究界面附近含圆形孔洞的双相压电介质对时间谐和SH波的散射问题。首先利用复变函数的方法构造出适合于本文问题的位移Green函数和电场Green函数。然后利用契合思想，根据界面上的连续性条件建立起求解问题的第一类Fredholm型积分方程，得到了圆孔孔边周向剪应力的动应力集中系数和周向电场强度集中系数的解析表达式。最后作为算例，给出了界面附近圆孔边界的两组集中系数随入射波频率、材料的几何参数和物理参数变化的计算结果图，部分计算结果与已有文献进行了比较。     

PMMN系压电陶瓷表面化学镀镍

以次亚磷酸钠为还原剂，在PMMN系压电陶瓷表面进行碱性化学镀镍作为电极使用；确定了适用于PMMN系压电陶瓷体系的碱性镀液和镀镍工艺参数；通过SEaM对镀镍层表面进行了分析，研究了施镀时间对镀镍层厚度的影响，镀镍时间在15～20min较佳。实验结果表明，PMMN压电陶瓷表面化学镀镍层均匀、致密无开裂现象．     

从发明专利看无铅压电陶瓷的研究与发展——无铅压电陶瓷20年发明专利分析之一

无铅压电陶瓷的研究与开发已引起世界各国的高度重视。本文综合分析了近20年无铅压电陶瓷发明专利约140篇。从发明专利角度评述了无铅压电陶瓷的研究与发展现状，简要介绍了目前受到广泛研究的BaTiO3(BT)基无铅压电陶瓷、Bi1/2Na1/2TiO3(BNT)基无铅压电陶瓷、铋层状结构无铅压电陶瓷及铌酸盐系无铅压电陶瓷，并侧重介绍这些无铅压电陶瓷的组分、性能和制备方法。从无铅压电陶瓷发明专利的进展可以看出，在过去20年中，为促进人类社会的可持续发展，无铅压电陶瓷得到了广泛的研究和开发，并取得重要进展。     

铌酸钾钠基无铅压电陶瓷的相变特性和掺杂改性研究进展

人类社会可持续发展的要求以及一些发达国家有关电子产品无铅化法规的全面实施,近年来无铅压电陶瓷的研究与开发受到极大关注.碱金属铌酸盐系压电陶瓷以其优越的压电性能和较高居里温度受到人们高度重视.结合近年有关KNbO3-NaNbO3(KNN)基无铅压电陶瓷的报道,着重从KNN基压电陶瓷的相变特性、掺杂改性和引入第三组元等几个方面,介绍了相关研究的现状,并对KNN基压电陶瓷的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3基A位多重复合无铅压电陶瓷的研制

针对钛酸铋钠(Bi0．5Na0．5TiO3)基复合钙钛矿压电铁电材料,发明了多种新的AB03型A位多重复合无铅压电陶瓷体系。这些新的无铅压电陶瓷具有压电铁电性能优良、铁电电滞回线矩形度高、压电铁电性能的温度特性好、工艺稳定性和重复性好等特点。所测得的一个体系(Bi0．5(Na1-x-yKxLiy)0．5TiO3)的d33达230pC／N,其kp达0．40,Pr达40μC/cm^2,矫顽场Ec则较低(小于4kV／mm);变温铁电电滞回线测试表明,在温度接近200℃时,该陶瓷还具有很好的铁电电滞回线。该体系无铅压电陶瓷性能优异,工艺性好,具有实用性。     

造孔剂含量对多孔BiScO3-PbTiO3高温压电陶瓷性能的影响

为研究造孔剂含量对多孔BiScO_3-PbTiO_3(记作BS-PT)高温压电陶瓷性能的影响,采用炭黑作为造孔剂,通过传统固相烧结法对不同初始固相体积分数的准同型相界附近的BS-PT/炭黑混合物制备出多孔高温压电陶瓷.利用X射线衍射仪对多孔陶瓷进行物相分析,通过扫描电子显微镜观察样品的新鲜断面和抛光热腐蚀后的表面显微结构,并对其压电、介电和水声性能进行研究.结果表明:制备的不同初始BS-PT体积分数多孔压电陶瓷均为立方钙钛矿相结构,孔隙通道密实化清晰可见,没有显著的缺陷,气孔的形状是长条形的,长度从几微米到几十甚至上百微米不一,气孔之间是孤立的;随着造孔剂炭黑的体积分数从20%增加至50%,气孔率线性地从8.3%增加至22.1%,εr、d33及d31逐渐下降,静水压优值(HFOM)逐渐增大.多孔压电陶瓷的性能强烈依赖于孔隙空间结构,如气孔率、孔径、孔隙形态及连接方式.     

(K0.5 Na0.5)1-xLixNb1-ySbyO3系无铅压电陶瓷的弥散相变研究

采用传统陶瓷工艺制备了(K0.5 Na0.5)1-xLixNb1-ySbyO3(KNLNSx-y,x=0～10%(摩尔分数),y=2%～8%(摩尔分数))系无铅压电陶瓷,研究了Li+和Sb5+的取代对KNLNSx-y系材料的相变弥散性的影响.结果表明,在所研究的组成范围内,KNLN-Sx-y,陶瓷都形成了单一的钙钛矿结构,Li+和Sb5+蚪进入了KNN晶格形成固溶体;随着Li含量的增加,KNLNSx-5陶瓷四方-立方相变的弥散性有所减弱;随着Sb含量的增加,KNLNS2-y,陶瓷四方-立方相变的弥散性有所增强.采用修正的居里-外斯定律能够较好的描述KNLNSx-y陶瓷在高于居里温度情况下的介电常数与温度的关系;利用有序-无序理论对该介电弥散现象进行了解释.     

压电陶瓷场致疲劳特性与机理研究进展

压电陶瓷的场致疲劳是材料性能在外加循环载荷作用下逐步退化的现象, 是导致其失效的主要因素, 近年来一直是国内外的研究热点. 本文综合分析了压电陶瓷在电场, 多场耦合(力-电-温度)作用下的疲劳机理和影响因素, 并对压电陶瓷场致疲劳的未来研究方向进行了展望.     

Effect of substitution of titanium by magnesium and niobium on structure and piezoelectric properties in (Bi<Subscript>1/2</Subscript>Na<Subscript>1/2</Subscript>)TiO<Subscript>3</Subscript> ceramics

To develop new (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃-based ceramics with excellent piezoelectric properties, the similarities and the differences between PZT and (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃ ceramics were analysed. Based on the analysis, a new (Bi_1/2Na_1/2)TiO₃-based piezoelectric ceramic of B-site substitution of complex ions (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)⁴⁺ for Ti⁴⁺ was prepared by a conventional ceramic technique, and effect of complex ions (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)⁴⁺ addition on the microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties was investigated. The results show that all compositions are mono-perovskite phase and the grain size increases with increasing content of (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)⁴⁺. The piezoelectric constant, d ₃₃, first increases and then decreases, and electromechanical coupling factor, k _p, varies insignificantly with increasing content of (Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)⁴⁺.     

The effect of wollastonite incorporation on the linear firing shrinkage and flexural strength of dental aluminous core ceramics: A preliminary study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of wollastonite (CaSiO3) material on the linear firing shrinkage and flexural strength of dental aluminous core porcelain. Twenty five specimens were prepared in a manner that each five of them contained 0%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% wollastonite by weight. The linear firing shrinkage values were determined according to the formula given in the standard ANSI/ADA (American National Standards Institute/American Dental Association) 69 and the flexural strength of the specimens was evaluated using 3-point bending test. The results of this study showed that addition of wollastonite reduced the linear firing shrinkage and increased the flexural strength of dental aluminous core porcelain. The highest reduction (approx. 20%) in the linear firing shrinkage was obtained by the addition of 5% wollastonite. Kruskal–Wallis test found a statistically significant difference among the mean linear firing shrinkage values of the porcelain groups at the 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Mann Whitney U statistical test was performed to demonstrate which porcelain groups show statistically significant difference. In spite of achieving 30% increase in the flexural strength by the addition of 2% wollastonite, no statistically significant difference was found among the mean flexural strength values of the porcelain groups (p > 0.05).     

非化学计量比对(K0.465Na0.465Li0.07)(Nb0.95Sb0.05)O3无铅压电陶瓷结构及性能的影响

通过传统固相合成工艺制备了(K0.465+xNa0.465+yLi0.07)(Nb0.95-zSb0.05)O3(x,y,z=-0.01～0.02)无铅压电陶瓷,研究了非化学计量比对陶瓷结构及压电性能的影响。结果表明符合化学计量比的陶瓷具有四方钙钛矿结构;在实验范围内,K和Nb的过量或少量均不会改变体系的相结构,而Na过量将会导致体系正交-四方相变温度升高到室温以上,并且正交-四方相变温度随y的增加而升高;过量添加约0.5%(摩尔分数)的K或Na便能补偿在高温烧结时的碱金属元素的挥发损失,进而提高陶瓷的压电性能;该体系陶瓷的组分在较大范围内变化时(如当y=z=0时,x=0～0.02;当x=z=0时,y=0～0.01;以及当x=y=0时,z=-0.01～0.005),仍然能保持d33>200pC/N和kP>40%这样较好的性能。上述结果不仅有利于在研究中材料制备工艺的重复,而且有利于当材料在器件应用时所面临的规模化生产。     

Effect of electrolyte temperature on the polarization characteristics of an Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy in NaOH

The effect of electrolyte temperature on the polarization characteristics of an Al-Li alloy of composition Al-1·90 Li-1·80 Cu-1·00Mg-0·09Zr in 0·1 M NaOH solution was studied by the potentiodynamic polarization method. The electrolyte temperature was the equilibrium temperature established due to the prevailing weather conditions at different times in the year. The alloys exhibited active-passive behaviour at all the temperatures. It was found that the temperature of electrolyte affected the polarization behaviour of the alloys. The zero current potential and the open circuit potential were nobler with decreasing temperature. The corrosion current density, critical current density and passive current density increased with temperature, indicating the activated nature of the electrochemical process. The passive range was higher at 35°C compared to other temperatures. The temperature effect on polarization behaviour has also been explained by considering the dissolved oxygen concentration in the electrolyte at different temperatures. The ennoblement of Cu on the Al-Li alloy surface has also been addressed.     

The effect of increased interrogation zone,reader antenna polarization and application factors in the performance of UHF RFID tag detection on modified atmosphere packaged meat

The effect of conveyor speed, test sample size, antenna to sample distance, antenna polarization and ideal tag location in relation to the coupling capabilities of ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification on optimal reader antenna placement were studied. The influence of each individual factor and its interaction was determined using the general linear model analysis of variance. In decreasing order of significance of the variables tested were sample type (F = 4174.40, p < 0.0005), smaller samples preferred for coupling; distance (F = 863.83, p < 0.0005), where distance between sample and antenna should be kept to a minimum; inlay design (F = 167.82, p < 0.0005), where AD‐612 preformed best due to its large antenna area; and reader antenna polarization (F = 149.64, p < 0.0005), where circular polarization preformed better yet comparative advantage decreased with distance. A reader antenna offset of 95 mm, while not significant, (F = 1.73, p = 0.188) tended to decrease coupling capabilities of the system despite increasing the zone of influence. Ideal tag location on sample was found to be on the right, back and front face with y‐orientation proving superior than either x or z. A 190‐mm centre–to‐centre reader antenna offset resulted in a decrease in the average tag detection rate from 62 to 49% highlighting the importance of optimal reader antenna placement which needs to be confirmed if a similar result is to be obtained when a large number of tags are interrogated simultaneously. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the effect of shear stresses on the fibre failure behaviour in CFRP

Parts made of carbon fibre reinforced plastics (CFRP) are being increasingly used in high performance parts subjected to very high loads. Nevertheless, the failure behaviour of these materials is still not understood completely. One important open question is whether superimposed shear stresses influence the fibre failure due to high fibre parallel tension or compression. Under these loading conditions the predictions of common failure criteria, e.g. Tsai/Wu, Hashin and Puck, are inconsistent with one another. At the Institute of Plastics Processing (IKV) in Aachen, Germany, extensive mechanical tests are conducted to clarify this situation by experimental results. The outcome so far shows that there is no significant effect of a shear stress on the fibre parallel tensile strength. The effect on the fibre parallel compression strength is not clear without ambiguity. A low shear stress does not cause a reduction of the strength, whereas shear of moderate magnitude seems to promote the development of a compression failure of the fibres. Nevertheless, this statement needs to be verified, because the loading case of fibre parallel compression combined with high superimposed shear stress could not be examined so far.     

The effect of the aspect ratio of carbon nanotubes on their effective reinforcement modulus in an epoxy matrix

The potentiality of carbon nanotubes as reinforcement material is not only due to their exceptional high modulus, but also to their high aspect ratio. Indeed, the nanotubes contribution to the mechanical reinforcement in a polymer is strongly dependent on their distribution within the hosting matrix. In fact, the clustering of carbon nanotubes does limit the theoretical enhancement of the composite mechanical properties by a reduction of their effective aspect ratio.In this work, the reinforcement efficiency of carbon nanotubes having different aspect ratios has been experimentally investigated at low filler contents in an epoxy system. From a theoretical point of view, the classical theory (Cox, 1952 [25]) concerning the mechanical efficiency of a matrix embedding finite length fibers has been modified by introducing the tube-to-tube Random Contact Model (Philipse, 1996 [33]) which explicitly accounts for the progressive reduction of the tubes effective aspect ratio as the filler content increases. The validity of the proposed model was assessed by a comparison with available literature data, providing a good agreement.     

Preparation and microwave characterization of BaNd2−xSmxTi4O12 (0 ≤ x ≤ 2) ceramics and their effect on the temperature coefficient of dielectric constant in polytetrafluoroethylene composites

High dielectric and temperature-stable ceramic compositions have been prepared through solid-state ceramic route. The structure and microstructure of the ceramics have been studied using powder X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The dielectric properties of well-sintered ceramics are studied in the microwave frequency region using Hakki and Coleman post-resonator technique. The samples exhibited high dielectric constant (>77), relatively high quality factor (>1500) and near zero temperature coefficient of resonant frequency. Phase pure calcined ceramic materials are incorporated in the polytetrafluoroethylene matrix through a proprietary process comprising of sigma mixing, extrusion, calendering followed by hot pressing for the fabrication of planar circuit laminates. The effect of temperature coefficient of dielectric constant of the resultant polytetrafluoroethylene/ceramic composite materials is studied with respect to compositional variation of the filler materials.