液氢自润滑动压轴承空化特性的数值研究

液氢的快速输运是氢能储运的重要方式,由于液氢自润滑高速轴承的动压效应导致轴承微小间隙中的近饱和液氢极易发生空化,成为影响高速液氢离心泵稳定性与可靠性的难点问题。基于均质两相流连续性方程,引入了修正后的Zwart空化模型,着重分析了液氢在自润滑轴承-转子间隙中流动、空化和空化过程中的热力学效应,对液氢人字槽动压高速轴承内的动压自润滑和热质传递特性进行了数值分析,发现液氢相变时的热力学效应可以有效抑制其空化的发生与发展,并进一步获得了不同工况下轴承承载特性的变化规律。     

低温液氮泵空化模型修正及内部流动数值研究

为了研究低温泵内的空化流动,考虑热力学效应,对现有Zwart空化模型进行了修正,并通过NACA0015水翼的空化实验验证了修正后模型的可行性。同时采用数值模拟的方法分析低温泵在输送液氮介质时所产生的空化流动现象,获得了低温泵的空化性能、叶片表面中间流线上的载荷分布情况和流道内的温度分布规律。研究结果对准确预测低温泵的空化性能,提高低温泵的抗空化能力具有意义。     

变螺距诱导轮对液氢泵空化性能的影响

以液氢泵内的空化流动为研究对象,构建了液氢泵内流动的数值模型。采用考虑热力学修正后的ZGB空化模型和标准湍流模型,对变螺距诱导轮对液氢泵空化性能的影响进行了数值模拟,获得了有无诱导轮对泵内叶片载荷、流道内温度分布规律以及空化现象的影响规律。结果表明:采用诱导轮提升了进入叶轮前的流体静压,降低液氢泵的临界空化数,拓展了泵的稳定工作范围。研究结果为优化液氢泵用诱导轮几何结构,提高液氢泵的抗空化性能提供了参考。     

考虑热效应的液氢气泡生长特性研究北大核心CSCD

根据单个气泡的生长特点,考虑液氢的热效应和气泡内部温度分布,通过联立求解热平衡方程、热扩散方程、Rayleigh-Plesset方程和半无限大空间的导热方程构建了单个气泡生长的数理模型。通过液氮工质中气泡的生长实验结果验证了模型的正确性,进而对比了几种典型低温工质中气泡半径的热力学生长过程,分析了不同工质热效应参数对气泡半径和半径临界时间的影响。此外还研究了液氢中单个气泡的半径生长过程和半径临界时间随环境压力和过热度的变化规律。     

氦气作为增压气体排出贮罐内液氢过程的CFD分析

基于计算流体力学方法,数值模拟了用常温氦气作为增压气体压出贮罐内液氢过程的流动和传热传质特性。构建了基于二维轴对称的VOF多相流以及包含氢气和氦气组分流动的气相多组分数值模型,液氢界面相变传质基于Hertz-Knudsen方程计算。分析了排出过程贮罐内压力、温度、液位及液氢相变率随时间的变化,重点考察气相出现在贮罐出口时间,以及此时气相中氦气含量。发现刚开始增压时,高温氦气和低温氢气传热只发生在氦气进口附近,贮罐内压力增加较慢,液氢界面不存在蒸发现象。随着进入氦气增加,贮罐内气相温度逐渐形成分层,在一定时刻,液面上气体温度开始上升,触发沸腾蒸发,导致压力快速增加。由于贮罐出口液体外流导致的减压效应远小于气相空间的压力增速,贮罐压力急剧增加并超过氦气入口,部分低温气体混合物从入口倒流出贮罐,同时使氦气入口处温度降低。由于贮罐内压力增加,底部液氢出口流量随时间呈线性增加。计算结果揭示了液氢贮罐增压流出过程复杂的流动和传热传质特性,对低温液体的储运有实际工程指导意义。     

车载液氢杜瓦蒸发率理论与试验研究

为检测低温容器的热性能及车载液氢杜瓦试验系统的设计要求,进行了一系列液氮蒸发率试验.列出根据容器系统结构参数相关传热计算结果,包括试验系统分别贮存液氢和液氮各项漏热及理论蒸发率.对90%充满率条件下的实验结果与理论计算进行比较,通过理论计算结果与液氮蒸发率实验结果对液氢试验蒸发率作了预测.并对容器处于安全压力下自然和憋压两种状态下进行的各种充满率的液氮蒸发率实验结果,分析了系统中压力、充满率与蒸发率相互之间的关系.     

弱可压缩性对液氢输送泵性能影响的数值研究北大核心CSCD

为考虑液氢的弱可压缩性,基于真实流体物性的PR方程,通过CFD仿真对高速液氢离心泵不同转速下空化断裂前的工况进行了数值模拟,对比分析了不可压缩流动和弱可压缩流动两种流动状态下的未空化高速离心液氢输送泵内流场分布、液氢泵扬程和效率等性能。研究结果表明,液氢工质的弱可压缩性不可忽略,将对泵内流场分布和能量耗散有显著影响,最终使泵的效率和扬程的降低。     

泵内压降和水力损失耦合诱导泵内液氮空化研究

为了研究泵内压降和水力损失耦合诱导泵内液氮空化,采用Zwart空化模型和RNG k-ε湍流模型,并使用CEL语言将饱和蒸气压随温度变化函数关系式导入CFX软件中进行求解,对不同流量下低温泵的空化特性曲线进行分析。研究结果表明,低温泵内压力、温度和空泡体积分数分布与空化的发展程度有关,由于水力损失的作用,小流量工况下,泵内会出现涡状流,从而对叶轮内空化产生影响。     

液氢和液氮蒸发率的比值

根据Lockheed模型和文献数据得到了液氢、液氮的绝热层漏热之比;基于热传导模型,计算液氢、液氮的结构漏热之比;在此基础上求得液氢、液氮蒸发率的理论比值为5.72。使用1台4.0 m³液氢储罐,参照GB/T 18443.5—2010先后开展了液氮、液氢的蒸发率试验。试验结果表明,液氢、液氮蒸发率之比为5.21,与理论值基本吻合。在工程计算中,建议取液氢蒸发率为液氮蒸发率的5.47倍。     

液氮空化非稳态脱落过程可视化实验研究

搭建了一套液氮非稳态空化可视化实验装置,成功测量得到空化区前后的压力、温度和液体速度;使用高速摄像仪拍摄不同空化数下液氮在文氏管内的空化过程,图像处理得到空化区长度及脱落频率,并基于B因子理论推导得到低温空化体积分数经验计算公式。随着空化数的减小,空化区周期性脱落频率变小,空化区长度、最大温降和气相含量变大。基于空化区长度计算得到液氮空化的斯特劳哈数(St)平均值为0.378,其大于传统水空化的0.2—0.3区间。经分析,液氮较大的韦伯数和气液密度比使得空化区更易于断裂成小空化云团,从而更易于从壁面上脱落,这也和实验现象吻合。     

Numerical simulation of cryogenic cavitating flow by an extended transport-based cavitation model with thermal effects

Thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitating flow is important to the accuracy of numerical simulations mainly because cryogenic fluids are thermo-sensitive, and the vapour saturation pressure is strongly dependent on the local temperature. The present study analyses the thermal cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen around a 2D hydrofoil. Thermal effects were considered using the RNG k-ε turbulence model with a modified turbulent eddy viscosity and the mass transfer homogenous cavitation model coupled with energy equation. In the cavitation model process, the saturated vapour pressure is modified based on the Clausius-Clapron equation. The convection heat transfer approach is also considered to extend the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model. The predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity under cryogenic conditions show that the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model is in agreement with the experimental data of Hord et al. in NASA, especially in the thermal field. The thermal effect significantly affects the cavitation dynamics during phase-change process, which could delay or suppress the occurrence and development of cavitation behaviour. Based on the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model proposed in this paper, better prediction of the cryogenic cavitation is attainable.     

Effects of additive gases on radio-frequency plasma sintering of alumina

Pure and 0.25 wt% MgO-doped alumina powder compacts were sintered using a radio-frequency induction-coupled argon plasma. The effects of additive oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and water were investigated by injecting varying amounts of each gas during sintering. The addition of diatomic gases or water vapour to argon gas during plasma sintering increased the temperature and sintered density of the specimens. Water vapour showed the strongest effect, followed by hydrogen, nitrogen and then oxygen. The presence of MgO dopant resulted in greater density and a lower sample temperature than those of the pure material.     

High temperature stress relief cavitation of an Al-bearing α-brass

High temperature stress relief intergranular cavitation and subsequent room temperature embrittlement of an aluminium-bearing-brass has been studied metallographically. The behaviour of a cast susceptible to cavitation has been compared to one which does not exhibit intergranular cavitation during stress relief, and which is subsequently more ductile at room temperature. A number of micro-analytical techniques (SIMS and EDX) failed to reveal any difference in the grain boundary chemistry between a cast susceptible to intergranular cavitation and one which was not, but it is suspected that the combined action of dissolved gases (e.g. hydrogen) and trace element impurities plays a major role in cavitation. The cavities formed during stress relief were often polyhedral in shape and it is considered that this occurs by the diffusion of matter around the cavity surface to attain a lower energy surface configuration. Second phase particles were found to play only a minor role in the nucleation of cavities. Room temperature intergranular fracture surfaces of material, in which cavities had formed during stress relief, were interpreted in terms of high temperature cavity formation and coalescence combined with low temperature plastic void growth and interlinkage.     

低温节流阀流动过程数值模拟和实验研究

对弯折型、旋转型两种节流阀进行数值模拟,研究不同工质下节流阀的温降以及流量特性,结果发现与液氮与液氧相比,甲烷在节流阀内的空化更为严重,汽相出现的较早,汽液分布较为混乱.搭建低温节流阀流动换热实验台,以液氮和甲烷为实验工质研究不同工况下的节流阀的流动特性,将进口过冷度作为影响因素提出新的质量流量关联式,可以准确预测节流...     

Frequency characteristics of liquid hydrogen cavitating flow over a NACA0015 hydrofoil

Large eddy simulation on unsteady cavitating flow of liquid hydrogen over a three-dimensional NACA0015 hydrofoil with the attack angle (α) of 6° are carried out to investigate the dynamic features of cavity with the existence of thermal effects. The numerical model considers the compressibility of both liquid and vapor phase, and is validated by comparing the results with the available experimental data. Special emphasis is put on analyzing the frequency characteristics of cavitation cloud. Strouhal number (St) is plotted against σ/2α (σ is cavitation number), and the water cavitation data reported by Andrt et al. are also used as a reference. It is found that the St number for LH₂ cavitation is much smaller than the water, in which the thermal effects are generally not considered, at the same σ/2α value when it is greater than about 2.0, while it returns to the same level as water when σ/2α decreases to below 2.0. The reason is primarily ascribed to the thermal effects, and the detailed explanations are given based on the recognitions that the shedding mechanism of cavitation clouds is predominated by the combined action of the vortex flow and thermal effects. While, when σ/2α decreases to a critical value, the relative effect of the thermal effects on the cavitation dynamics is greatly weakened compared with the mechanism due to the vortex flow, like those in isothermal cavitation flow in traditional fluids. The results provide a deeper understanding of the cryogenic fluid cavitation flow.     

Computational fluid dynamic study on cavitation in liquid nitrogen

Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles within a liquid where flow dynamics cause the local static pressure to drop below the vapor pressure. This paper presents the steady computational fluid dynamic (CFD) results of cavitation in liquid nitrogen flow through hydrofoils and ogives with so-called “full cavitation model”. The model is reexamined to assess the performance prediction from the standpoint of cryogenic fluids with the assumption of thermal equilibrium between vapor phase and liquid phase. The fluid thermodynamic properties are specified along the saturation line using the “Gaspak 3.2” databank. The thermal effects and accompanying property variations due to phase change are modeled rigorously. The thermodynamic cavitation framework is validated against experimental data of NASA hydrofoil and ogive. The global sensibility of the cavitation solution with respect to the cavitation model coefficients and the free-stream velocity is investigated in detail and the choking phenomenon is reported with high Mach number. The full cavitation model with the default coefficients is applicable for cavitation prediction in liquid nitrogen, taking into account of the thermodynamic effects.     

胶氢制备技术研究

根据胶氢动力学稳定条件,推导出胶凝剂颗粒尺寸与密度的函数关系,并给出不同浓度下,液氢能够成胶的颗粒临界尺寸。从聚集稳定性出发,以颗粒与氢分子相互作用关系解释了胶氢成胶能够实现及其稳定相对较弱的原因。进行了胶氮、胶氢制备实验,但结果不是很理想。通过分析,原因在于低温密封条件下的高速搅拌目前难以实现,凝胶剂颗粒过大,超过能够形成胶体的直径要求。     

柱形料腔中超声空化效应的空间分布特性研究

研究了20 kHz的圆柱形料腔中超声空化效应的形成及其空间分布特性。应用柱贝塞尔函数,推导获取了柱形声场内超声传播的声能密度的分布,并采用有限元方法进行仿真分析。针对频率为20 kHz的功率超声实验,结合声学测量方法和鲁米诺声致化学发光方法,对理论分析结果进行了验证对照。结果表明:料腔半径R=50 mm,20 kHz谐振液位高度H=90 mm时,若功放电流<40 mA,超声空化效应出现在变幅杆端部区域;若40 mA≤功放电流≤80 mA,空化效应显著增强,空化效应的空间分布与场内声压分布一致,空化效应受声模态影响,形成远场空化效应的分布特性;若功放电流>80 mA,受非线性因素影响,谐振液位时,空化效应在声流作用下呈柱形拖尾状分布,并在底部壁面边界形成平铺状分布;非谐振液位高度等于75 mm时,超声空化效应随功率增加仅在变幅杆端部区域出现,且呈现局域空化分布特性。     

液氮贮罐冷损增加的原因及处理

由于夹层真空度下降、绝热保温材料珠光砂下沉,造成4个液氮贮罐的冷损大幅增加,通过对夹层补充珠光砂、重新抽真空,有效提高了液氮贮罐的绝热保冷效果,降低冷损。     

Numerical study of liquid nitrogen cavitating flow through nozzles of various shapes

The cavitating flow of cryogenic liquid through a spray nozzle is influenced by many factors, such as unique thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid, the inflow temperature and the complicated geometrical structure of the spray nozzle. The geometrical parameters of liquid nitrogen spray nozzles have a profound impact on cavitating flow which in turn affects spray atomization characteristics and cooling performance. In present study, CFD simulations are performed to investigate influence of the nozzle geometry on the liquid nitrogen cavitating flow. The mixture model is used to describe the liquid-vapor two phase flow, and both the cavitation and evaporation are considered for the phase change. The predictions of mass flow of liquid nitrogen spray are validated against experimental results. The effects of geometric parameters, including the outlet orifice diameter and the length of nozzle, the inlet edge angle of orifice, the inlet corner radius of orifice, the orifice shape and different positions of swirl vanes, are investigated under a wide range of pressure difference and inflow temperature. The results show that the effects of geometric parameters on cavitating flow show different trends under subcooled conditions compared with saturated temperature conditions. The flow characteristics are more affected by the changes of the inlet edge angle, the inlet corner radius, and the orifice shape. The insert of swirl vanes has an effect on the distribution of the cavitated vapor within the orifice, but it has little influence on flow characteristics. The results could enrich our knowledge of liquid nitrogen cavitating flow in spray nozzles of various shapes.