全球水目标视域中的中国“水十条”

通过对联合国相关机构推出的全球水目标和我国政府发布的中国水十条的进行比较分析,结果表明:全球水目标以可持续发展为指导方针,大力整合了水事务不同层面的问题,对包括我国在内的世界各国水事工作具有积极的指导作用;中国水十条以水污染防治为核心议题,结合我国水事务存在的各种挑战,对相关工作的深化作出战略部署,是我国为国际社会全面实现全球水目标做出的又一重大新贡献。以全球水目标为参照,中国水十条的推出和落实有助于进一步完善我国水生态文明建设工作,提升我们履行相关国际责任的能力。     

Contradictions and Challenges in China's Water Policy Development

Abstract

External assessment of China's water problems, and recommendations for policy solutions, often fail to recognize interrelated physical, institutional, historical-cultural, and ideologically-grounded contradictions in the water sphere, distinctive to China, that challenge Chinese policy makers in unique ways. As new market-based approaches to flood and drought prevention and control, water quality maintenance, adequate water supply, and ecological support are being discussed and implemented, problems of overcoming deep-seated contradictions in the water economy compel searching review of policy assumptions and strategies which force reconsideration and modification of longstanding strategies and procedures for managing water resources. This paper considers the implications of water policy contradictions and challenges in four key areas: (1) coordination of economic measures and legal constraints associated with a 1988 Water Law; (2) a major 1999 policy shift from emphasis on strutural engineering solutions in shuili (water management) enterprise to a broader resource-defined concept of “resource” water management (ziyuanshuili) in support of water sustainability; (3) continuing reference to traditional historical/cultural and Marxist theoretical perspectives despite increasing adoption of Western market-based instruments in water policy development; and (4) problems of modifying and adapting indigenous water science and engineering in the process of building a new water economy. The paper concludes that bilateral and multilateral efforts to ameliorate China's water problems may be successful in achieving limited technical objectives in the several water sectors but face difficulties in contributing to China's long-term water sustainability and hazard mitigation because they are insensitive to internal contradictions that are being addressed with ever greater intensity and urgency in the quest for solutions.     

关于发展水利经济的政策保障问题

文章从湖南省发展水利经济的成功经验出发，着重从实施政策保障角度，深入论述了在发展水利经济的进程中，实施政策保障的必要性、重要性及其在解决发展难题和推进水利产业化进程中的实际应用。     

Water Governance 2.0: A Review and Second Generation Research Agenda

Water scholars and practitioners generally agree that improving water governance is the key to addressing water insecurity in developing countries. We review the literature on water governance and argue for a second-generation research agenda, which pays more attention to the study of incentive structures, is multi and inter-disciplinary in orientation and with clear policy implications. We then illustrate how theories drawn from public economics, new institutional economics, political economy and public administration can help diagnose the challenges of integrated water resources management, improving efficiency of water utilities, privatization of utilities and public-private partnerships, water pricing reforms, virtual waters/water trading, among others. We conclude that these tools can help advance the second-generation research agenda on water governance.     

水利经济发展的策略分析

发展水利经济,既是一个理论问题,同时又是一个实践问题。如何对实践作出科学概括,进而上升到理论;同时,又用新的经济理论指导实践。文章提出了发展水利经济的策略,特别是在水价政策、市场规制、企业改制、资本经营、人力开发等方面提出了新观点,对推动“四种水利”建议有借鉴意义。     

Political and Professional Agency Entrapment: An Agenda for Urban Water Research

The many societal benefits provided by traditional, centralised urban water servicing models are being re-examined following recent extreme weather events, climate uncertainty and other variable socio-technical trends. Total water cycle management offers a more flexible and resilient approach to urban water management, however, transformative change in the sector is difficult. A growing number of scholars have identified that the urban water sector is locked-in to the current large-scale, centralised infrastructure model and suggest the sector is unable to accommodate new technologies and management approaches beyond niche projects. Based on extensive socio-institutional research and example cases from Australian and United Kingdom experiences managing urban water under pressures such as modern environmentalism, prolonged water scarcity and sewerage overflows, this paper provides a commentary on common factors exhibited in both countries related to technological path dependency. Three key factors promoting this pathway: political risk, professional agency fear and a lack of a hybrid governance approach are discussed and a future scholarly research agenda is presented.     

宏观经济政策与省区水利发展战略

一、转型经济时期的宏观经济政策 20世纪末、21世纪初是我国的一个重要历史发展时期。原来的以计划手段作为配置经济资源主要方式的计划经济逐步向以市场手段作为配置经济资源主要方式的市场经济过渡。转轨中的我国经济一方面还保留着计划经济体制的某些特征,另一方面又凸     

The Impact of Economic Development on Water Pollution: Trends and Policy Actions in Malaysia

The paper examines the impact of development activities on water pollution in Malaysia. Hence, the main objective of this paper is not just to examine the trends of development-induced water pollution around the region of the country but to know where the problems are and the policy measures taken by the government. It evaluates the probable causative relationship between problems introduced due to technology employed in water pollution control and governmental policy measures. It examines the relationship between development indicators as sources of pollution and polluted rivers over a period of 12 years. The findings of the paper have shown that despite the policy enforcement actions against the identified sources of water pollution, all the three development indicators (chosen based on those identified sources) still accounted for high percentage of river pollution in Malaysia. The findings of the paper were used to identify the central fact of the location of the problem. Some crucial conclusions of where the problems likely to be, as reflected in the findings, are: (a) the issue of interactive-effects between pollutants that many policy-makers are not aware of. This is when policy measures concentrate only on one source of water pollution; (b) the enforcement strength and/or effectiveness of policy measures themselves; (c) financial constraints to invest in appropriate technology especially sewerage systems for controlling human source of water pollution in the country; as well as those confronting small polluting industries (d) finally, lack of cooperation between government and private business firms to comply with regulatory policies for water pollution control.     

Proposed Water Policy for Sri Lanka: The Policy versus the Policy Process

This paper discusses a recent experience of an unsuccessful attempt to adopt water policy for Sri Lanka. The donor-driven nature, top-down approach, lack of transparency, lack of historical and cultural perspectives, inadequate attention to environmental issues and inadequate safety nets have been cited as the major weaknesses of the proposed policy. This paper summarizes the major arguments against the policy document and analyses the reasonableness of the critiques. The paper also analyses two major aspects of the proposed policy--water pricing and tradable water rights--using a comprehensive policy analysis framework. The major lesson learnt is the significance of participatory approaches in formulating water policies.     

Chilean Water Policy: The Role of Water Rights,Institutions and Markets

Allocation of water through markets in tradable water rights in Chile has fostered efficient use of water; facilitated a shift to high-value crops which use less water per unit value of output; has given farmers greater flexibility to shift cropping patterns according to market demand through the purchase, rent and lease of water; and induced im proved efficiency in urban water and sewage services. In addition, the Chilean water policy, by reducing huge con struction and operations and maintenance subsidies to better-off farmers and urban water consumers, has freed-up public resources that have been utilized to provide direct and transparent targeted subsidies for poor urban water users and small farmers. This paper discusses the political and economic environment that facilitated the establishment of the new water policy, and describes the characteristics of tradable water rights in Chile and the legal and institutional basis for enforcing them.     

海委水利信息化机遇与发展

信息化是当今世界经济和社会发展的大趋势,推动着全球产业分工深化和经济结构调整,重塑着全球经济竞争格局.加快信息化发展,已经成为世界各国的共同选择,信息化水平已成为衡量一个国家和地区现代化水平的重要标志.     

Water Resources in the GCC Countries: An Overview

One of the critical problems that hinders thesustainable development in the Gulf CooperationCouncil (GCC) countries is the lack of renewable waterresources. Rainfall in the Arabian Peninsula is scarceand infrequent. Over-exploitation of fossilgroundwater resources, mostly to meet the irrigationdemands and create greenery lands, has alreadyaffected the aquifer's productivity bothquantitatively and qualitatively. A great portion ofthe freshwater demands in the GCC countries is coveredby desalinated water. Recently, after the Gulf war anduncertainty of oil prices, the expansion in theconstruction of desalination plants may not beeconomically feasible. This article investigates thewater availability and assesses the water demands inthe GCC countries. It emphasizes the need for theadaptation of an efficient and integrated policy forwater utilization and application of relevantconservation techniques in various water consumptionsectors. Water of higher quality should be preservedfor drinking purposes and should not be utilized forother purposes that may tolerate water of lowerquality. Recycling of water and artificial recharge ofgroundwater by surface water and treated wastewatershould be adapted at a larger scale.     

跨流域调水生态补偿研究述评

跨流域调水生态补偿研究是尝试从生态补偿市场角度解决跨流域调水工程的持续发展问题。从内涵、目的、标准、实施机制、保障制度这5方面分别对国内外相关研究进行了归纳总结,梳理了对跨流域调水生态补偿的认识过程,总结了国内外研究进展、研究侧重点与研究不足并评述了国外典型案例,基于此对国内外研究进展进行了比较。发现跨流域调水生态补偿只是近些年才得以重视,但国外已经形成了从内涵到保障制度的初步理论体系,与国外相比较,我国研究尚处于初级阶段,应从跨流域调水生态服务的特点与生态补偿的市场特征来进行相应研究是今后研究的重点。     

Economics of Agricultural Water Conservation: Empirical Analysis and Policy Implications

Climate change and recurrent drought in many of the world's dry places continue to inspire the search for economically attractive measures to conserve water. This study analyzes water conservation practices in irrigated agriculture in a sub-basin in North America's Rio Grande. A method is developed to estimate water savings in irrigated agriculture that result from public subsidies to farmers who convert from surface to drip irrigation. The method accounts for economic incentives affecting farmers' choices on irrigation technology, crop mix, water application, and water depletion. Findings show that farmers will invest in technologies that reduce water applications when faced with lower financial costs for converting to drip irrigation. Subsidies for drip irrigation increase farm income, raise the value of food production, and reduce the amount of water applied to crops. However, an unexpected result is that water conservation subsidies that promote conversion to drip irrigation can increase the demand for water depleted by crops. Our findings show that where water rights exist, water rights administrators will need to guard against increased depletion of the water source in the face of growing subsidies for drip irrigation. Our approach for analyzing water conservation programmes can be applied where water is scarce, irrigation is significant, food security is important, and water conservation policies are under debate.     

Water Resources Development in the Lower Senegal River Basin: Conflicting Interests,Environmental Concerns and Policy Options

The Senegal River is the lifeline of the westernmost part of the Sahelian zone in Africa. This zone has extreme problems with high population growth, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, climate changes, widespread poverty, growing inequity, ethnic confrontations and stagnant economic development. This paper analyses the management system of Lac de Guiers--one of the largest lakes in West Africa--which is among the Senegal River's key management entities. A Bayesian network model is used to study the conflicting interests among the various stakeholders, the environmental and social concerns in the region and the viability of a series of policy options for water resources development.     

水利益共享理论及其应用概述

水利益共享已成为解决跨境流域水资源利用问题的有效途径,但仍处于起步阶段.为了对其理论和实践作进一步的解读和阐释,系统概述了水利益共享理论体系,首先阐释了水利益共享的相关概念与内涵,提出了各国合作意愿、利益共识一致、总体利益增加、利益公平分配等水利益共享应用的基本条件.分别从共享模式与实现过程两方面论述了水利益共享在跨境...     

舰载通信天线发展综述

简要介绍舰载天线的发展历史,指出目前舰载通信天线存在的一些问题,探讨舰载通信天线将来的发展方向。     

MMS政策与水土保持

如何解决人类由于生存需要,而对大自然的过度索取和破坏,推行MMS政策,实施小水电代燃料,是解决这个问题的最有效的途径.解决了农民的生计问题,有效的保护了森林和草地,水土水分得到涵养,水土流失得到遏止,生态得以修复,水土保持得以加强.在实施MMS政策的过程中,应严格遵守水土保持法,不要产生新的水土流失.     

我国水利工程供水价格政策和改革思路

一、我国供水管理体制和分类供水情况 1.供水管理体制 (1)按照我国政府规定,水利部和地方各级水行政主管部门统一管理水资源(含空中水、地表水和地下水),组织拟定水长期供求计划、水量分配方案并监督实施,组织实施取水许可制度和水资源费征收制度。     

2015年阎王鼻子水库水质评价与分析

基于阎王鼻子水库2015年水质监测数据,利用单因子评价法对阎王鼻子水库进行水质评价,得出影响水质类别的主要项目总氮、 总磷存在少量超标,若不考虑两者对水质类别的影响,阎王鼻子水库水质为Ⅲ类.