Implications of Genome Alterations in Chironomus bernensis Klȍtzli (Diptera) for Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in Two Bulgarian Rivers

This study assesses the effect of sediment contaminants as indicated by the measurement of trace metal levels in two large Bulgarian rivers (river Maritsa and a tributary and the river Chaya) on the genome of the abundant chironomid species Chironomus bernensis Klȍtzli. Six trace metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn were analysed in the sediments plus the overlying water. The polytene chromosomes of C. bernensis were very sensitive to the pollutants on the basis of numerous somatic chromosome alterations. Two biomarkers based on the degree of somatic structural chromosome alterations—the somatic and cytogenetic indices were applied. Both indices are a sensitive and reproducible approach for assessing the genotoxic effect of contaminants in the sediments. The somatic index from the differentially contaminated sites varied from 1.93 to 2.61, indicating the sensitivity of the C. bernensis genome to anthropogenic stress. The cytogenetic index revealed a high level of pollution in the rivers with a score between 0.27 and 0.37 (<0.5 indicates ‘highly polluted’). The genome of C. bernensis responded to the trace metal pollution by the appearance of a ‘B’ chromosome in between 4.4% and 7.1% of the individuals and detected for the first time in this species. Pollution also induced a heterozygous state in one of the Nucleolar Organizers in up to 3% of the sampled populations. The sensitivity of the C. bernensis genome shows that this species is a good candidate for detecting the presence of genotoxic compounds in freshwater and assessing their genotoxic effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

松花江区水资源质量评价综述

基于全国第二次水资源调查评价成果,对松花江区地表水资源质量现状进行综合概述。松花江区的地表水体污染严重,以有机污染为主,主要污染指标是CODMn;综合评价水质劣于Ⅲ类的河长占总河长的62.7%;湖泊、水库基本处于中富营养和富营养状态,水质多为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ类。汛期污染重于非汛期,面污染源影响大于点污染源;有机污染主要来自农村和田野,城市工业和生活污水也是重要的污染源。     

吉林市排污河底泥的污染状况及其生态风险评价

以吉林市排污河中底泥为主要研究对象,布置12个监测断面35个代表性采样点,采集并分析了河道内底泥样品中8种重金属及16种USEPA优先控制的多环芳烃的含量,并分别采用地质累积指数法(I_(geo))、潜在生态风险评价法(PERI)、沉积物质量基准法(SQGs)对排污河底泥中污染物进行了生态风险评价。结果表明,该排污河底泥中重金属及多环芳烃均不同程度超过松花江水系沉积物背景值,其中Hg、Pb、Cu、As、NAP、ANT超标倍数分别为87.5、10.2、6.18、5.90、115.6和228.5;I_(geo)显示Hg的生态风险最大,I_(geo)达到了5.82,而Cd和Ni的风险较小,这与PERI中Hg风险最大的结果一致;SQGs评价结果表明由重金属及多环芳烃引起的污染会产生生物毒性,且不利生物毒性将频繁发生;(3)以上结果说明,该排污河呈现以Hg为主要风险因子的重金属与多环芳烃复合污染现象,在今后应加强底泥监测和定期清淤,从而推动区域生态环境的治理与恢复。     

鄱阳湖水环境分析及综合治理

根据鄱阳湖1991~2003年的水质水文资料,分析了鄱阳湖10多年来水环境质量的变化趋势。目前,产生水环境质量下降的主要原因是:面源污染加重;矿山开采产生的含重金属废水的污染;人们环境意识淡薄;行政部门对环境治理力度滞后和执法力度不够。为保护鄱阳湖水环境,应从末端治理向源头控制转移,并加强沿湖和湖内污染防治,恢复沿岸水生植被,增强自净能力。     

大汶河污染现状及其治理措施

阐述大汶河污染对南水北调东线工程水质的危害 ,分析大汶河主要的污染来源。为实现大汶河水质控制目标 ,必须从管理措施和工程措施两方面着手 ,即提高认识 ,深化改革 ,以法治污 ;从末端治理转为源头治理 ;建设好污水处理厂 ,集中处理城市污水 ;治理河道污泥 ;发展生态农业 ,治理面源污染 ;划定大汶河水生态环境保护区。     

Challenges and opportunities in watershed management for Laguna de Bay (Philippines)

Laguna de Bay is the largest lake in the Philippines and the second largest freshwater lake in South‐East Asia. The lake is shallow with a mean depth of only 2.8 m. Rice paddies, sugar cane fields, coconut plantations and other agricultural fields make up large portions of the catchment area, although there is also extensive urbanization and industrialization. As industry and population around the lake have grown, the lake and its tributaries have become overwhelmed by industrial, commercial, agricultural and domestic pollution resulting in massive fish kills and polluted water. Laguna de Bay is under the management and protection of a national government agency known as Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA). In 1983, the LLDA was given the power to control and abate pollution within the Laguna de Bay watershed. The mandate of the LLDA includes the environmental regeneration and sustainable development and use of the lake’s waters, fisheries and wetlands. The LLDA receives no federal funds but it retains and uses collected fees from regulated industries. The LLDA has instituted an environmental‐user fee or pollution‐charge system that has given corporations an incentive to construct and use wastewater treatment plants at a lower cost than the required fees for dumping waste into Laguna de Bay. User fees provide more flexibility about how and when a user or industrial facility cleans up its manufacturing process. Many medium‐ and large‐sized domestic and multinational corporations have achieved at least 30–50% reductions in pollution loads. The user fees also encourage industry water conservation. Other creative approaches to conserving Laguna de Bay include ‘Environmental Armies’ that consist of volunteers who clean up river banks, demolish illegal fish pens and install low‐cost garbage traps at the river’s mouth. ‘Poison Awards’ are given annually and publicly to companies that continue to dump large amounts of waste into lake tributaries. Organizers also name a ‘Most Improved Company’ to provide a positive incentive. Laguna de Bay stakeholders face a severe shortage of resources to continue their work. Innovative strategies are needed to achieve pollution reductions from smaller industries     

典型三角洲城市工业污染空间特征分析

以东莞市第一次全国污染源普查成果为基础,分析了2010年东莞市工业污染源的空间分布特点及其影响因素。结果表明:水乡片区是东莞市主要排污区;水乡片区镇(街道)每增长单位GDP所排放的工业污染物远大于非水乡片区镇(街道);水乡片区镇(街道)万元工业产值环境效益及社会效益明显偏低,单位污染物排放量经济效益低,对环境资源的消耗过于粗放。因此,应进一步加快产业结构转型升级,逐步淘汰高用水、高污染的落后产能,积极推广清洁生产工艺,并应进行行业节水技术改造,大力发展循环经济。     

Comparative spatial metal concentrations and partitioning in bottom sediments of two tropical freshwater lake basins,Kenya

Metal concentrations in the water, sediments and biota in alkaline, near neutral water tropical freshwater lake basins were determined and a comparative analysis made on the spatial and accumulated trace metal concentrations, and geochemical partitioning of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in bottom lake sediments. Variable accumulated levels were found in the analysed sediments and aquatic biological tissues. Metal partitioning data in the present study from the two areas exhibits similar trends in magnitude. The residual fractions retained relatively higher amounts of metals. Relatively higher contents of Pb, Cr and Cu were found in Lake Victoria sediments. Cd, Ni, Mn and Pb are of concern because a higher percentage of these metals were retained in the more bioavailable fractions in Lake Naivasha. Total levels of sediment mercury were comparable for the two lake basins. Metals were found in significant levels in the tissues of aquatic organisms, highlighting the potential risks to other levels within the aquatic food chain. Although the exposure risk was not evaluated, it is important to continue monitoring these elements in fish, as sediments were found to contain considerable quantities of the metals. Numerous sediment extraction techniques data applied for evaluating metal partitioning in sediments cannot be compared because of the use of different methods. Nevertheless, the information is still useful in differentiating and understanding pollution loads from natural versus anthropogenic sources and their associated risks.     

The spatial and temporal distribution of metals in an urban stream: A case study of the Don River in Toronto,Canada

Widespread growth of cities, the association of trace metals with urban runoff, and the potentially deleterious effect of metals on aquatic ecology have made it important to understand the distribution and transport of metals through surface water channel networks. The Don River in Toronto, Canada has been identified as an Area of Concern for pollution to Lake Ontario, with historically high levels of metal contamination. Sampling programs are sparse, therefore a model is needed to understand the spatial and temporal variability of metals in the river network. The objectives of the current study are to: i) describe the sampled spatial and temporal variability of metals in the Don River and ii) develop a modelling strategy to describe within flood metal transport dynamics. A model setup tool is developed that links Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) with the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) to allow a seamless transition from catchment hydrology to in-stream hydraulic and chemical processes. Results show that lead pollution in the Don River is decreasing, likely as a result of policy changes and sediment dredging in the mouth of the river. However, zinc and copper pollution are increasingly problematic, with copper exceeding recommended lower guidelines, particularly during floods. Model results confirm that most of the sediment and metals are transported in relatively short bursts within longer flood durations and are stored in depositional hotspots within the Lower Don River. A better monitoring strategy is needed to understand and more accurately parametrize these processes in an urban river system.     

复杂河网地区入河污染物调查分析和估算方法研究

以经济发达的复杂河网地区的产污特征为例,详细研究点污染源、面污染源和内污染源的发生机理,探讨了各类污染源入河污染物量的调查和估算方法,并将系列估算方法应用于张家港市污染源调查和入河污染物量的计算之中。实例计算表明,论文给定的估算方法和计算结果是可行及可信的,为张家港市水环境规划和治理奠定了基础。     

北京大兴区河道水污染现状调查 与治理措施

针对国内城市河道水污染日趋严重的问题，以北京大兴区北运河水系为代表，通过对该典型河道水系污染物来源、污染物种类以及污染影响的分析，有针对性地提出了应对城市河道水体污染的具体方法，以便为我国城市河道污染治理工作的开展提供有益借鉴。     

“一带一路”沿线中欧国家地表水环境污染状况分析

为了解“一带一路”沿线中欧国家地表水环境现状,梳理了近年来中欧国家地表水污染物数据,分析了地表水环境的污染状况。结果表明:20世纪70年代以来维斯瓦河等4个流域中氮、磷等常规污染物污染程度呈下降趋势,但仍需进一步治理;流域中抗生素等新兴污染物污染程度日渐严重,主要来源于中欧地区城市的污水排放。认为应根据不同污染物类型进行针对化治理,加强国家之间关于水环境污染治理的合作,以促进中欧地区地表水环境的改善,为“一带一路”沿线国家经济和社会发展提供坚实的基础。     

Heavy metal pollution in a sewage-fed lake of Bhopal, (M. P.) India

Shahpura Lake receives untreated domestic sewage from residential areas in Bhopal city. Analysis of water, plankton, fish and sediment reveals that the lake is contaminated by certain heavy metals. The concentrations of some of these metals including iron and manganese were within acceptable limits, whereas others including chromium, nickel, zinc and lead were not within acceptable water quality limits. Metal concentrations in the sewage inlet drain and lake sediment were compared with published criteria. The comparison revealed that the metals in the sediment ranged from the ‘non‐polluted’ to the ‘heavy pollution’ categories. The reference dose was calculated by the adoption of the United States Environmental Protection Agency reference dose factor, and the result reveals that the local population is not exposed to undue health risks. Concentrations of heavy metals in the water increased during the second year of the study, indicating an increase in the pollution load on the system. This might increase the bioaccumulation levels in fish and increase the actual dose of metals to which the local population will be exposed.     

长江下游石油码头水污染事故影响分析及应急预案

以长江下游石油码头为例,分析生产过程中水污染事故源及源强,通过数值计算进行模拟。计算结果表明,事故发生在涨潮过程时会对上游的自来水厂取水口造成污染。针对长江下游的水文特征提出了相应的应急预案,以减轻事故发生后对周围水环境的影响。     

Water quality criteria for total suspended solids (TSS) in urban wet-weather discharges.

Total suspended solids (TSS) from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and stormwater discharges represent a crucial parameter for evaluating wet-weather pollution in urban areas. In fact, the increase of TSS in water during rain events can have ecotoxic effects on aquatic organisms. Furthermore, major potentially harmful substances such as heavy metals, PAHs and organic matter are adsorbed onto TSS and later settle on sediment. Water quality criteria for TSS consequently enable the risk of wet-weather pollution to be assessed, for instance to avoid detrimental effects on aquatic organisms. The criteria proposed in this study cover the short-term impact of TSS on fish (acute quality criteria AQC), taking into account the duration of their exposure in the receiving water. The concentration-exposure duration-effect curve proposed here thus predicts "ill effects" on fish for different exposure times and TSS concentrations. The ecotoxic effects of adsorbed pollutants are also taken into account with an additional safety factor. We implement this TSS criteria in a software that allows us to estimate the number of rain events that exceed a given morbidity threshold for fishes per year.     

基于多断面水质达标的河网区点面源污染负荷优化分配模型

从污染物总量控制的核心——污染负荷分配的角度出发,对水系复杂的平原河网区点面源协同影响下污染负荷优化分配方案进行分析。通过引入水质达标保证率概念,将随机分析方法与确定性降雨产流、点面源产污及河网水动力、水质数学模型相结合,基于公平及可行性原则,以满足多控制断面水质达标保证率、点面源环境管控要求及污染治理水平为约束条件,构建了基于多控制断面水质达标保证率的点面源污染负荷优化分配模型。选取太湖某河网区域作为验证区域,区域点面源污染负荷优化分配后,各控制断面氨氮、总磷质量浓度均可达到全年90%水质达标保证率,表明所建模型是合理可行的,能够有效实现区域点面源污染负荷的优化分配,提高区域污染物全局管理效率。     

长江干流主要城市江段微量有机物污染分析

It has become general for surface waters being polluted by micro organic compounds. In order to know the current pollution situation and the properties of micro organic compounds in the Changjiang River, a test was performed on micro organic compounds in the water, bottom material and fish bodies which were sampled from major city river reaches of the Changjiang River. Based on the test result, researchers described and analyzed the sorts, concentration level and distribution features of micro organic compounds. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted by adopting the method of MEG (Multimedia Environmental Goals). The study indicated that ① the water body of major city river reaches of the Changjiang River has been generally polluted. In the test, totally 12 types with 308 kinds of organic compounds were detected. The main pollutants were paraffins, PAHs and lipids; and ② micro organic pollutant content in fish bodies was generally higher than that in bottom material which is in turn higher than that in water; and ③ pollution is relatively severe in the river reaches of mid-to-large comprehensive industrial cities with fairly great TAS (Total Ambient Severity) of public health and ecological system.     

商丘市入河排污口现状分析

概述商丘入河排污口的分布、数量及其排放规律;全面分析各河流和各县市的入河废污水量和污染物入河量;利用等标污染负荷法对入河排污口进行评价,确定主要污染源和主要污染物,提出入河排污口的管理措施和建议.