上海地下水流场变化及对地面沉降发展的影响

针对近年来上海地下水采灌格局新的变化态势,利用地下水位与地层变形的实测数据,分析了地下水渗流场变化及对地面沉降发展的影响.结果表明:开采地下水直接影响地下水流场分布;埋深170～300 m的深部含水层集中开采导致的地下水位持续下降以及地表下至75 m范围内的浅部含水层的工程降水和建筑荷载,是目前上海地面沉降的两大制约因素;深部含水层地下水开采量已超过总采量的80%,其地层压缩量占地面沉降比例超过50%,75 m以浅地层的固结压缩则占近30%.提出了地下水资源开发管理和地面沉降系统调控的对策与措施,有助于减弱地面沉降及其社会危害.     

采煤沉陷对沉陷区洼地汇流范围的影响分析

采煤沉陷区的动态发展改变了河道的汇流范围,增大了暴雨洪水的随机性,不利于沉陷区洼地的防洪调蓄。本文研究现状地形与预测沉陷叠加的地形预测技术,提出一种沉陷区洼地汇流范围划分的新方法,利用ArcSWAT的集水区划分工具提取现状地形与预测地形各主要流域的洼地汇流范围。通过各沉陷区洼地不同年份（2010,2020,2030）汇流范围的比较分析发现：地表的不规则沉陷使淮南矿区附近的河道汇流格局发生显著变化,甚至导致不同流域的兼并。洼地汇流范围的定量分析可为沉陷区洼地的防洪除涝、水量调蓄、非点源污染分析提供必要基础和重要依据。     

Groundwater Overexploitation Causing Land Subsidence: Hazard Risk Assessment Using Field Observation and Spatial Modelling

Hazard risk assessment of land subsidence is a complicated issue aiming at identifying areas with potentially high environmental hazard due to land subsidence. The methods of hazard risk assessment of land subsidence were reviewed and a new systematic approach was proposed in this study. Quantitative identification of land subsidence is important to the hazard risk assessment. Field observations using extensometers were used to determine assessment indexes and estimate weights of each index. Spatial modelling was also established in ArcGIS to better visualize the assessment data. These approaches then were applied to the Chengnan region, China as a case study. Three factors, thickness of the second confined aquifer, thickness of the soft clay and the annual recovery rate of groundwater level were incorporated into the hazard risk assessment index system. The weights of each index are 0.33, 0.17 and 0.5 respectively. The zonation map shows that the high, medium and low risk ranked areas for land subsidence account for 9.5?%, 44.7?% and 45.8?% of the total area respectively. The annual recovery rate of groundwater level is the major factor raising land subsidence hazard risk in approximately half of the study area.     

土著微生物修复石油污染地下水的研究

采用优化土著微生物菌群的生物技术,开展了华北濮阳地区石油污染地下水的修复实验.选择优化出的菌群包括假单胞菌属、微球菌属、放线菌属、真菌类的青霉属、曲霉属;实验过程中,分别在石油含量为182.0 mg/L、862.5 mg/L、1 695.0 mg/L污染水中加入了1.5%的优化菌群制剂.经过28 d、37 d、37 d的修复实验,三种浓度中石油污染物的最大累计去除率分别为53.46%(28 d)、70.87%(37 d)和58.19%(37 d),和对照5%的净化率相比,加入优化菌群制剂显著提高了石油污染物的去除率;温度是影响修复效果的因素之一,30 ℃是该菌群的最佳生长温度,对油污地下水的修复效果最明显,浓度是影响石油污染物浓度的另一重要因素.     

地铁隧道盾构施工引起的地面沉降规律分析

该文对广州地铁2号线某区间盾构隧道施工过程的地面沉降监测数据进行分析,探讨了盾构施工过程地表沉降规律、沉降槽分布形式及其影响范围和程度。研究结果对今后类似工程施工过程的隧道周边建(构)筑物的保护、施工参数的优化以及工程的顺利实施具有参考价值。     

黑龙港平原区地面沉降机理分析及预防对策

在邢台市黑龙港平原区,由于大量超采地下水,引起地面沉降、含水层疏干等一系列地质环境问题.通过对该区水文地质特征分析,根据质量守恒原理,用观测的水位资料和区域地质参数,分析地面沉降发展,并计算沉降量等.最后分析地面沉降的危害及预防措施,为该区地下水管理和研究、制定合理的地下水开发利用规划提供了科学依据.     

Local Authority vs Community Visions of Dam Project Land Development: a Text Mining Approach

The purpose of the paper is to examine and compare the visions of social and economic development in the area around the newly constructed Mucharz dam reservoir on the Skawa River in southern Poland as represented by both the local community and local authorities. A text mining approach was used to analyse both the information collected through interviews with local residents and documents detailing the development plans for the land surrounding the dam drafted by the local authorities. The results of the study indicate strong mismatches between the ideas for the development of the area surrounding the dam as envisioned by the local authorities and those of the local community. The mismatches refer both to the contents of the plans and to their degree of generality. The authorities focus on general conceptual visions of the area, but the residents expect specific actions and measures to be undertaken. Major discrepancies between the perspectives of both groups of stakeholders can result in residents becoming unsatisfied with the actions taken by the local authorities, poor collaboration between them and even conflicts between the community and the authorities. The text mining methodology applied in the study has been rarely used so far in research on people's perception of dam projects and has proven useful in examining social impact assessment.

     

结构可靠度分析方法探讨

通过对结构可靠度的理论分析，系统地介绍了结构点可靠度和结构体系可靠度的计算方法，指出了各计算方法的优缺点，并提出了结构可靠度研究结合工程实际进一步完善计算方法的意见。     

改性纳米零价铁修复重金属污染地下水研究

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)粒径小、比表面积大、反应活性高,可降解多种污染物,但n ZVI分散性差、抗氧化性弱的特点使其在地下水修复中的应用受到限制。改性n ZVI可以提高n ZVI的分散性及稳定性,研究了现有改性n ZVI的特点:多孔材料负载改性n ZVI成本较低,但可选择的材料相对较少;有机物包覆分散改性n ZVI的改性材料较多,可以促进非水相液体污染物与n ZVI的接触反应,但选择不当容易引起二次污染;双金属改性纳米材料的反应速度较快,不易形成腐蚀产物,但成本较高,且过渡金属可能对环境有害。n ZVI可以处理多种地下水重金属污染物,根据Fe2+和目标重金属离子污染物的标准电极电位的相对大小,降解方式分为表面吸附—配合作用、表面吸附—还原作用和表面还原作用,但是改性n ZVI存在价格高、有环境毒性等问题。     

Probabilistic modelling of combined sewer overflow using the First Order Reliability Method.

This paper presents a new and alternative method (in the context of urban drainage) for probabilistic hydrodynamical analysis of drainage systems in general and especially prediction of combined sewer overflow. Using a probabilistic shell it is possible to implement both input and parameter uncertainties on an application of the commercial urban drainage model MOUSE combined with the probabilistic First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Applying statistical characteristics on several years of rainfall, it is possible to derive a parameterization of the rainfall input and the failure probability and return period of combined sewer overflow to receiving waters can be found.     

天津市地面沉降及其对行洪河道的影响

地面沉降已经成为目前天津市主要地质灾害,严重的地面沉降使堤防等防洪工程设施也同步下沉,区域性的不均匀沉降形成的倒坡及其加剧的淤积等问题也大幅度降低了工程的防洪、防潮标准,从而形成了某些防洪、防潮的险工险段,削弱了防灾整体功能.在分析地面沉降对堤防及闸门标高产生相应影响的基础上,进一步研究了地面沉降对河道行洪能力所造成的一系列后果.     

Application of GWQI to Assess Effect of Land Use Change on Groundwater Quality in Lower Shiwaliks of Punjab: Remote Sensing and GIS Based Approach

The groundwater resource is a multidimensional concept; it is defined by its location, its occurrence over time, its size, properties, conditions of accessibility, the effort required to mobilize it and therefore, all of which are to be considered in the context of demand. Groundwater, a renewable and finite natural resource, vital for man’s life, social and economic development and a valuable component of the ecosystem, is vulnerable to natural and human impacts. There is a great need for the assessment and monitoring of quality and quantity of groundwater resource required at local level to develop an exact scenario of watershed. In this study qualitative assessment of groundwater was done and a ground water quality index criterion was used to understand the suitability of groundwater for irrigation and drinking purpose in the study area. A GIS based multicriteria analysis was done by assigning weight to different water quality parameters. The water quality was grouped into six classes from very good to unfit for drinking. It was found that the in most part of the study area the water quality varied from moderate to good except in some areas where it is poor to unfit. An assessment of change in landuse and landcover was done from the year 1989 using Landsat data to year 2006 using LISS III satellite data. The change in LULC was correlated with water quality data and it was found that the areas around which rapid urbanisation as well as industrialisation is taking place showed poor to unfit groundwater in terms of quality.     

Anomaly Detection and Reliability Analysis of Groundwater by Crude Monte Carlo and Importance Sampling Approaches

In this paper, Crude Monte Carlo method and importance sampling are utilized to determine the reliability of long-term changes in groundwater level. Furthermore, different data analysis methods are used to determine the abnormal patterns and to investigate the cause of spatial variations of failure probability. For this purpose, three methods including robust covariance, one-class SVM, and Isolation Forest are applied to define the decision function. In the preliminary detection of the outliers, DFFITS and COOK measures are used to confirm the existence of abnormal plains in a two-dimensional space. The validity of prediction results is verified through the developed method of uncertain monitoring by selecting the most significant outlier points. In addition, the abnormal pattern detection methods are compared using non-random pattern discovery decision functions. The reliability analysis of groundwater is conducted during the two periods from 1994 to 2007 and 2008 to 2021. In the second period, parts of the eastern part of the northwest, central parts of the desert of Iran, and areas from west-southwest and east-south-east to other regions exposed to a lower probability of passing through the critical conditions. In contrast, the outcomes confirm the occurrence of drought with probability more than 80% for most of the plains. Eventually, the importance sampling method showed the closest relation in the correct distribution of the decision function. In contrast, due to the cluster shape and density of the outliers, the upper part of the decision function was determined with high certainty in the discovery of abnormal plains.     

超采深层地下水引起地面沉降规律的探讨

分析了华北平原地区因超量开采深层地下水引起土层压缩和地面沉降的成因和规律，依据深层地下水非稳定流抽水原理和地层渗透固结理论，计算地下水位下降后形成的深层粘性土层的压缩量和地面沉降量。     

农业发展对区域地下水资源的影响

农业用水是河北省水资源消耗的主要构成部分,农业灌水量的变化过程在一定程度上反映了区域农业的发展历程。通过对比分析沧州地区农业发展及区域地下水的变化特征,结果表明:区域深层地下水动态与农业发展水平密切相关,水位与农业灌溉需水量变化趋势相反;浅层地下水位波动主要受降雨影响,其次为农业灌溉。当地下水位埋深小于1.2m时,灌溉水能够直接入渗补给地下水;而地下水埋深大于1.5m时,则不会直接入渗补给地下水。综合分析认为,合理开发利用微咸水,充分利用雨洪资源,是未来沧州地区灌溉农业可持续发展的有效途径,是水安全和粮食安全的重要保障。     

潮汐对沿海潜水水位的影响研究

沿海潜水地下水水位受到潮汐海平面的振动影响而上下波动,而地下水水位的位置与沙滩的稳定性和海水入侵有密切的联系。通过潮汐对沿海地下水水位影响的方程形式的概述,综述了在解析解与数值解方面的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了潮汐影响下地下水水位变化的3个特征:振动不对称性、振幅有衰减、相位滞后。     

地下水管理立法分析与制度研究

地下水是水资源的重要组成部分,在维系良好的生态环境方面具有重要作用。针对地下水管理现状及存在的问题,结合《地下水管理条例》立法工作,首先分析了地下水管理立法的必要性,并从政策支持、公众需求、管理经验等多个方面分析了地下水管理立法的可行性,阐述了立法的基本原则和总体思路;然后对地下水管理中存在的几个关键问题进行了分析和说明,并在此基础上对地下水管理制度进行了研究;最后为地下水管理立法工作提出了管理制度体系设置建议。     

污灌对土壤及地下水环境的影响

污水灌溉在一定程度上能缓解水资源紧缺问题,但如不进行科学管理,又可能造成土壤及地下水环境的污染。本文讨论了污灌污水中的主要污染物特性,结合现有的研究方法,分析了污灌对土壤、地下水和人文环境的影响,并提出了防治污灌影响的具体措施和建议。     

地下水动态变化规律分析

通过线性回归、非线性回归分别建立地下水水位与地下水开采量、降水量之间的关系方程,结果表明,地下水水位多年动态主要受控于地下岩溶水的人工开采,而降水量对其影响不大。