Structural topology optimization with constraints on multi-fastener joint loads

This paper addresses an important problem of design constraints on fastener joint loads that are well recognized in the design of assembled aircraft structures. To avoid the failure of fastener joints, standard topology optimization is extended not only to minimize the structural compliance but also to control shear loads intensities over fasteners. It is shown that the underlying design scheme is to ameliorate the stiffness distribution over the structure in accordance with the control of load distributions over fastener joints. Typical examples are studied by means of topology optimization with joint load constraints and the standard compliance design. The effects of joint load constraints are highlighted by comparing numerical optimization results obtained by both methods. Meanwhile, resin models of optimized designs are fabricated by rapid prototyping process for loading test experiments to make sure the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

基于局部特征和语义信息的扣件图像检测*

针对现有底层特征识别扣件状态的算法存在描述能力差、错误率高等问题,提出一种基于扣件局部特征和语义信息的扣件检测模型。首先,在图像的非线性空间中计算扣件底层局部特征来表达扣件轮廓信息。然后,将图像分为4个子图,有效克服了由于扣件左右对称、上下相似造成的单词多义性问题。再根据扣件子图构造视觉单词,由底层特征整合得到语义信息向量。最后,以该向量训练分类器,判断待检扣件状态。对均衡的扣件样本进行测试,漏检率仅为0.67%。实验表明所提算法较现有方法,漏检率和误报率明显降低,检测能力增强。     

有砟轨道扣件缺失识别算法的研究

针对有砟轨道扣件缺失问题,提出了基于fast PCA 和bag of words的两级分类扣件图像缺失识别算法。考虑到算法的可移植性和拍摄角度的不同,图像中钢轨和轨枕的方向并不一定是垂直的,单扣件定位识别具有局限性,提出采用双扣件图像作为样本。通过第一级分类器判断扣件是否缺失,进而得到扣件的具体位置。通过第二级分类器判断缺失扣件的类型,进一步得到扣件缺失的数目。该识别算法可达到较好的识别效果,有效地解决了拍摄角度不同的情况下有砟轨道缺失扣件的检测问题。     

紧固件稳健性设计对动力总成悬置强度影响

在动力总成悬置的开发过程中,悬置支架分析计算满足设计要求,但台架和路试中却出现断裂的情况时有发生,紧固件是影响其计算精度的重要因素之一.通过有限元法研究紧固件安装顺序对发动机悬置仿真精度的影响;通过六西格玛方法研究紧固件的稳健性设计对发动机悬置仿真精度的影响;基于所得出的结论对悬置支架进行方案优化,并对优化后的结果进行仿真和试验验证,结果表明在发动机悬置的设计中夹紧力对仿真精度有重要影响.对采用六西格玛设计的最小紧固件加紧力进行仿真计算是一种最稳健的设计.     

Optimal fastener pattern design considering bearing loads

In many engineering structures, failure occurs either at the connection itself or in the component at the point of attachment of the connection. To extend the service life of the structure it is important to ensure that the loads borne by the connections are distributed as uniformly as possible. This would also minimize the possibility of localized high stress regions within the component. In this work a topology optimization based approach has been developed to incorporate fastener load constraints into a problem formulated for optimal location of fasteners. The computational results indicate that it is effective in reducing the maximum fastener loads without compromising on the overall stiffness of the structure.     

铁路扣件图像边缘检测中LoG参数优化

边缘特征是铁路扣件缺陷分类的重要依据。高斯拉普拉斯（LoG）算子提取的边缘特征最接近扣件的真实边缘,但LoG参数的选取直接影响边缘检测效果。针对LoG参数的优化,采用基于布谷鸟搜索优化高斯拉普拉斯边缘检测的算法。利用布谷鸟优化搜索对阈值邻近像素值和标准偏差参数进行优化来提高拉普拉斯边缘检测性能。利用Pratt品质因数IMP值判定检测到的边缘是否最佳。实验证明,该方法有效优化了LoG参数的设置,得到的边缘特征提高了扣件缺陷分类准确率。     

基于边缘特征的无砟轨道扣件定位方法

轨道扣件的精确定位是实现扣件缺陷检测的前提,而常规的基于机器视觉的轨道扣件定位检测方法存在适应性差,且易受光照强度及遮挡的干扰。为了实现轨道扣件的快速精确定位,提出一种基于边缘特征的轨道扣件定位方法。通过在参考图像中选取标准扣件区域以生成匹配模板,利用Canny边缘滤波算子获得边缘点的位置坐标及梯度方向;在此基础上构建搜索模型并采用图像金字塔匹配搜索策略,获得匹配分值的潜在匹配点;并利用匹配阈值设定法,逐层逐次跟踪潜在匹配点,直至图像金字塔最底层,以提高定位速度;基于最小二乘法调整位姿参数,使其达到亚像素级精度。实验表明,该方法具有鲁棒性强、定位速度快且不受光照变化及遮挡的影响,定位精度达到1/15像素,定位成功率大于95%,满足无砟轨道扣件定位需求。     

A CONFIGURATION SYSTEM FOR FASTENER DESIGN（AN APPROACH TOWARDS COMPUTER AIDED CONCEPTUAL DESIGN）

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Development of special fastener elements

A special finite element (FASNEL) is developed for the analysis of a neat or misfit fastener in a two-dimensional metallic/composite (orthotropic) plate subjected to biaxial loading. The misfit fasteners could be of interference or clearance type. These fasteners, which are common in engineering structures, cause stress concentrations and are potential sources of failure. Such cases of stress concentration present considerable numerical problems for analysis with conventional finite elements. In FASNEL the shape functions for displacements are derived from series stress function solutions satisfying the governing difffferential equation of the plate and some of the boundary conditions on the hole boundary. The region of the plate outside FASNEL is filled with CST or quadrilateral elements. When a plate with a fastener is gradually loaded the fastener-plate interface exhibits a state of partial contact/separation above a certain load level. In misfit fastener, the extent of contact/separation changes with applied load, leading to a nonlinear moving boundary problem and this is handled by FASNEL using an inverse formulation. The analysis is developed at present for a filled hole in a finite elastic plate providing two axes of symmetry. Numerical studies are conducted on a smooth rigid fastener in a finite elastic plate subjected to uniaxial loading to demonstrate the capability of FASNEL.     

基于信息熵加权词包模型的扣件图像检测

针对传统“视觉词包模型”在进行铁路扣件检测时忽略图像结构而导致的区分能力不强的问题,提出一种基于信息熵加权词包模型的扣件检测模型EW_BOW。在传统“视觉词包模型”的基础上,引入信息熵对扣件图像局部区域的词包模型的词频进行加权处理,加强词包模型对不同类别扣件的区分性,并利用潜在狄利克雷分布学习扣件图像的主题分布。最后,采用支持向量机对扣件进行分类识别。对四类扣件图像的分类实验证明该模型能够有效提高扣件分类精确度。     

Computer analysis of fastener load distribution in a multi-row joint

The fastener load distribution in a multi-row joint was investigated and general equations were obtained. The effects of essential parameters considered in the joint design on the fastener load distribution were analyzed and computer solutions were obtained. The results indicated that the fastener load at the end rows can be adequately reduced when the effects of the parameters were jointly analyzed. The method of equal partition of load among rows of fasteners, including the effect of friction, was developed.     

Multirow joint fastener load investigation

A multirow joint subjected to the mechanical and thermal loadings was investigated to determine the loads taken by the fasteners in each row. The hole clearance was considered and its effect on the thermal expansion was defined. The friction in the interface between two plates in contact was analyzed and its effect on the distribution of fastener loads was determined. The primary joint design parameters, such as the material and size of the plates and of the fasteners and the patterns of fastener arrangement were considered. The principle of complementary virtual work was employed to derive the general equations involving these parameters, and the analytical solutions were obtained by solving the matrix equations. A computer program was developed to obtain the numerical solutions through the use of FORTRAN IV System 370/165 computer techniques. The application of the computer program to the practical joint design problems is discussed.     

融合纹理结构的潜在狄利克雷分布铁路扣件检测模型

针对潜在狄利克雷分布(LDA)模型忽略图像结构的问题,提出一种融合图像纹理结构信息的LDA扣件检测模型TS_LDA。首先,设计一种单通道局部二值模式(LBP)方法获得图像纹理结构,将单词的纹理信息作为标注,用单词和标注的联合分布反映了图像的结构特点;然后,将标注信息嵌入LDA,由单词和标注共同推导图像主题,改进之后的主题分布考虑了图像结构;最后,以该主题分布训练分类器,检测扣件状态。相比LDA方法,正常扣件与失效扣件在TS_LDA主题空间中的区分度增加了5%~35%,平均漏检率降低了1.8%~2.4%。实验结果表明,TS_LDA能够提高扣件图像建模精度,从而更加准确地检测扣件状态。     

基于形状规划理论的小行星探测方法

小推力轨迹优化过程的控制率设计是典型的非线性动力学最优控制问题。针对具体的问题背景,直接优化算法和间接优化算法已被广泛应用。为了简化问题的优化模型,采用形状规划理论来模拟小推力的作用轨迹,将动力学最优控制问题转化成多项式的参数优化。结合小行星群的探测,利用粒子群优化与微分进化混合优化算法进行全局优化,为满足精度要求,再采用模式搜索局部优化算法进行二次优化。     

Integration of CT,CAD system and finite element method to investigate interfacial stresses of resin-bonded prosthesis

The question of whether prosthesis/abutment tooth interface debonding is associated with inappropriate occlusal force is investigated in this study. A new modeling approach was employed to perform the interfacial stress analyses. Solid models of resin-bonded (RB) prosthesis and abutment teeth were constructed by stacking serious section contours that were obtained from CT images. A 3-D finite element (FE) model of RB prosthesis/abutment teeth was generated in a CAD system after assembling and meshing procedures. An in-house program was developed to combine the FE package (ANSYS) to calculate the interfacial (normal and shear) stresses at the prosthesis/molar interface with the bonding and debonding conditions. After 10 different occlusal force(s) evaluations, three initial opening gaps at the distal margin of the retainer were assumed to examine the possible interface debonding mechanism under the worst loading case. The results indicated that a more accurate FE model of the posterior RB prosthesis/abutments could be generated through combining several computer-aided techniques. The maximum interfacial stresses were obtained when the occlusal force was applied on the buccal slope of the distolingual cusp of the molar. For interface debonding simulations, peak normal and shear stresses were found near the debonding areas and stress values increased gradually with small to large initial opening gaps. From these results, prosthesis/abutment tooth interfacial fatigue damage might arise or accelerate the interface to debond under adequate bonding or initial gap opening conditions after long-term repeated inappropriate occlusal force actions.     

Optimal design of aircraft structures with damage tolerance requirements

Damage tolerance analysis (DTA) was considered in the global design optimization of an aircraft wing structure. Residual strength and fatigue life requirements, based on the damage tolerance philosophy, were investigated as new design constraints. The global/local finite element approach allowed local fatigue requirements to be considered in the global design optimization. AFGROW fatigue crack growth analysis provided a new strength criterion for satisfying damage tolerance requirements within a global optimization environment. Initial research with the ASTROS program used this damage tolerance constraint to optimize cracked skin panels on the lower wing of a fighter/attack aircraft. For an aerodynamic and structural model of this type of aircraft, ASTROS simulated symmetric and asymmetric maneuvers during the optimization. Symmetric maneuvers, without underwing stores, produced the highest stresses and drove the optimization of the inboard lower wing skin. Asymmetric maneuvers, with underwing stores, affected the optimum thickness of the outboard hard points. Subsequent design optimizations included DTA and von Mises stress constraints simultaneously. In the configuration with no stores, the optimization was driven by the DTA constraint and, therefore, DTA requirements can have an active role to play in preliminary aircraft design.     

A field investigation of manual forces associated with trigger and push to start electric screwdrivers

This study investigated manual forces associated with trigger start (TS) and push to start (PTS) activation in‐line electric screwdriver designs. The vertically directed axial screwdriver force transmitted with the driver to the fastener and the grip/finger forces on the driver handle were measured from 13 employees in an electronics assembly manufacturing facility. The PTS driver was associated with significantly ( p < .01) higher axial force than the TS driver at two of the four workstations, where the difference was as high as a 184% increase (36.5 vs. 103.8 N). Total finger force on the screwdriver handle was also higher for the PTS screwdriver ( p < .01). The PTS screwdriver may reduce instances of fastener head damage (“cam out”) by requiring a minimum level of axial force to ensure better contact between the screwdriver bit and the fastener. However, this appears to come at the expense of greater manual forces exerted by the operator. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 17: 367–382, 2007.     

基于道钉中心点定位的几何特征扣件定位算法

针对因轨道图像中图像歪斜、尺寸不一等导致定位失效、精度降低的问题,提出基于道钉中心点定位的几何结构特征扣件定位算法.采用先定位道钉中心点再定位扣件的思想.首先在图像预处理得到边缘图像的基础上,对图像边缘进行腐蚀与膨胀处理,使道钉边缘具备似圆性,再通过改进Hough变换进行圆形检测定位道钉所处大致区域并进行扩充,然后从原...     

Clothing fasteners for long-term-care patients: evaluation of standard closures and prototypes on test garments

For the elderly long-term-care patient it is of great psychological and practical importance to be able to dress and undress without assistance. However, the design and position of clothing fasteners often lead to a restriction of the functional capacity of the patient. The aim of this study was to facilitate a more independent daily life for long-term care patients. New fasteners were developed in accordance with a user-oriented product development process where a detailed knowledge of the final users and their capacity and limitations, problems, needs and wishes form the basis for further development. In an initial experimental study (I) the practical use of different standard clothing fasteners (button, hook and eye, nylon pressure tape and zipper) was evaluated. Different fasteners and positions are favourable to different patient groups. Wrist angle in different hand positions is crucial for the function of fasteners for persons with reduced hand function. User demands on clothing fasteners were specified and prototypes developed. In a subsequent study (II) an adapted oval button and a 'finger strap' alternative to hook-and-eye were designed and evaluated, together with a standard button. The oval button in combination with a vertical buttonhole improved the function for most patients, and the front position for the fasteners was superior to a diagonal or lateral position on the chest. The finger strap was of advantage to patients with hemiplegia and joint complaints but was difficult for many of the subjects to understand, being a technical innovation.     

地铁车辆车顶吊挂元件动态试验工装设计

为研究地铁车顶吊挂元件所用连接件的连接参数和疲劳特性,设计一套地铁车辆车顶吊挂元件动态试验工装。工装固定在振动试验台上,模拟地铁车辆车顶局部吊挂梁的安装结构,测试车顶吊挂梁连接件在模拟振动环境下的连接参数,为地铁车辆常用紧固件连接参数的选定提供依据。为验证工装的力学特性是否满足试验要求,利用有限元软件校核工装强度,并在其频域内进行随机振动疲劳分析,计算结果表明工装的静强度和疲劳寿命均满足试验要求。