Bridging the culture nature divide in Monaco

The reigning Princes of Monaco have planned the urban landscape of their state by integrating actions on both the culture and the environment of this ancient Mediterranean fortress, which has ensured its continued independence for the past 150 years. They have planned most of the multifunctionality of this attractive landscape through enhancement of its physical and human heterogeneity. Its continual urbanization has had to be expanded beyond its exiguous territory. It has conquered space from the sea and leased some from France but it has always sought to mitigate its negative environmental impacts. Quality of life and local diversity have not been sacrificed to its phenomenal economic growth. Some of its success maybe due to its particular governance and to what many consider its main obstacle: its minuscule size.     

Integrating public safety and use into planning urban greenways

Greenways provide much-needed natural corridors and environments in urban and suburban areas, along with recreational, transportation and nature education opportunities for urban residents. However, there is a tension between the natural environment and public use in urban areas. Local residents' concerns for safety through clear sightlines and the use of lighting along trails may compromise the ecological integrity and natural character of urban greenways, whereas natural corridors in the city are often considered as being potentially unsafe, and therefore essentially inaccessible to use by many residents, particularly women, children, aging people and those with disabilities. As a result, the planning and development of safe urban trails within natural greenways can be challenging and contentious. Prospect and refuge theory provides a theoretical framework for understanding the human ecological dimensions of environmental design. Within this framework, a growing body of environment-behavior research provides useful principles for planning and designing greenways that are both ‘green’ and safe. These principles include: visibility of others, visibility by others, choice and control, solitude without isolation, and environmental awareness and legibility. This paper outlines the ‘safe communities’ approach developed in the city of Toronto, Canada, and applies it to the planning and design of trails in urban greenway systems through a series of planning guidelines, with particular reference to the Greater Toronto Area experience. The paper concludes that only when public safety is paramount will the necessary community support be built which will allow the successful integration of natural greenways into the fabric of metropolitan areas.     

Financing the future of green infrastructure planning: alternatives and opportunities in the UK

With the formation of the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government in 2010, the funding of local government in the UK changed fundamentally. Through an austerity approach to development, local planning authorities (LPAs) have been required to make significant budgetary savings, raising questions over what services are legally and morally dispensable. One service severely impacted has been green space (green infrastructure) management. In many locations, this has generated negative responses, as the proposed cuts are perceived as decreasing the liveability of urban areas. In response, LPAs are engaging in an examination of how they can manage development to more effectively fund green infrastructure provision. Such debates draw on a range of options from public, private and community funding sources, creating further complexity within LPA financing. To explore these options, this paper discusses the appropriateness of different funding mechanisms proposing a multi-option approach for the long-term management of green infrastructure.     

Greening Ahmedabad—creating a resilient Indian city using a green infrastructure approach to investment

Ahmedabad is the commercial centre of the Indian state of Gujarat. With a population of 5.1 million, it is subject to a range of socio-economic and ecological pressures which influence how the city’s landscape is planned. In 2013, the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) released a second draft of the 3rd Development Plan for the city. This document outlined how the city plans to strategically deliver built infrastructure, as well as, enhance its landscape through green infrastructure (GI). Utilising ecological networks the plan explores the value of integrating landscape projects to facilitate a spatially functional landscape resource base. This paper evaluates the transition from the rhetoric of the Development Plan to delivery. Drawing on commentary from local stakeholders, it reflects on the form that GI is taking, and asks whether projects such as the Sabarmati Riverfront are meeting both the strategic, and more localised socio-environmental needs of the city.     

论市县城镇体系规划中的若干问题

笔者从参与浙江省的若干市县域城镇体系规划的论证、评审与鉴定工作中,体会到要做好这项规划工作还存在着几方面的问题,必须引起应有的重视,对此笔者提出了相关的建议与要求,供正在开展的各市县域城镇体系规划工作借鉴参考,以推进浙江省城市化的进程。     

试论城乡用地一体化规划

论述城乡用地一体化规划的必要性与现实性,结合实践经验提出城乡用地一体化规划的要点是:统一规划控制范围,打破城乡分割局面;科学规划城镇体系,引导二三产业合理集聚;城乡一体优化生态环境,走可持续发展之路;加强对乡村发展的引导,集约发展小城镇;妥善协调用地利益关系,合理处理土地产权问题。     

The flora of selected urban land-use types in Berlin and Potsdam with regard to nature conservation in cities

Part of this investigation is the flora of three different urban land-use types which represent typical biotope characteristics of Berlin and Potsdam. The majority of these urban land-use types is located in the former GDR territory of East Berlin and Potsdam, which were almost unexplored and are therefore of special botanic interest. The focus lies on the inventory of wild-growing vascular plants, their diversity, richness, and value for nature conservation.The first investigated land-use type are the landscape parks of Potsdam with their plant communities of meadows and lawns which differ from many other grasslands of today in having unique plant species due to their historic garden design and the continuous way of extensive garden management. Second, the residential areas of the 20/30s in Berlin and their diversity of wild-growing vascular plants and planted trees which reflect the original garden management and the gardening traditions of this decade are presented. The third urban land-use type is the area of the Berlin wall with urban wasteland communities. It will be shown that also in the inner city with a high population density a special variety of species makes urban wastelands worthy for nature conservation.     

浅谈河南郑东新区城市建设经验及启示

本文通过对河南郑东新区城市规划实施过程及建设现状的调研分析,归纳总结河南省在城市规划、新区建设、城市运营等方面的经验做法,从而提出我省在提升城乡建设发展理念、集中力量开展"三整治三改造三提升"、创新城建工作机制等方面的具体思路和建议。     

基于区域雨洪调控的中央公园海绵系统设计方法研究——以沣西新城大西安中央公园为例

随着中国城市化进程的加快,新城建设中的中央公园数量日趋增多,中央公园发挥着城市海绵体、绿色地标、发展引擎等多重功能,也是城市中心重要的绿色基础设施.为落实海绵城市理念,以沣西新城大西安中央公园为例,研究蓝绿交融背景下,肩负区域雨洪调控功能的中央公园海绵系统构建思路,提出雨水传输系统、雨水径流调蓄系统及水系净化系统并行的...     

中国城镇化的主动力与城市规划的调控力

中国城镇化的动力机制由经济支持系统和制度支持系统组成,它包含了来自城镇的“拉力”、农村的“推力”与运行制度平台的“阻力”形成的综合作用力,推进中国城镇化的主动力是工业化。城市规划属于城镇化支持系统的微观层面因素,工业化进程离不开作为城市发展基本调控手段的城市规划。     

从结构规划走向空间管治——非建设用地规划回顾与展望

通过梳理国内外非建设用地规划发展实践,将其归纳为生态空间结构型规划分类控制型规划城市增长边界型规划、禁限建区规划、综合空间管制型规划等5种类型,提出非建设用地规划3个转向:规划模式从理想蓝图转向务实操作,规划方法从单一要素转向多元综合,规划实施从注重形态转向公共政策。结合当前存在的主要问题,最后提出非建设用地规划的研究发展方向     

Regional cities: international references in Brazilian regional planning in the 1950s and 1960s

ABSTRACT

A new stage of urban planning emerged in Brazil in the 1950s, with the region as the object of planning. Planners began to recognize the international contribution to the institutionalization of planning and to the development of proposals for Brazilian cities, as well as the connection between planning and urban decentralization ideas. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to delineate the city model that was being proposed within regional scale plans as the result of international urban practices and ideas. Two examples of such plans are presented in this paper: the Regional Plan of Santos (1950) and the Basic Regional Plan for the Coastline of Parana State (1966). As a result of the international references incorporated into these plans, a mixture of urban principles can be identified in these territorial proposals. The regional city model is the predominant principle arising from these plans, derived from the association of two planning scales: urban and regional.     

Urban warming trends in several large Asian cities over the last 100 years

In this paper, the long-term trends in surface temperature in several large Asian cities (Seoul, Tokyo, Osaka, Taipei, Manila, Bangkok, and Jakarta) have been analyzed for estimating the effects of urban warming. A new index, E-HII, is proposed: it is the value obtained by subtracting the temperature data of the four grids around the city from the observational temperature data in the city. Osaka shows the largest E-HII, increasing from approximately 2.4 °C in 1901 to almost 3 °C after 1981. The E-HIIs of Seoul, Tokyo, and Taipei, have increased by 1 °C to 2 °C. Jakarta and Bangkok exhibited a lower E-HII. E-HIIs of Manila and Bangkok have been increasing rapidly after 1961.     

The Production and Politics of Urban Knowledge: Contesting Transport in Auckland,New Zealand

Expert technical knowledge has a central role in decision-making for urban transport and is subject to public scrutiny for major investments. This paper examines how expertise is produced and contested by advocacy groups in Auckland, New Zealand. A network of advocates has emerged, garnering considerable influence as “experts” on urban transport and planning. In response to the perceived over-reliance on outdated approaches to transport, advocates mobilised alternative expertise using blogs and social media. Internet platforms enabled groups to extend the public sphere online, creating spaces for deliberation and contestation. Their activities targeted the technocratic logics embedded in forecasting models, reasserted transport infrastructure’s function as urban space, and highlighted how transport infrastructure shapes everyday experience. This case shows how advocates countered the postpolitical condition by re-ordering the polity of transport in Auckland. Advocates have been instrumental in appropriating globally mobile policies and successfully promoted improvements to public transport and cycling. However, those interviewed showed limited consideration of equity issues related to income, race and gender. This raises questions over whether the expertise mobilised favoured privileged groups, as advocates may be unaware of marginalisation that they rarely experience themselves. Alliances with community groups and local researchers can support broader engagement with distributional issues.     

贯彻城乡规划法推进基础设施专项规划制定

城市基础设施是城市赖以生存和发展的重要基础、动力和条件,是城市规划不可或缺的一个重要组成部分,2008年1月1日起实施的《城乡规划法》对基础设施建设的规划管理提出了更高要求。本文结合规划管理实际工作,分析了目前在基础设施专项规划工作中存在的问题,并提出完善的建议。     

北川新县城“绿色市政”规划技术方法与实践

从绿色市政的内涵及意义出发,通过分析总结《北川羌族自治县新县城市政专项规划》绿色市政的规划实施路径,提出通过系统优化、资源整合,资源循环,采用市政新技术等环节构建创新型、环保型的现代化绿色市政设施体系,实现市政设施低碳化布局,建立市政基础设施的绿色规划。     

武汉市蓝绿基础设施调节和支持服务价值评估研究

城市蓝绿基础设施为城市提供着多种类型的调节和支持服务。以武汉市域范围内的蓝绿基础设施为研究对象,以遥感影像和相关研究资料为基础,综合多种类型的生态系统服务评估方法,计算了1987—2015年间,武汉市中心建成区,都市发展区和城市远郊区3个研究区域水文调节、水质净化、固碳释氧、空气净化、噪声降低、气候调节和生物多样性保护7项调节和支持服务的量化收益和货币价值。最后对蓝绿基础设施的调节和支持服务在价值总量、单位效能、供需平衡、空间分布和时间变化等方面的规律进行了分析。     

Encouraging low carbon policies through a Local Emissions Trading Scheme (LETS)

Local authorities are important actors to mitigate climate change. They can implement policies which can reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in sectors like transport, waste, agriculture and land use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). They can also implement policies which can increase carbon dioxide removals. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) is one of the most important initiatives to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in the EU. It is a cap and trade scheme encompassing almost half of the European-wide carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon dioxide removals and sectors associated with local authorities’ responsibilities are not included in the EU ETS. The main objective of this paper is to propose an original cap and trade system, called LETS, designed to involve local authorities. The LETS was then tested and applied to all the local authorities in the mainland of Portugal covering emissions and removals of a single greenhouse gas (carbon dioxide) in the LULUCF and the transport sectors. The system proved to have the necessary conditions to be implemented and adaptable to other country contexts.     

构建城市的生命支撑系统——西雅图城市绿色基础设施案例研究

以西雅图绿色基础设施研究为例,从概念、策略、结构和规划研究方法4个方面对城市绿色基础设施(Urban GreenInfrastructure,简称UGI)进行分析,指出西雅图模式吸纳了马里兰绿色基础设施研究的精髓——内部连接的自然区域和开放空间网络,同时立足于城市既有结构和城市生活这2个不可忽略的方面,构建了一个鼓励可持续生活方式的、由五大交织的网络系统构成的城市绿色基础设施.