Energy-adaptive Pulse Amplitude Modulation for IR-UWB Communications Under Renewable Energy

Impulse Radio Ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) technique has long been recognized for its unique carrierless operation as compared with other communication techniques. The simple and low-cost structure offers great advantages for self-powered embedded wireless systems, in which energy efficiency is a challenging issue due to the fact that most renewable energy sources only offer limited and unstable power supply. In this paper, we present an energy-adaptive Pulse Amplitude Modulation technique for self-powered IR-UWB based communication systems to improve data rate and or time coverage. The basic idea is derived from the fact that domain-specific information in such applications are often available; thus, by jointly exploiting the wireless channel conditions and the non-deterministic characteristics of renewable energy sources, the proposed technique dynamically adjusts the modulation level to enhance the sustainable operation under the unreliable energy supply. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique achieves a much higher data rate and better time coverage than conventional UWB systems. The proposed technique is also insensitive to many practical issues such as the battery aging effect.     

Energy-Adaptive Signal Processing Under Renewable Energy

This paper presents an energy-adaptive performance management technique for the design of embedded signal processing systems powered by renewable energy sources. By jointly considering the non-deterministic characteristics of renewable energy and the unique relationship between signal processing performance and the required energy consumption, a progressive performance tuning approach is developed to dynamically determine an acceptable signal processing performance in accordance with the changing energy level at runtime. Several practical issues such as energy prediction errors and battery capacity are investigated, and their impacts on the proposed technique are evaluated. The proposed technique is applied to a DCT-based image sensing system. Simulation results demonstrate that by adaptively tuning signal processing kernels with renewable energy, significant improvements in time coverage and energy efficiency can be achieved in the presence of unstable harvested energy.     

22–29 GHz Ultra-Wideband CMOS Pulse Generator for Short-Range Radar Applications

The pseudo-millimeter-wave ultra-wideband (UWB) is attractive for applications in short-range automotive radar systems using 22 to 29 GHz in order to realize road safety and intelligent transportation. Although the CMOS is suitable for short- range radar since processing units can be implemented in the same chip as the UWB front-end building block, it is difficult to operate CMOS pulse generators at such a high frequency. To realize the pseudo-millimeter-wave band using CMOS, we have proposed a new pulse generator consisting of a series of delay cells and edge combiners with waveform shaping for short-range radar. As a result of measurement using 90-nm CMOS technology, 1 Gb/s/bit pulses with 71 mV peak-to-peak, 39.2 ps monopulse width and 552 ps envelope width are successfully generated with a power consumption of 1.4 mW at a supply voltage of 0.91 V. This result can be the basis for developing the key technology for one-chip short-range radar sensors.     

Design of GNSS Receivers Powered by Renewable Energy via Adaptive Tracking Channel Control

Harvesting renewable energy from environment sources can resolve the battery issue for systems composed of mobile terminals and enable long-time autonomous deployment. However, simply applying renewable energy to these systems will usually result in low system performance, not only because the available energy harvested from renewable sources is non-deterministic but the energy level is also low. Furthermore, mobile devices could be power-consuming and their power budget may exceed the available power level. In this paper, we propose an adaptive tracking channel control technique for renewable energy powered GNSS receivers deployed for autonomous field applications. First, we formulate the tracking channel control problem and introduce an improved greedy-based technique that dynamically adjusts signal tracking channels according to the signal propagation channel status and available energy level to attain better positioning time coverage. Then, we introduce a model-free reinforcement learning based technique to further improve the GNSS time coverage by optimizing the control policy. Finally, the evaluation results show that the proposed techniques can achieve significant improvement in positioning time coverage over the existing techniques.     

UWB雷达芯片的研究现状与发展

超宽带(UWB)系统具有高传输速率、低功耗、探测精度高、穿透性强、安全性高等优势,在军事、雷达、生物探测、短距通信及室内室外高精度定位等场景有着广泛的应用.并且随着半导体技术的发展,基于CMOS的UWB雷达芯片成为研究热点.国内外众多学者及商业公司提出各具优势的UWB芯片及系统.该文从UWB系统、UWB芯片架构中关键电...     

高功率超宽带电磁脉冲技术

高功率超宽带电磁脉冲源对许多应用 ,如冲击脉冲雷达、探测地雷、微波武器等是十分重要的。本文评述在快速高压开关和超宽带天线发展中的最新进展 ,讨论了未来这类超宽带源研究的技术挑战和发展前景     

Ultra-wideband radar using Fourier synthesized waveforms

Traditional methods of ultra-wideband (UWB) radar signal generation suffer from several disadvantages such as low antenna radiation efficiency and lack of accurate control of signal parameters like pulse shape, pulse repetition interval (PRI), and its spectrum. UWB signals can be generated by expanding the desired radar waveform in a Fourier series and then synthesizing the waveform by generating the individual terms in the expansion from harmonically related oscillators. Signals thus produced overcome the disadvantages of traditional methods of UWB signal generation. Fourier series based method for generation of complex amplitude coded waveforms is developed which can be used to generate time domain equivalent of Barker and other codes for application in radar and communication areas. In radar applications, these coded waveforms, with accurate and stable waveform parameters, shall allow pulse compression and coherent integration. The additional processing gain provided by these operations reduces the need for high peak power in radar transmitters which is one of the bottlenecks in the implementation of operational UWB radars. This paper also describes a UWB radar concept which incorporates Fourier synthesized waveforms. Related digital signal processing issues are also discussed     

应用于超宽带雷达干扰的光学射频存储技术研究

针对超宽带雷达信号复制转发式干扰应用,研究了一种基于光处理的超宽带模拟射频存储技术,相比传统的数字射频存储技术,它大幅提升了干扰源的瞬时带宽。结合对光学射频存储的理论分析结果,采用低噪声光学放大与光学自适应幅度均衡技术精确控制光纤复制环路增益,实现对采样信号的高质量、大数量的相参复制。利用可调光纤延迟技术实现拖距、拖速等干扰效果,并通过实验验证与仿真分析证明了光学射频存储技术的可行性及有效性。     

高速超宽带脉冲检测电路的设计

在介绍了一种基于TH-PPM调制方式的并行检测接收机方案的基础上,结合UWB脉冲信号的时域特征提出并实现了一种结构简单、性能稳定的脉冲能量检测电路.实验结果表明该电路可在100Mb/s的高传输速率情况下取得较好的超宽带信号检测效果.     

满足FCC辐射掩模的UWB信号设计算法及性能分析

脉冲波形设计是超宽带无线通信技术研究中的重要内容。以满足联邦通信委员会(FCC)辐射掩模为前提,采用两次迭代的算法逐步对脉冲波形参数进行优化,设计了一种低复杂度、能够最大限度提高UWB系统的辐射功率的UWB信号。同时,研究了经过加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道,在跳时扩频脉位调制(TH-PPM)UWB系统中使用该窄脉冲的系统性能。仿真结果表明,该UWB通信系统比通常使用Manchester窄脉冲或Scholtz窄脉冲的UWB系统误码性能更优。这对于UWB系统的实际运用有很好的指导意义。     

雷达威力计算数学模型的研究

雷达威力覆盖的计算应用于总体方案设计、天线设计到联调校飞的全过程。根据仰角上的威力覆盖,合理分配不同距离上的脉冲数、脉冲宽度、驻留时间、波位数目、波束指向,波束宽度以及信噪比等雷达资源。在总结了雷达威力计算所涉及的各方面数学理论和数学模型。对雷达的使用具有重大的意义。     

雷达通信一体化技术研究综述

随着科学技术高速发展和应用需求的不断拓展,雷达传感和无线通信系统在收发通道、信号与数据处理、管理与控制等方面的差异正逐步缩小,已呈现出一体化趋势,为未来电子信息系统的发展提供了新的机遇和挑战。本文深度剖析了雷达与通信一体化的内在本质和潜在优势,概括了发展历程和研究现状,指明了一体化理论瓶颈和关键性技术挑战,并重点围绕信号一体化这一核心难点,首次提出了基于多维信号波形的创新性解决思路。最终,本文展望了雷达通信一体化的小型化和泛在化发展趋势,试图为未来先进电子信息系统的研制奠定基础。      

FM-UWB for Communications and Radar in Medical Applications

UWB technology is a useful and safe new technology in the area of wireless body area network. There are many advantages of using UWB as a communication standard for biomedical applications. Due to very low radiated power (−41.3 dBm/MHz), low power consumption, good coexistence with the other existing instruments, Robustness to interference and multipath. Moreover, one specific UWB technology, namely Frequency Modulated (FM)-UWB, has also an important advantage, which make it even more convenient for medical applications, such as simple low cost design (FM, no receive LO, no carrier synchronization as in IR-UWB). UWB technology has been also proposed radar applications such as: Non-Invasive Heart and Respiration Rate Monitoring; Detection of Cardiac Arrhythmias; Detection of Pathological Respiratory Patterns, particularly in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and Sleep Apnea; Multi-Patient Monitoring; Detection and Non-Invasive Imaging of Breast Tumors. However, pulsed radar are mainly used for these applications. The main issue that is addressed in this paper is the integration of sensing and communication using FM-UWB and radar technology so that a single device can be obtained for two different operational mode. We have show that FM-UWB as radar can meet the requirements of typical biomedical applications such as Non-Invasive Heart and Respiration Rate Monitoring. Advantages and challenges of this integration are shown. Future perspectives of this novel activity will be drawn.     

基于正向建模的目标超宽带电磁脉冲雷达回波仿真

为了快速获取超宽带（ultra-wideband,UWB）电磁脉冲激励下雷达目标的时域电磁响应,提出了一种基于散射中心正向建模的目标时域回波仿真方法.从目标几何模型出发,利用空间射线分集技术对强散射源进行分离,通过模型参数正向确定方法构建出目标的属性散射中心模型,用以表征目标高频电磁散射特性,并在UWB电磁脉冲激励下进行仿真运算,获得目标时域回波信号.以典型目标SLICY为例,基于正向建模的散射中心模型,快速获取不同UWB电磁脉冲激励下的雷达回波信号,与高频仿真方法得到的一维距离像（high resolution radar profile,HRRP）进行对比分析,吻合良好.由此验证了本文提出的回波仿真方法的有效性,为不同辐射源激励下目标的快速电磁响应研究提供了一种新思路.     

地面情报雷达探测巡航导弹的几个主要问题

在概述巡航导弹主要特征的基础上 ,分析了地面情报雷达探测巡航导弹面临的探测能量、视距、强杂波中小目标检测等基本问题 ,提出了解决这些问题应采取的体制、技术与战术使用措施。对采用PD体制探测巡航导弹雷达系统的重复频率、积累脉冲数、系统改善因子等参数的选择和解距离模糊等问题进行了较为深入的分析。     

Performance analysis of b-bit digital receivers for TR-UWB systems with inter-pulse interference

An ultra-wideband (UWB) transmitted reference (TR) system transmits an un-modulated pulse and a delayed modulated pulse pair. Then, a correlation receiver uses the former to demodulate the latter. Because of the long spread of a typical UWB channel, time delay between the two pulses is preferable to be larger than the channel delay spread for reduced noise at the receiver. However, for bandwidth efficiency, that delay should be made small, resulting in inter-pulse interference at the receiver. In this paper, digital receivers are constructed for TR-UWB systems including inter-pulse interference. A typical mean matching technique, appropriate for both PPM and PAM schemes, is implemented digitally to obtain a good template for symbol detection. Joint estimation and detection performance of this family of digital receivers, using finite number of bits in analog-to-digital conversion and finite noisy observations, is analyzed. Closed form results are derived and verified by computer simulations. In addition, the effect of time offset between the reference pulse and information carrying pulse is studied. Overlap of the two pulses does not incur noticeable performance degradation. The proposed analytical framework can be applied to study detection performance of other related digital receivers not covered in this paper     

Chaos UWB Radar for Through-the-Wall Imaging

In this paper, we propose to apply a novel chaos-based ultra-wide band (UWB) radar for through-the-wall imaging. The proposed chaos modulation offers superior resolution compared to conventional UWB radars when applied for through-the-wall imaging. A noncoherent receiver is designed based on expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. The theoretical detection performance is derived for through-the-wall detection in the presence and absence of room reverberations as a function of dielectric properties of walls, targets, and their geometry illustrating the robustness of the proposed modulation against room reverberations. The resolution of the proposed modulation is analyzed theoretically and verified through simulations for different wall materials. Numerical electromagnetic simulations using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method are performed to confirm the obtained theoretical results. From the theoretical and simulation analysis, we find that the proposed chaos-based pulse amplitude modulated ultra-wide band (CPAM-UWB) radar has better detection performance, penetrating ability and imaging performance compared to other conventional through-the-wall imaging radars.      

通信化雷达探测技术

随着雷达探测逐步进入强电子对抗、隐身时代,传统雷达体制在战术主动性、能量、数量方面均处于劣势。雷达亟需从探测体制方面进行创新,充分挖掘其合作式探测的主动性、充分利用信号波形的信息维度优势,才能适应未来新型防空作战。该文提出一种新的雷达体制——通信化雷达,其通过在发射信号波形中嵌入发射站动态位置、天线扫描指向、发射时刻等辅助信息,并在接收处理中提取、利用该信息进行目标检测、定位、识别、抗干扰和多目标分辨,可提升远程、隐身、强对抗条件下的雷达探测能力和战场生存力。该文从系统架构、探测原理、性能分析等方面对通信化雷达进行了阐述。      

An Analysis of Interference Mitigation Capability of Low Duty-Cycle UWB Communications in the Presence of Wideband OFDM System

Low duty-cycle (LDC) algorithm is interference mitigation technique, which can reduce the average interference to the existing radio systems by lowering pulse repetition interval or pulse occupation time. In this paper, the coexistence environment between low data rate ultra wideband (UWB) communication system such as wireless sensor network and the existing wideband system using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) such as 4th generation mobile cellular system (4G), worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX), and field pickup unit (FPU) is considered. In order to analyze the interference mitigation capability of LDC algorithm with impulse based UWB (LDC-UWB) system, the frame error rate (FER) of wideband OFDM system is examined for two types of LDC-UWB system: the signal with random polarity such as binary pole signals and without random polarity such as mono pole signals. We present that LDC algorithm is an efficient interference mitigation technique for low data rate UWB communication via computer simulations regardless of definitions of transmitted energy of UWB communication system, and also that the signal with random polarity is suitable for LDC-UWB system to mitigate interference to the other radio systems. We further investigate the adequate duty-cycle of LDC-UWB system for each definition of transmitted power of UWB communication.