灌溉工程环境影响评价的内容和方法探讨

以E IA的理论、方法体系和管理机制为指导,分析探讨了新疆兵团开展灌溉工程环境影响评价的内容和方法,可为兵团内其他灌区开展灌溉工程环境影响评价时借鉴参考,能够全面分析灌溉工程对环境的影响,利用有利影响,消除或减少不利影响,实现区域可持续发展提供指导。     

Environmental Overview of the Sardar Sarovar Project

An overview of the various studies conducted to assess the environmental, ecological and social impacts, both positive and negative, of the Sardar Sarovar Project is presented. These studies have generally attempted to enhance the positive impacts, and to reduce the negative ones. The Sardar Sarovar Project is by far the most studied water project in the developing world, especially in social and environmental terms. The river Narmada and its numerous tributaries are a part of a very diverse system. The environmental impact assessment (EIA) of the river valley development is a complex task. The intricate interactions between various parameters, many of which cannot be definitively predicted, make EIA studies extremely difficult. The success of this project depends on how fast and how efficiently the various governmental agencies can work together with the NGOs, academics, the general public, and of course the politicians and policy makers.     

城镇污水处理厂项目环境影响评价重点的研究

城镇污水处理厂作为一项环境保护工程,在发挥环境效益的同时,运行过程中排放的尾水、产生的恶臭和污泥等污染物对环境将产生不利影响。在进行污水处理厂项目环境影响评价时,应识别评价重点,目的是使环境影响预测和评价具有针对性,以发挥更大的环境效益。根据污水处理厂的工程特性,结合江门市江海污水处理厂工程环境影响评价的实践经验,提出污水处理厂环境影响评价应重点关注厂址环境合理性分析、污水处理工艺比选、尾水排放对水环境影响、恶臭对大气环境影响、污泥处置对环境影响等问题。     

清平水库补水工程环境影响评价简述

清平水库补水工程是以供水、灌溉为主的水利工程,属跨流域调水工程。工程利用合江流域富余水量,向清平水库补水,满足宾阳县经济发展对水资源的需求,充分发挥清平水库综合利用效益;同时满足和改善合江水库下游沿岸居民的生产、生活需水要求。工程建设对环境的影响并不大,但由于涉及不同县域的跨流域调水,着重论述了在环境影响评价过程中水量分配及公众参与方面的一些特点。     

Public involvement and EIA

The National Power Corporation (NPC) proposed the Binongan hydroelectric project as the first stage in a plan to develop the hydroelectric potential of the Abra river basin in Northern Philippines. Although the project was attractive economically, it was ultimately withdrawn because of intense resistance to proposed and suspected resettlements. Inadequacies in the NPC's strategy for involving the local public in planning fuelled opposition to the project. Opportunities to use the environmental impact assessment (EIA) process to keep the public informed were not exploited. The Binongan case demonstrates the need to develop effective strategies for EIA and public involvement, even in countries where it is not customary to involve the public in water resources planning.     

新疆少数民族地区水利水电工程环境影响评价的公众参与探讨——以新疆提孜那甫河莫莫克水利枢纽工程为例

以新疆提孜那甫河莫莫克水利枢纽工程为例,对该工程环境影响评价的公众参与进行了探讨。为今后类似工程环境影响评价公众参与提供参考。     

灌排一体化工程对地下水埋深及作物生长影响的研究综述

灌排一体化工程是提高农业水肥利用效率、减小旱涝灾害影响、提高作物产量的重要方式之一,近年来人们逐渐认识到灌溉与排水是紧密相连的两部分,对于农田灌溉排水工程的研究与相关建设也在不断增加。灌排系统从早期提高排水效率,到注重环境影响,逐渐发展为节水灌溉与新型排水技术相结合的灌排一体化工程。灌排一体化工程通过控制灌溉与排水过程,会对土壤含水率和地下水位、地下水矿化度产生一定的影响,改变作物根系土壤水分条件,从而影响作物的水分吸收和生理生长过程,合理的灌排工程可以促进作物的生长,提高产量。我国南北方灌排系统功能存在一定差异,南方以除涝防渗为主,北方则以提高抗旱能力、治理土壤盐渍化为主。同时,我国灌排系统还存在前期投入成本高、运行维护管理不完善、系统操作技术难度高等问题急需解决。未来,灌排一体化工程应朝着管网化、信息化和自动化方向发展,进一步提高田间水肥利用效率,实现灌排现代化。     

新疆肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程的作用及其影响研究

新疆肯斯瓦特水利枢纽工程是玛河灌区经济发展规划中的重要内容。本文针对工程修建后将发挥的作用和可能产生的影响,采用实地调研和实测数据分析两种研究方法,从玛河灌区水资源的演变趋势及开发利用两个方面,详细说明工程运行对灌区水资源时空分布、防洪调度、生态环境以及水生生物的影响。结果表明:该工程建设不会对灌区水资源及生态环境产生过多负面影响,反而会提高灌区水资源的利用效率。本次研究成果将为全面评估干旱地区水利工程的作用及影响提供科学依据。     

玉米浅埋滴灌工程综合效益及对地下水位影响分析：以科尔沁区为例

内蒙古自治区通辽市科尔沁区近年来完成100万亩农田由传统地面灌(管灌)转为浅埋滴灌的高效节水工程建设和改造。本文根据该工程实施2年来的实地调研和2010—2019年地下水观测资料,以常规管灌为对照,采用层次分析法,从节水、经济和生态等方面对浅埋滴灌技术和高效节水工程进行综合效益评价,并对地下水埋深的变化情况及影响进行了分析。研究结果表明,2018年和2019年浅埋滴灌技术比管灌技术分别节水41.83%和37.66%,灌溉水生产率提高1倍以上,净收益增加51.96%和49.88%。地下水水位监测数据对比可知,地下水埋深下降速率由工程实施前0.36 m/a下降至0.24 m/a,浅埋滴灌工程实施能明显减缓地下水埋深下降速率。浅埋滴灌技术的综合效益均高于管灌,可在本地区或者相似区域推广应用。     

Epupa Dam Case Study

This case study illustrates how neighbouring countries (Angola and Namibia) can collaborate on an EIA for a project on a shared river (the Cunene), which is also their common boundary. The case study was also highly controversial, and thus illustrates the tensions that can result from a process that is charged with emotion and where stakeholders adopt entrenched positions from the start. Although the project has not been implemented, the EIA had a considerable and fundamental role in the decision-making process with regard to which dam site to pursue.     

灌溉工程设计标准选择

灌溉工程设计标准一般用灌溉保证率表示，常采用经济分析方法进行比较选择，笔者建议采用财务动态分析法，要求灌区内部回收率必须大于12％，净现值必须大于零．其财务分析基本参数包括不同灌溉保证率的灌溉面积、灌溉工程投资、作物多年平均减产系数、灌溉效益、灌溉工程年运行费．基本参数的确定可用公式算出，根据这些基本数据，按财务现金流量，分别计算不同灌溉工程标准的财务内部收益率、经济效益费用比和财务净现值，最终进行灌溉工程设计标准的选择．     

台兰河灌区骨干工程节水改造对生态环境的影响及治理对策

通过采用层次分析法（AHP法）对台兰河灌区骨干工程节水改造所产生的生态环境影响进行分析和研究，结果表明：施工期的水土流失、水质、植被、生物多样性、水量指标的权重较大，而运营期的灌溉效益、人群健康、景观、土地利用影响指标的权重较大。根据这一分析结果，我们分别对施工期和运营期的主要生态环境影响提出了综合治理对策，以此降低对它的负面影响，并为后续的水利工程生态环境研究提供新的视角。     

Improvement of Field Water Distribution and Irrigation Techniques: The Southeastern Anatolia Project-GAP

ABSTRACT

The Southeastern Anatolia Project-GAP is an integrated regional development project implemented in southeast Turkey. The project cows all development-related sectors such as agriculture, industry, health care, education. tourism, transportation, and telecommunications.

Water resources development is one most important component of the project. Rational use of water is the goal in every aspect of development, be it hydropower, irrigation, or flood control. To complement the efforts to optimize water use in irrigated agriculture, a project has been carried out in regard to on-farm equipment and management of water. This paper describes several equipment and management combinations, applied to a very large irrigation area. ranging from gravity to sprinkler irrigation, and from upstream to downstream control of water.

Five different applications are analyzed in this study along with their technical, economic, and operational merits and disadvantages.

The project area is selected in the Sanliurfa-Harran Plains, the largest one-piece scheme to be opened to irrigation in GAP It is owned and cultivated by private farmers, and as such, it is expected to act as a large-scale, real-world laboratory to test different irrigation practices in actual conditions.     

Rapid Sediment Assessment: Indicator Analysis and Screening Analysis Approaches

Efficiently characterizing the distribution of contaminated and toxic sediments in rivers and harbors is usually limited by the expense of conventional chemical and toxicological analyses. Two approaches were developed to address this problem; the indicator analysis approach, used in the ARCS project, and the screening analysis approach, here applied to a sediment assessment project on the Ottawa River (Toledo, Ohio). The indicator analysis approach utilized two suites of analyses; 23 conventional toxicological and chemical analyses performed on a subset of samples, and 11 rapid, inexpensive chemical and toxicological assays performed on many samples, including those analyzed using the conventional analyses. Predictive correlation equations were generated using step-wise linear regression, and these equations were used to calculate values for the conventional analyses for samples on which they were not performed. This approach generated statistically strong predictive equations, as well as a “weight of evidence” data set useful for evaluating relative sediment contamination. The equations, however, were very site-specific, and sometimes contained terms which were counter-intuitive, and the approach failed if the data sets contained too many “non-detect” or 100% mortality values. The screening analysis approach measured total PCBs by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and 18 elements by x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). These analyses correlated very strongly with gas chromatography (GC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AA), respectively, and their production rates and costs were far superior. A low bias was observed in the EIA data, compared to the GC data, possibly due to inefficient EIA extraction of the oily sediments, or to a mismatch between the PCB mixtures in the sediment and used as a calibrator for the EIA. XRF data for Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Sb, and Zn exhibited a positive bias compared to AA, while Cd and Pb did not. This was probably due to metal-specific variations in the contribution of mineral matrix-associated metal to the acid-digestible metal quantified by AA. Both EIA and XRF can be performed in the field, to produce near-real time data to guide sampling. Detection limits of the PCB EIA (0.12 μg/g DW) and of XRF (typically 5 to 15 μg/g DW) are adequate for most sediment assessment projects. Of the two approaches, screening analyses are recommended for the rapid, cost-effective characterization of contaminated sediments.     

Monitoring and evaluation of Nigeria's irrigation systems: The case of the Bakolori irrigation project

One of the major banes of water resources development projects in Nigeria is lack of effective monitoring and evaluation. This apparent neglect has resulted in the inability to complete projects within the stipulated period, escalation of costs, poor design and construction works, and inevitably poor performance. This article reports the result of a diagnostic survey of the Bakolori Irrigation Project (BIP), one of the most controversial schemes in Nigeria. It is suggested that project monitoring and evaluation should be made compulsory on all irrigation projects in Nigeria, if they are to make any meaningful beneficial impact on the rural development process.     

小型灌区灌溉水利用系数测定及影响因素研究

以上海市小型灌区为研究对象,采用首尾法测算2013年和2014年11个样点灌区的灌溉水利用系数,并采用主成分分析法对灌溉水利用系数各影响因素的影响程度和影响规律进行计算分析。结果表明:11个样点灌区中9个灌溉水利用系数在0.7以上,最大值为0.861,明显高于同期全国平均水平;水稻种植比、防渗渠道长度、渠道衬砌率和节水灌溉工程面积比对灌溉水利用系数影响较大,且防渗渠道长度、渠道衬砌率和节水灌溉工程面积比具有较大的正贡献率,而水稻种植比具有较大的负贡献,可通过优化灌区种植结构、继续开展节水灌溉工程建设、大力推行节水灌溉技术来提高灌溉水利用系数。     

Integrated use of water resources in the Lower Bhavani Project in India

Current irrigation water releases from the Lower Bhavani Project are largely governed by the rainfall and inflow pattern rather than by the periodic water needs of the crops grown. The groundwater potential in the command area is also ignored when water release schedules are planned. In this paper a quantitative analysis is carried out to assess the impact of optimizing water resources use with and without supplementary groundwater use. The results validate the role of groundwater in improving the performance of the irrigation project.     

Greywater Reuse in Urban Agriculture for Poverty Alleviation

Abstract

Although Jordan has a human development index higher than most developing countries, about seven percent of its population earns less than the international poverty line of one dollar (US$) a day. Furthermore, because of its scarce water resources and rapidly growing population, the poor, who are increasingly moving to cities, face growing food and water insecurity. This paper describes a pilot project that allowed the poor in Tufileh, Jordan, to reuse untreated household greywater in home gardens. The women of the community used small revolving loans to implement simple greywater recovery systems and set-up gardens. The project allowed the community to offset food purchases and generate income by selling surplus production, saving or earning an average of 10 percent of its income. Had the households used municipal sources for this supplemental irrigation, on average, they would have used 15 percent more water and had 27 percent higher water bills. Moreover, the project helped community members gain valuable gardening, irrigation, and food preservation skills. Women on the project report feeling more independent and proud because of the income they generated, the skills that they gained, and their enhanced ability to feed their families. An environmental impact assessment demonstrated that the quality of the untreated greywater was adequate, and the negative impacts on soil and crops were negligible. Nevertheless, this could change if greater volumes of greywater are reused. A follow-up project will increase greywater recovery, pilot simple treatment devices, and improve gardening practices and production.     

古代徽州堨坝建设管理

堨坝是徽州的主要灌溉工程,早在1700年前的东晋时期就开始修建,绝大多数至今仍在发挥蓄水灌溉的效益,是宝贵的灌溉工程遗产。本文介绍了古代堨坝建设的资金、投劳筹措及灌溉水费的摊派和管理等制度,有助于人们了解古代徽州的水利建设与管理。     

南水北调中线干线工程河南段的水环境 影响及对策研究

本文分析研究了南水北调中线工程实施对河南沿线地表水和地下水环境的影响,包括对河道、农业灌溉、渠道左岸洪水的影响以及降水施工对地下水位的影响等;预测了工程运行期渠道对地下水的阻隔和渠道渗漏对水环境的影响;分别提出了施工期和运行期消除不良影响的工程和管理方面的应对措施,旨在为缓解工程其他区段的水环境影响提供理论和实践参考。