Joining of stainless-steel and aluminium materials by friction welding

The joining of dissimilar materials is of great importance in industry. Especially, if it is used as the lightest part of the machine parts, materials such as aluminium and magnesium can be joined with different steels. Therefore, in this study, austenitic stainless-steel and aluminium materials were welded using the friction welding method. Optimum parameters for joints were obtained by using a statistical approach, and tensile and micro-hardness tests were applied to the joints. Subsequently, the micro and macro photos of the joints were examined. The joints were examined with EDX (energy dispersive X-ray) analysis in order to determine the phases that occurred during welding. Some of the welds had poor strength due to the accumulation of alloying elements at the joint interface. The obtained results were compared to the results of previous studies.     

3-dimensional numerical analysis of friction stir welding of copper and aluminum

Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology - A time dependent Eulerian thermal/material flow model of friction stir welding was developed and applied to the dissimilar joining of pure copper and...     

On the role of copper in brake friction materials

Copper is a major ingredient in friction materials used for automotive braking. The purpose of this study was to find out how copper contributes to good brake performance properties in addition to providing good thermal conductivity. Microstructural investigations of copper chips at the surfaces of brake pads revealed a zone of severe plastic deformation which provides high hardness, but there is also evidence of recrystallized copper nano-particles which are incorporated into friction layers as soft ingredient once detached from the pad surface. Thus copper seems to play a dual role, firstly as reinforcing element of the brake pad providing primary contact sites, and secondly as solid lubricant by contributing to the formation of a layer of granular material providing velocity accommodation between the rotating disc and fixed pad. Confirmation for this hypothesis was obtained by modelling contact sites on the nanometre scale with the method of movable cellular automata. Results show both, the similarity of steel fibres and copper macro-particles in respect to providing primary contact sites, as well as similar sliding behaviours of friction layers containing either copper or graphite as soft inclusions. Furthermore, it is shown that not only material properties, but also the concentration of solid lubricant particles in the friction layers, determine conditions for friction force stabilization and smooth sliding behaviour.     

铝合金激光焊接工艺特性

介绍铝合金激光焊接时的工艺特性及焊接难点 ,提出改进措施 ,讨论了焊接过程中裂缝、气孔出现的原因     

Thermal effects in friction welding

Friction welding is a complicated process, which involves the interaction of thermal, mechanical and metallurgical phenomena. A finite element model to simulate this coupled process is developed to represent the workpieces and surface contact conditions. Predictions of the temperature distribution, thermal expansion and thermo-plastic stresses are obtained from this model. Comparison of the analytic results to test data are presented and discussed.     

Modelling of contact and friction in aluminium extrusion

A physical model capable of predicting the friction and sticking/slipping lengths in the bearing channel during unlubricated aluminium extrusion processes is presented. The model takes into account the pressure build up in the extrusion direction in relation with the bearing–extrudate friction and how it will be influenced by die geometry such as die angle and bearing length. The results show that a high friction coefficient in the bearing will increase the sticking length and shorten the slipping length. The results are in good agreement with experimental findings documented by previous researches.     

Simulation of friction welding of alumina and steel with aluminum interlayer

Friction welding is a complicated metallurgical process that is accompanied by frictional heat generation and plastic deformation. Since the thermal cycle of friction welding is very short, simulation becomes very significant. In the present work, a finite element-based numerical model has been developed to understand the thermo-mechanical phenomenon involved in the process of friction welding. The developed model is capable of predicting thermal distribution during friction welding of ceramics with metal using an aluminum interlayer for various time increments. Frictional heating at the interfacial region consumes the aluminum interlayer and establishes a bond between alumina and mild steel. Though there is mechanical mixing, the bond is incomplete in the aluminum-alumina interface. Due to the variation of thermal properties between alumina and mild steel, more amount of thermal stress is induced at the joint interface. Numerical simulation predicts the formation of residual stress in the alumina-mild steel side of the interface. This leads to incomplete interlocking that results in poor joint strength.     

搅拌摩擦焊工具的研究现状

搅拌焊工具技术是搅拌摩擦焊工艺最重要的因素。搅拌焊工具主要由肩部和焊针组成，焊接薄板时，旋转的肩部和工件之间摩擦产生的热量是主要热源，而随着板厚的增加，更多的热量必须靠旋转的焊针和工件摩擦产生。焊接工具的主要作用是保证连接区材料产生足够的塑性变形，并控制焊针周围塑性体的流动，形成优质的焊接接头。     

Effect of process parameters on tensile strength of friction stir welding A356/C355 aluminium alloys joint

In the present investigation, A356/C355 aluminium alloys are welded by friction stir welding by controlling various welding parameters. A356 and C355 aluminium alloys materials have a set of mechanical and physical properties that are ideally suited for application in aerospace and automobile industries and not widely used because of its poor weldebility. To overcome this barrier, weldebility analysis of A356 and C355 aluminium alloys with high speed steel (Wc-Co) tool has been investgated. An attempt has been made to investigate the influence of the rotational speed of the tools, the axial force and welding speed on tensile strength of A356/C355 aluminium alloys joint. The experiments were conducted on a milling machine. The main focus of investigation is to determine good tensile strength. Response surface methodology (box Behnken design) is chosen to design the optimum welding parameters leading to maximum tensile strength. The result shows that axial force increases, tensile strength decreases. Whereas tool rotational speed and welding speed increase, tensile strength increases. Optimum values of axial force (3 /KN), tool rotational speed (900 RPM) and welding speed (75 mm/min.) during welding of A356/C355 aluminium alloys joint to maximize the tensile strength (Predicted 223.2 MPa) have been find out.     

Ceramic-ceramic composite materials with improved friction and wear properties

Dry friction and wear tests were performed with self-mated couples of SiC containing 50% TiC, Si₃N₄---BN, SiC---TiB₂ and Si₃N₄ with 32% TiN at room temperature and 400°C or 800°C.Under room temperature conditions, the friction coefficient of the couple SiC---TiC/SiC---TiC is only half of that of the couple SiC/SiC and the wear is one order of magnitude smaller. At 400°C, it exceeds the friction coefficient of SiC/SiC except at the highest sliding velocity of 3 m s⁻¹. At lower sliding velocities the wear coefficient of SiC---TiC/SiC---TiC is lower than that of SiC/SiC.The couple Si₃N₄---TiN/Si₃N₄---TiN exhibits high friction coefficients under all test conditions. At room temperature the wear volume of the self-mated couples of Si₃N₄ and Si₃N₄---TiN after a sliding distance of 1000 m is similar, but Si₃N₄---TiN shows a running-in behaviour. At 800°C the wear coefficient of Si₃N₄---TiN/Si₃N₄---TiN is approximately two orders of magnitude smaller than that of Si₃N₄/Si₃N₄, and equal to those at room temperature. At 22°C the addition of BN reduces the friction of Si₃N₄. The wear coefficient is independent of sliding velocity and the self-mated couples showing running-in. Friction and wear increase with increasing temperature. The wear coefficient of SiC---TiB₂ above 0.5 m s⁻¹ at 400°C is advantageously near 10⁻⁶ mm³ (Nm)⁻¹. With the other test conditions the wear behaviour is similar to SSiC.     

Fillers in friction materials

Friction materials for brakes and clutches contain various fillers to help give the material the required friction and wear properties. The most widely used fillers are reinforcing fibres such as asbestos, mineral particles, metal particles and solid lubricants.     

Optimization of friction welding by taguchi and ANOVA method on commercial aluminium tube to Al 2025 tube plate with backing block using an external tool

The aim of the present work is to optimize the Friction welding of tube to tube plate using an external tool (FWTPET) with clearance fit of commercial aluminum tube to Al 2025 tube plate using an external tool. Conventional frictional welding is suitable to weld only symmetrical joints either tube to tube or rod to rod but in this research with the help of external tool, the welding has been done by unsymmetrical shape of tube to tube plate also. In this investigation, the various welding parameters such as tool rotating speed (rpm), projection of tube (mm) and depth of cut (mm) are determined according to the Taguchi L₉ orthogonal array. The two conditions were considered in this process to examine this experiment; where condition 1 is flat plate with plain tube Without holes [WOH] on the circumference of the surface and condition 2 is flat plate with plane tube has holes on its circumference of the surface With holes [WH]. Taguchi L₉ orthogonal array was utilized to find the most significant control factors which will yield better joint strength. Besides, the most influential process parameter has been determined using statistical Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Finally, the comparison of each result has been done for conditions by means percentage of contribution and regression analysis. The general regression equation is formulated and better strength is obtained and it is validated by means of confirmation test. It was observed that value of optimal welded joint strength for both tube without holes and tube with holes are to be 319.485 MPa and 264.825 MPa, respectively.

     

摩擦焊接缺陷与工艺参数的关系

1　引言杆类刀具采用高速钢与碳结构钢焊接法制坯 ,可节约高速钢材料 ,降低生产成本。焊接方式有摩擦焊和闪光焊。摩擦焊与闪光焊相比焊件质量更高 ,性能更稳定 ,因此在焊接加工中应用日益广泛。在刀具焊接过程中 ,由于柄、刃部材质不同 ,采用摩擦法焊接时所产生的预热效果也不相同。如果焊接工艺参数选择不当 ,就会产生焊接缺陷 ,影响刀具的使用效果。本文根据生产实践经验 ,分析摩擦焊接缺陷的种类和产生原因 ,并提出改进焊接质量的技术措施。　　2 摩擦焊接缺陷种类及产生原因( 1 )接头不牢特征 :①飞边小 ;②焊缝横断面上机械挖掘的环…     

Ultrasonic thermometry for friction stir spot welding

This investigation presents the feasibility of ultrasonic temperature measurement of friction stir spot welding (FSSW). FSSW is an automated solid state joining process. Thermal profiles of the weld zone are crucial for implementing informed process changes to improve weld quality. Ultrasonics present a novel and non-invasive method of monitoring changes in temperature.Ultrasonic time of flight (TOF) measurement method is used to calculate the temperature of Al 6061 as it is heated. Comparisons of the ultrasonic temperature calculations with thermocouple readings confirm the accuracy of the ultrasonic system. The ultrasonic signal is then recorded during spot welding and processed. The results show that ultrasonic technology is a feasible method of monitoring the heating and cooling profiles of the weld zone during welding. The paper also discusses challenges presented by the system as well as recommendations for its future implementation in the friction stir welding manufacturing industry.     

线性摩擦焊机振动系统分析

为促进整体叶盘线性摩擦焊接技术的发展及应用,从振动理论角度分析了线性摩擦焊机活塞与振动滑块之间的振动规律,建立了振动系统的单自由度强迫振动模型,得到了该系统的各振动参数的等效值,明确了系统的振动规律,为线性摩擦焊机振动系统的设计提供理论指导。     

Overlap conduction laser welding of aluminium to steel

In the present study, a continuous wave fibre laser was used in conduction mode to join aluminium alloys to low carbon steel. Two different sets of experiments were performed: with Zn-coated steel and uncoated steel. Welding was carried out in overlap configuration with steel plate on the top aiming to conduct the heat through the steel and melt the aluminium at the interface, wetting the steel substrate. Metallurgical incompatibilities between these two participating alloys originate the formation of intermetallic phases. Therefore, restricting melting of the aluminium would limit the formation and growth of the intermetallic layer (IML). It was shown that the power density of the laser could be used such that, at the interface, aluminium only melts and the steel remains in solid state. The uncoated steel showed a regular pattern of IML formation, while the Zn-coated steel showed a different pattern of IML.     

Residual stresses in aluminium alloy friction stir welds

Residual stresses are detrimental to the fatigue, fracture and corrosion resistance of welds. The literature on residual stress measurements in aluminium alloy friction stir welds is reviewed. The results of a large number of longitudinal residual stress measurements performed by the slitting method on friction stir welds in 2024-T3, 6082-T6 and 5754-H111 aluminium alloys are compared and their origin discussed. From the current investigation, it can be derived that the type of machine used for welding has only little influence on the residual stress profile. The influence of alloy type and welding parameters on the magnitude of the residual stresses and the shape of their distribution across the weld is investigated. Their magnitude is far below the room temperature yield strength of the base material. A distribution with an ??M-shape?? is always found on age hardenable structural alloys (albeit more pronounced in 6082-T6 alloy than in 2024-T3 alloy), while a ??plateau?? is found in the case of the strain hardenable 5754 H111 alloy. The low magnitude and the differences in distribution of the longitudinal residual stress are attributed mainly to the microstructural changes in the weld centre and are discussed based on the hardness profiles performed across the welds. The paper also discusses the reasons why those results are in disagreement with a number of numerical simulations from the literature that do not account for the influence of the welding thermomechanical history on the material microstructure and properties.