Digitally Controlled Absolute Voltage Division

In this paper, a principle for absolute voltage division is presented. The division ratio of a voltage divider on this principle does not depend on the values of its elements but depends exclusively on the configuration of the divider network. Hence, calibration is not necessary and not even possible. Absolute voltage division is obtained by cyclically shifting the network elements along all positions in the divider network. Each position is maintained for an equally long time interval. The average output voltage of such a dynamic divider is identical to that of a static divider with the same network configuration but composed of elements which all have the same value. To verify the principle in practice, a digitally controlled resistive voltage divider has been built. It has been realized with easily available electronic components, such as carbon resistors with ± 5-percent tolerance, junction field-effect transistors as electronic switches and digital integrated circuits for the generation of the switch drive signals. The inaccuracy of this divider is less than 5 ×10-6 and the temperature coefficient of the division ratio is less than 5 × 10-8/°C from 0°C to 40°C. It is expected that the performance, of this prototype can be improved.     

10-kV High-Accuracy DC Voltage Divider

A high-accuracy voltage divider based on the Hamon/Rayleigh ratio principle has been made for the absolute measurement of the volt and also for building up the voltage scale to 10 kV. It is composed of 100 equal resistors of nominal value 100 k? and an adjustable 100-k? resistor with taps at 10 and 1 k?. By using appropriate connections, a total 10-M? divider with 1-k? output is constituted in which various voltage ratios up to 104 can be obtained. A guard circuit is provided to minimize the leakage currents. The calibration of the divider is simplified by using parallel or series-parallel connection of resistance elements so that all comparisons are made at a ratio of 1:1. For 10 kV only, two comparisons are required. The measurement of performance of the divider and the analysis of errors have been made. The most important factor affecting the voltage ratio is self heating, for which a correction is necessary. The total error would be less than 0.58 ppm.     

Ultra wideband inphase power divider for multilayer technology

A multilayer inphase power divider with an ultra wideband behaviour is presented. The proposed divider exploits broadside coupling via a multilayer microstrip/slot configuration. The design method utilised for the device is based on the conformal mapping techniques. The developed device has a compact size with an overall dimension of 20 mm x 30 mm. The simulated and measured results show that the proposed device has equal power division between the two output ports with <0.2 dB amplitude imbalance between them, better than 10 dB return loss and isolation and < 2degrees phase difference between the two output signals across the frequency band 3.1-10.6 GHz.     

直流电阻分压器的非线性机理研究

针对电阻分压器在直流低电压分压时出现的非线性现象,采用独立影响因素的分析方法,对直流电阻分压器的非线性机理进行了研究.通过分析和实验验证,确定了造成非线性的原因是工作电流的变化导致电阻分压器输出热电势的变化.据此,建立了非线性数学模型,提出了非线性修正方法.利用该方法,±200μV直流电压输出非线性误差小于5 nV.     

Conjugate regenerative dividers

We discuss a novel design of a self-starting regenerative divider that permits division by 3, 4, 5, 6... instead of the usual 2. This is accomplished by having the loop oscillate simultaneously at two harmonically related conjugate frequencies, e.g., at /spl nu//4 and 3/spl nu//4. A prototype of the divide-by-four circuit has been constructed for an input frequency of 400 MHz. This divider exhibits very low phase noise, l (1 kHz) = -162 dBc/Hz and l (100 kHz) = -170 dBc/Hz, which is approximately 9 dB lower than that of its constituent parts. Simple modifications of the feedback loop of this circuit enabled it to divide by 3, 5, and 8. Operation at higher division ratios appears feasible under certain conditions.     

Infrasonic generating phase meter

Conclusions The infrasonic generating phase meter provides a direct reading of the phase shift at 24 fixed frequencies, and eliminates phase-shift measurement errors due to inaccuracies of the infrasonic frequency, since it is obtained from a generator frequency fed to the pulse counter through a frequency divider with a ratio of 3600.The main drawback of the instrument consists in the provision of fixed frequencies only. The nonlinear distortion of the infrasonic generator output does not exceed 2.5%.     

Prediction of Fatigue Characteristics of Metals at Different Loading Frequences

The procedure for predicting fatigue characteristics by high-frequency test results over lifetime ranges up to 10¹⁰ cycles is proposed. The procedure is based on the fatigue fracture model accounting for the loading frequency and stress ratio. The potentials of the method are exemplified by the tests of smooth specimens and specimens with a stress concentrator from different materials (nickel-, aluminum-, and titanium-base alloys). The prediction results for different loading frequencies (35–10,000 Hz) and stress ratios (from -1 to 0.5) are shown to vary by about 10% from experimentally obtained data.     

Frequency analysis of classical Preisach model

The paper contains an analysis of the classical Preisach model from a frequency point of view. A Fourier analysis retrieves the necessary and sufficient conditions on the Preisach weighting function to have an output with half-wave symmetry; i.e., only odd harmonics are present. For a wide class of weighting functions, it is shown that all odd frequencies are present. As a consequence, a filtering method is suggested that enhances time-series data from sinusoidal input, which can be used for Preisach model identification     

Coaxial Capacitive Dividers for High-Voltage Pulse Measurements in Intense Electron Beam Accelerator With Water Pulse-Forming Line

In this paper, a new coaxial capacitive divider is investigated. The electrical characteristics of the capacitive divider are theoretically analyzed, and the parameters of the capacitive divider are calculated and measured. Its rise time is about 8 ns, and the divider ratio is over 2000. The divider is employed to measure the pulsed high voltages of an intense electron beam accelerator with a water pulse-forming line (PFL) in our laboratory. The capacitive divider can directly measure the diode voltage within nanoseconds, and when combined with an integrator, it can measure the PFL charging voltage with a duration of several microseconds. Compared with conventional resistance dividers, the capacitive divider has more advantages, such as compactness, stability, a relatively high divider ratio, a fast response time, and not much of an effect on the accelerator.      

A switched-capacitor interface for capacitive sensors based onrelaxation oscillators

A switched-capacitor (SC) interface for capacitive sensors based on a modified Martin's relaxation oscillator is proposed. The output signal is the duty-cycle of a pulse-width modulated square-wave voltage or a binary-coded digital signal which is directly related to the capacitance ratio of an unknown capacitance and reference capacitance. The circuit can be implemented in a monolithic IC form using CMOS technology. It requires a relatively small device count integrable onto a small chip area and its suited particularly for the on-chip interface circuitry for microprocessors     

Fiber-optic Fabry-Perot sensors based on a combination of spatial-frequency division multiplexing and wavelength division multiplexing formed by chirped fiber Bragg grating pairs

Effective multiplexing for a very large number of fiber-optic fiber-Bragg-grating-based Fabry-Perot (FBGFP) sensors is proposed that is based on wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and spatial-frequency division multiplexing (SFDM). For WDM, FBGFP sensors are arranged in different wavelength domains formed by a series of chirped fiber Bragg gratings with different central wavelengths while the sensors with different cavity lengths within the same wavelength domain are multiplexed by use of SFDM because they have different spatial frequencies as a result of their different cavity lengths. In principle, a thousand FBGFP sensors could be multiplexed with such an approach. The experimental results show that a strain accuracy of better than +/-10 microepsilon has been achieved with little cross talk.     

超快速MCP-PMT的时间特性测试方法研究

超快速时间特性的光电倍增管的时间特性研究,对进一步研制国产超快时间响应的微通道板光电倍增管(FPMT)具有重要的指导作用。本文基于高能物理通用的VME测试方案,设计装置采用皮秒激光器的单光子脉冲工作模式,最终实现系统误差为25 ps的FPMT高精度时间测试系统。通过优化FPMT阳极信号读出方式、优化分压器结构及分压比例,对多款FPMT的时间特性进行测试研究。并提出在非单光子工作模式下表征FPMT时间分辨特性的本征时间下限值,用以对比分析各种不同工作状态的FPMT的时间分辨好坏。在对多款FPMT读出方式完成优化结构设计和对比测试后,研究结果表明,目前实验室来自不同生产单位的样管中,最佳的本征时间分辨下限值为30 ps。     

Evaluation of the frequency dependence of the resistance and capacitance standards in the BIPM quadrature bridge

The Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) has established a measurement chain allowing calibration of capacitance standards in terms of the quantized Hall resistance (QHR). An important element in the chain is a quadrature bridge linking a pair of ac resistors of values 2R/sub K/ /spl ap/ 51.6 k/spl Omega/ to a pair of capacitance standards. The quadrature bridge can be operated at five different frequencies: 513, 1027, 1541, 3082, and 6164 Hz. For such measurements, we use different ratios (1/1, 4/1 and 1/4) for the main inductive voltage divider in the quadrature bridge and three different pairs of capacitors of values 3000, 2000, and 1000 pF. A calculable coaxial resistance of 1290.6 /spl Omega/ (R/sub K//20) is used as a reference to evaluate the frequency dependence of the 51.6-k/spl Omega/ resistances. This allows the calibration of capacitance standards at the five different frequencies. The measured frequency dependences of 10 and 100 pF capacitance standards are reported.     

A new precision AC resistance divider

A novel precision arc resistance divider made of thin-film resistors is described. Its advantages are accurate ratios, very low output impedance (0.001 Ω), small size, and light weight. The ratio and angle errors of all required ratios are not greater than 200 p.p.m. and 200 mrad for 40 Hz-10 kHz. The maximum allowable input voltage is 600-V RMS     

基于CRLH-TL零阶谐振特性的新型串联功分器

 结构紧凑的功分器是微波信号分离、阵列天线馈电等应用场合的重要器件．利用混合右/左手传输线（CRLH-TL）来设计小尺寸的串联功分器,并对混合右/左手传输线的色散特性进行理论分析．利用贴片电容和微带线电感设计了一种新的混合右/左手传输线,处于零阶谐振状态的混合右/左手不引入相位偏移且波长为无穷大．基于CRLH-TL的零阶谐振特性设计制作了一个工作在2.45 GHz的4路微波功分器．此功分器等幅同相地将输入功率分配到各个输出端口,输出端口位置对功率分配没有影响．使用矢量网络分析仪对该功分器进行了实验测量,结果表明：在2.20~2.65 GHz的频率范围内,功分器各输出端口功率相差在1 dB内;在2.22~2.56 GHz的频率范围内,输出端口的相位差在15°以内．测量结果与仿真结果吻合良好．该微波功分器结构紧凑,可扩展到任意多个输出端口．     

动力总成悬置系统固有频率和解耦率的区间分析方法

在动力总成悬置的制造、安装和汽车的使用过程中，悬置的刚度存在一定程度的不确定性。因此，悬置系统的频率和解耦率必然不是确定值。为研究悬置系统频率和解耦率的变化特征，进而解其性能的稳健性，文中给出一种区间分析方法。在已知悬置刚度的变化范围而不需解其统计特性的情况下，用区间数学中的区间数描述其变化的不确定性，基于组合方法计算悬置系统固有频率和解耦率的精确变化范围。给出区间可靠度的计算公式，用于表征悬置系统频率和解耦率的设计稳健性。计算某轿车悬置系统的频率以及沿垂直方向和绕发动机曲轴扭转方向解耦率的区间可靠度。计算结果表明，当悬置刚度在其设计名义值附近波动时，动力总成悬置系统的悬置刚度需要进行优化，以提高固有频率及垂直方向和绕发动机曲轴扭转方向解耦率的设计稳健性。     

Optimization of the internal admittance load of an inductivevoltage divider for low ratio error

The distributed capacitances between the strands of an inductive voltage divider degrade the voltage ratio. A calculation scheme to convert the distributed capacitances into equivalent concentrated capacitances at the taps is given. An optimized connection scheme for the strands is calculated to produce concentrated capacitances which are as equal and as small as possible. Capacitors are added at the taps for optimum equalization. The relative error of the output voltage for a 120-V:10-V divider has been reduced to less than 1×10^-7 in phase and less than 1 μrad in quadrature, at a frequency of 50 Hz     

Comparative High Voltage Impulse Measurement

A facility has been developed for the determination of the ratio of pulse high voltage dividers over the range from 10 kV to 300 kV using comparative techniques with Kerr electro-optic voltage measurement systems and reference resistive voltage dividers. Pulse voltage ratios of test dividers can be determined with relative expanded uncertainties of 0.4 % (coverage factor k = 2 and thus a two standard deviation estimate) or less using the complementary resistive divider/Kerr cell reference systems. This paper describes the facility and specialized procedures used at NIST for the determination of test voltage divider ratios through comparative techniques. The error sources and special considerations in the construction and use of reference voltage dividers to minimize errors are discussed, and estimates of the measurement uncertainties are presented.     

A Method of Calibrating Standard Voltage Dividers up to 1000 V

A method of calibrating a resistive voltage divider for voltage ratios of 1000 V/10 V and 100 V/10 V with an uncertainty at the level of 10⁻⁷ is developed. The method enables a calibration to be carried out at the working voltage of the divider and can be used to calibrate a transportable voltage ratio standard when carrying out CCEM-K8 key comparisons.__________Translated from Izmeritel’naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 52–57, April, 2005.