新型高能等离子体直接点火燃烧器方案研究

本文提出了一种新型的无油点火燃烧器－高能等离子体直接点火燃烧器。并对共进行了技术经济分析，表明这是一种高效能的燃烧器。     

煤粉炉微油点火燃烧器设计

介绍了对一台容量为50WM锅炉的煤粉燃烧器的改造过程。根据燃烧理论,将原来的煤粉燃烧器改造成了微油点火燃烧器,并介绍了燃烧器的设计思想,以及小油枪的计算方法。微油点火燃烧器采用了分级燃烧方式和二次风冷却技术,能够很好起到稳燃和冷却的作用。改造后的效果表明该燃烧器锅炉启停速度快,燃烧稳定,节约燃油,降低了生产成本。     

一种用于煤粉锅炉点火和稳燃的煤粉直接点火燃烧器

本文介绍一种能通用于四角燃烧锅炉和一般煤种的煤粉直接点火燃烧器的原理和性能。该燃烧器的主要特点是适应性强,易于安装和改造工作量小,在一般情况下可节约点火燃料50％～70％。     

电站煤粉锅炉无油点火技术分析

就目前电站锅炉使用的几种无油点火方式及其特点进行了详细地分析,在此基础上提出了利用中频感应加热高温空气煤粉直燃技术方案,并进行了高温空气煤粉点火系统的实验研究,为高温空气煤粉点火燃烧器的优化设计奠定了坚实的实验基础。所开发的新型点火装置,具有启动迅速、防结焦性能优越、污染排放少等特点,完全满足环保和工程应用的要求。     

俄罗斯电站锅炉无油电加热煤粉点火燃烧技术

综述俄罗斯运用电加热与稳燃技术结合实施的煤粉无油点火技术。介绍点火煤粉制备系统的构成。     

LNASB轴向旋流式煤粉燃烧器的微油点火改造

微油点火是国家节能减排重点推荐的节能措施之一,各大型火电机组纷纷应用微油点火技术来减少启动过程的燃油消耗,但LNASB燃烧器由于有中心风的存在,使微油点火改造过程中燃烧器改动量非常大,必然影响着燃烧器正常性能。文章从扬二厂#4炉LNASB燃烧器微油点火系统改造讲述了该型燃烧器的改造可能性、改造调试过程、改造后燃烧器特性变化及节能效果。     

煤粉直接点火燃烧器技术及其进展

煤粉直接点火燃烧器应是我国电站煤粉锅炉燃烧器改进的主要方向,提出把直接点火技术与稳燃技术结合设计直接点火燃烧器的思路,对该类燃烧器做了较合理的分类。指出了少油煤粉直接点火燃烧器及无油煤粉直接点火燃烧器两大系列燃烧器发展状况及存在的问题,并指出目前应大力开发无油煤粉直接点火系列燃烧器,对电站锅炉煤粉直接点火燃烧器的研究有指导意义。     

无油直接点火燃烧器在煤粉锅炉上应用的若干问题

无油直接点火燃烧器在常规煤粉锅炉中的应用 ,是一个重要的科技改进。同时 ,这一技术在不断的完善。点火燃烧器的功能 ,在开始的若干工程实践中 ,使其仅具有点火与稳燃功能 ,应该是比较客观的 ,待该技术日益成熟之后 ,使其具有主燃烧器的功能。需从点火器本身功能的加强与合理的点火器布置、形成一个良好的空气动力场两个方面强化点火燃烧器的点火能力。无油直接点火燃烧器在锅炉启动过程中 ,与以前的油枪点火有很大的不同 ,需要对启动程序以及相应的设备进行调整     

煤粉高温富氧无油点火实验和数值模拟研究

提出了利用高温氧气与高浓度煤粉气流直接混合来实现煤粉气流点火的无油点火方式,采用煤粉高温氧气无油点火实验装置对煤粉气流的高温氧气无油点火过程进行了研究,利用数值模拟方法对该点火装置的流场特性进行了分析.结果表明：当氧气加热温度超过750℃后,设计工况条件下利用高温氧气可以顺利安全地实现煤粉气流的点火;提高一次风温度、增大一次风煤粉浓度及高温氧气风量或减小一次风速度有利于煤粉气流的着火和燃烧;煤粉气流在点火装置中心管喷口正前方首先开始着火,流场平均温度可达2 000 K以上,最高温度超过3 000 K,温度最高的区域位于中心管轴线的两侧.     

我国电站燃煤锅炉节油点火技术的分析及现状

针对现阶段我国电站燃煤锅炉运行状况,分析微油点火技术和等离子点火技术的工作原理、系统组成及应用,从技术和经济的角度指出其各自的特点,并对节油及运行中出现的问题提出改进措施。     

Fast Ignition and Stable Combustion of Coarse Coal Particles in a Nonslagging Cyclone Combustor

A combustion set-up of an innovative nonalagging cyclone combustor called “Spouting-Cyclone Combustor(SCC)”，,with two-stage combustion,organized in orthogonal vortex flows,was established and the experimental studies on the fast ignition and stable combustion of coarse coal particles in this combustor were carried out.The flame temperature versus ignition time and the practical fast ignition the temperature fields in SCC were obtained.These results whow that it is possible to obtain highly efficient and clean combustion of unground coal particles by using this technology.     

A dimensionless factor characterizing the ignition of pulverized coal flow: Analytical model,experimental verification,and application

An analytical model describing the ignition process of pulverized coal is proposed, and a dimensionless condition number (N_com) is obtained to describe the comprehensive effect of factors governing the ignition of pulverized coal flow, such as the initial temperature of flow, the sectional heat load of the furnace, and the flux of primary air, secondary air and recirculation flue gas. An optimized concentration of pulverized coal flow is derived explicitly, upon which the earliest ignition of pulverized coal flow is possible. The model is verified in a hot furnace experiment, where it is shown that the derived criterion (N_com) can be used for different kinds of coal and different types of burner. For given coal and sectional heat load of furnace, when the value of N_com increases, the condition of ignition is improved and both unburned carbon and NO_x emission are reduced. The employment of N_com in the optimization of burner operating conditions is demonstrated through two applications. In practice, the criterion N_com can be used to guide the selection of the concentration and type of pulverized coal, as well as the choice of burner and desired aerodynamic field, so as to achieve an optimized performance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of a direct injection spark ignition hydrogen engine for heavy-duty applications

The H₂ internal combustion engine is gaining increasing interest especially for commercial vehicles. Regarding the optimization of the combustion process, results of experimental investigations on a H₂ heavy-duty single-cylinder engine in combination with numerical 3D-CFD investigations are presented. In addition to a Direct Injection (DI) Spark Ignited (SI) configuration, Port Fuel Injection (PFI) is explored to provide a reference with near homogeneous cylinder charge. The main objective is to assess a 3D-CFD-RANS framework based on ECFM and state-of-the art sub-models to describe the most important phenomena occurring in H₂ spark ignition engines and to support the experimental analysis. Experimental results show that the PFI configuration provides efficiency and emissions benefits at the expense of volumetric efficiency. The proposed CFD model demonstrates the ability to successfully simulate different engine operating conditions for both PFI and DI systems. In particular, it is shown that the charge stratification typical for DI systems is not beneficial for the studied configuration as it increases wall heat losses and NOx formation.     

OH production by transient plasma and mechanism of flame ignition and propagation in quiescent methane-air mixtures

Transient plasma induced production of OH is followed in a quiescent, stoichiometric CH₄-air mixture using the planar laser induced fluorescence technique. Ignition and subsequent flame propagation, for both the transient plasma and traditional spark ignition, are observed with a high speed camera (2000 fps). The transient plasma is generated using a 70 ns FWHM, 60 kV, 800 mJ pulse. OH production was confirmed throughout the chamber volume; however, the mean number density was found to decay below 1.3×¹⁰¹⁴ cm⁻³ near 100 μs. Nonetheless, ignition induced by transient plasma was decidedly faster than by spark ignition. Using the high speed camera, ignition initiated by transient plasma was found to occur along the length of the anode at approximately 1 ms, leading to the formation of a wrinkled, cylindrically-shaped flame. Analysis of the flame front propagation rates shows that flames ignited by transient plasma propagate essentially at the speed consistent with well accepted literature values for the stoichiometric methane-air mixture. This supports the notion that residue plasma, if any, has little effect on flame propagation.     

Theory and Applications of Ignition with Variable Activation Energy

The determination of critical conditions for thermal ignition of combustible materials has been traditionally studied by the use of one overall reaction with bounded parameter values for the activation energy and other chemical constants, Significant errors can occur in the values of the threshold parameters for ignition when there are two (or more) simultaneous reactions present with distinct values of the chemical constants. Recent work with simultaneous parallel reactions showed the thresholds for ignition could be lowered in this case. In this paper, motivated by experimental results for forest litter and coal, it is shown that for sequential reactions (different values of parameters in different temperature ranges) that the threshold conditions are changed (safer for lower ambient temperatures and less safe for higher ambient temperatures).The mathematical analysis is summarised and a detailed analysis is given for the forest litter and crushed coal applications. The experimental results show that variable activation energy does occur and that this extension of the classical Frank-Kamenetskii theory is needed. Here the analysis is confined to the slab geometry only but the ideas developed can easily be extended to more general systems, including those involving mass transport, consumption, and phase changes.     

Characteristics of cyclic heat release variability in the transition from spark ignition to HCCI in a gasoline engine

We study selected examples of previously published cyclic heat-release measurements from a single-cylinder gasoline engine as stepwise valve timing adjustments were made to shift from spark ignited (SI) combustion to homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI). Wavelet analysis of the time series, combined with conventional statistics and multifractal analysis, revealed previously undocumented features in the combustion variability as the shift occurred. In the spark-ignition combustion mode, the heat-release variations were very small in amplitude and exhibited more persistent low-frequency oscillations with intermittent high-frequency bursts. In the HCCI combustion mode, the amplitude of the heat-release variations again was small and involved mainly low-frequency oscillations. At intermediate states between SI and HCCI, a wide range of very large-amplitude oscillations occurred, including both persistent low-frequency periodicities and intermittent high-frequency bursts. It appears from these results that real-time wavelet decomposition of engine cylinder pressure measurements may be useful for on-board tracking of SI–HCCI combustion regime shifts.     

Simulation of hydrogen and hydrogen-assisted propane ignition in pt catalyzed microchannel

This paper deals with self-ignition of catalytic microburners from ambient cold-start conditions. First, reaction kinetics for hydrogen combustion is validated with experimental results from the literature, followed by validation of a simplified pseudo-2D microburner model. The model is then used to study the self-ignition behavior of lean hydrogen/air mixtures in a Platinum-catalyzed microburner. Hydrogen combustion on Pt is a very fast reaction. During cold start ignition, hydrogen conversion reaches 100% within the first few seconds and the reactor dynamics are governed by the “thermal inertia” of the microburner wall structure. The self-ignition property of hydrogen can be used to provide the energy required for propane ignition. Two different modes of hydrogen-assisted propane ignition are considered: co-feed mode, where the microburner inlet consists of premixed hydrogen/propane/air mixtures; and sequential feed mode, where the inlet feed is switched from hydrogen/air to propane/air mixtures after the microburner reaches propane ignition temperature. We show that hydrogen-assisted ignition is equivalent to selectively preheating the inlet section of the microburner. The time to reach steady state is lower at higher equivalence ratio, lower wall thermal conductivity, and higher inlet velocity for both the ignition modes. The ignition times and propane emissions are compared. Although the sequential feed mode requires slightly higher amount of hydrogen, the propane emissions are at least an order of magnitude lower than the other ignition modes.     

火电厂等离子点火技术的应用与研究

等离子点火技术是目前火电厂新型的节能点火技术。概述了火电厂等离子点火系统的构成和工作原理,总结出该项技术在不同类型火电机组中的最新使用情况、目前存在的问题及其发展方向。     

单煤热天平着火温度指数的建立

通过大量国内典型煤样的试验，研究了单煤在热天平试验条件下的燃烧特性，分析了不同升温速率下煤样着火温度之间的关系，并建立了热天平着火温度指数，用来进行煤样着火性能的判定。