初始码字间距最大化的矢量量化码书设计算法

目前对传统LBG算法的改进措施一般以增加时间开销作为代价.本文提出一种新的矢量量化码书设计改进措施--初始码字间距最大化:初始码书中的码字全部来自输入的训练矢量,且每一个新的初始码字尽可能地远离现有的码字,实验结果表明:本算法完全消除了空胞腔现象,更有效地避免了局部最优,能获得质量更高的码书;收敛速度快,具有较低的时间消耗.本算法在时间开销以及码书质量这两个方面都优于传统LBG和基于人工蚁群优化的码书设计算法等改进算法.     

粒子群优化算法在图像矢量量化码书设计中的应用

鉴于经典的LBG码书设计算法易陷入局部最优解,首次采用粒子群优化算法来设计图像矢量量化的最优码书,并提出了粒子群矢量量化（PSO-VQ）算法和粒子一致性操作（PCO）。在PSO-VQ算法中,每个粒子表示一个码书,以粒子群进化的方式对初始码书进行迭代而获得最优码书,PCO操作对各初始码书中的码矢量按其灰度均值排序,使不同码书的内部结构基于码矢量灰度均值达到基本一致,确保了结果向全局最优解收敛。实验证明,PSO-VQ算法在解码图像的PSNR值和主观效果上都优于LBG算法,同时拓展了粒子群优化算法的应用领域。     

利用PNN算法改进初始码书的GLA算法

针对改进广义Lloyd算法（GLA）对初始码书的敏感性，提出用成对最近邻（PNN）算法训练码书作为GLA算法的初始码书，再由GLA算法产生最终码书。PNN算法得到的码书作为GLA算法的初始码书，其码字能在整个输入矢量空间中很好地散开，尽可能地占据输入概率密度较大区域，提高最后码书的质量。仿真实验中，利用正态分布的随机数训练码书，恢复一段正态分布的随机数，采用Mahalanobis失真测度评价恢复数据的失真度。仿真结果表明，改进算法降低了GLA算法对初始码书的敏感性，提高了最终训练码书的质量，降低了恢复数据的失真。     

两个优于分裂法的初始码书设计算法

在矢量量化中,码书起决定性的作用,它决定了量化的性能;一般采用ＬＢＧ算法生成码书,其中一个关键的技术就是初始码书的选取,通常认为分裂法效果显著。该文引入贪婪树生长算法来设计初始码书,得到了两个优于分裂法的初始码书设计算法,减少了整个码书训练的运算时间,提高了码书的性能。     

等和值块扩展最近邻矢量量化码字搜索算法

论文提出一种等和值块扩展最近邻矢量量化码字搜索算法。该算法将码书按和值大小排序分块,并将每一块中间或中间附近的码字的和值作为本码书块的特征和值。编码时,查找与输入矢量和值距离最近的码书块并作为初始匹配码书块。然后在该码书块附近上下扩展搜索相邻码书块中距输入矢量最近的码字。该算法具有无复杂运算的特点,易于VLSI技术实现。仿真结果表明,该算法是一种有效的码字搜索算法。     

应用协同进化的图像矢量量化码书设计方法

为了减小LBG算法对初始码书的依赖性,提高跳出局部最优的能力,提出了一种基于协同进化的矢量量化码书设计方法（Coevolution Based LBG,CLBG）。该算法根据码书在同其他码书竞争中的表现来衡量码书的适应度。实验结果表明：CLBG有效地减小了算法对初始码书的依赖性,所得码书性能超过了其他典型的改进码书设计方法。     

一种高效的基于模拟退火的LBG算法

针对传统矢量量化码书设计LBG算法对初始码书敏感和在迭代过程中容易陷入局部极小的缺陷，结合模拟退火算法，提出了一种基于模拟退火的LBG改进算法，并给出了退火过程中的扰动因子刘画、扰动策略选取、稳定性判据确定和温度下降策略等细节．模拟实验结果表明，本文所提出的改进算法能够有效地回避对初始码书的敏感，同时在搜索性能和图像压缩后还原质量上都得到很好的改善．     

码书自适应的大规模体数据矢量量化算法

针对大规模体数据矢量量化VQ(Vector Quantisation)编码时间长的问题,提出一种基于图形处理器的码书自适应的大规模体数据矢量量化算法。该算法首先提取原始体数据密度分布特征,据此选取合适的初始码书生成算法,将矢量数据分批先后载入图形处理器进行并行计算,每读入一批数据,根据该批数据的码准值对第一批数据产生的码书进行优化及扩充,随后完成该批数据的编码。实验结果表明,该算法提高了图像的编码速度及还原质量,明显缩短了图像的压缩时间,同时保证了体数据重构质量。     

说话人识别中随机局部搜索算法的研究

目前在矢量量化的码本训练中经典的聚类方法是LBG算法,但该算法的主要缺陷是对初始码书的依赖性较大,容易过早地陷入局部极小.本文在基于矢量量化的说话人识别中研究了一种随机局部搜索的聚类算法.该算法不依赖初始条件,结构规则,容易实现,效果好,具有很优越的全局优化搜索能力,在语音参数聚类实验中表现出了很好的性能,得到的码书质量也优于经典的LBG-算法,从而为在基于矢量量化的说话人识别中设计准全局最优码书提供了一种新思路.     

动态模糊矢量量化算法

由于传统的Ｋ－均值算法在用于矢量量化时强烈依赖初始码书的选取,如果初始码书选取不好,则很容易陷入局部最小点;而Ｂｅｚｄｅｋ的模糊Ｋ－均值算法由于计算量很大,也很少用于矢量量化的设计码书,因此人们一直在寻找收敛速度和收敛效果两者性能较好的算法,在研究Ｎｉｃｏｌａｏｓ等人提出的模糊矢量量化（ＦＶＱ）算法基础上,针对ＦＶＱ算法收敛过程存在的总理２,并从收敛结构和收敛策略出发,提出了一种动态的法在收敛速度     

矢量量化中码书旋转压缩的研究

普通码书中的码字之间在不同的方向上具有很大的相关性,存在大量的数据冗余。提出了将码书中的码字旋转压缩的理论。该理论是将各个码字按四个方向垂直旋转后进行相似性检查。如果旋转后的码字其中一个方向上与前面的码字存在相似,则将该码字删除,从而达到压缩的目的。编码时将压缩后的码书旋转恢复后进行编码,从而大幅降低了需要存储的码字数量。同时给出了一种将现有1 024阶16维码书旋转压缩成256阶16维的方法,并对该方法得到的码书性能进行了仿真验证。实验结果表明使用压缩后的码书在硬件实现时与普通的矢量量化码书相比减少了75%的存储空间和输入带宽,而PSNR平均只降低0.28 dB。     

Constrained-storage multistage vector quantization based on genetic algorithms

Multistage vector quantization (MSVQ) and their variants have been recently proposed. Before MSVQ is designed, the user must artificially determine the number of codewords in each VQ stage. However, the users usually have no idea regarding the number of codewords in each VQ stage, and thus doubt whether the resulting MSVQ is optimal. This paper proposes the genetic design (GD) algorithm to design the MSVQ. The GD algorithm can automatically find the number of codewords to optimize each VQ stage according to the rate–distortion performance. Thus, the MSVQ based on the GD algorithm, namely MSVQ(GD), is proposed here. Furthermore, using a sharing codebook (SC) can further reduce the storage size of MSVQ. Combining numerous similar codewords in the VQ stages of MSVQ produces the codewords of the sharing codebook. This paper proposes the genetic merge (GM) algorithm to design the SC of MSVQ. Therefore, the constrained-storage MSVQ using a SC, namely CSMSVQ, is proposed and outperforms other MSVQs in the experiments presented here.     

A novel approach for fast codebook re-quantization

In this paper, we present a fast codebook re-quantization algorithm (FCRA) using codewords of a codebook being re-quantized as the training vectors to generate the re-quantized codebook. Our method is different from the available approach, which uses the original training set to generate a re-quantized codebook. Compared to the traditional approach, our method can reduce the computing time dramatically, since the number of codewords of a codebook being re-quantized is usually much smaller than the number of original training vectors. Our method first classifies codewords of a re-quantized codebook into static and active groups. This approach uses the information of codeword displacements between successive partitions to reject impossible candidates in the partition process of codebook re-quantization. By implementing a fast search algorithm used for vector quantization encoding (MFAUPI) in the partition step of FCRA, the computational complexity of codebook re-quantization can be further reduced significantly. Using MFAUPI, the computing time of FCRA can be reduced by a factor of 1.55–3.78. Compared with the available approach OARC (optimization algorithm for re-quantization codebook), our proposed method can reduce the codebook re-quantization time by a factor of about 8005 using a training set of six real images. This reduction factor is increased when the re-quantized codebook size and/or training set size are increased. It is noted that our proposed algorithm can generate the same re-quantized codebook as that produced by the OARC.     

一种新颖的基于哈德码变换的码字搜索算法

针对图像矢量量化编码的复杂性,提出了一种新颖的快速最近邻码字搜索算法。该算法首先计算出每个码字和输入矢量的哈德码变换,然后为输入矢量选取范数距离最近的初始匹配码字,利用多控制点的三角不等式和两条有效的码字排除准则,把不匹配的码字排除,最后选取与输入矢量最匹配的码字。实验结果表明,新算法相比于其他算法,在保证编码质量的前提下,码字搜索时间和计算量均有了明显降低。     

PDVQ图像编码系统的算法研究

PDVQ图像编码系统首先将码书进行方向性分类,把每类方向性码书中的码字按码字和值进行升序排列,并根据EBNNS算法将码书分块。编码时,先根据输入图像块的相关性进行PDVQ编码,然后分析输入图像块的方向性来选择相应的分类子码书,在该子码书中根据输入图像块的和值确定码字搜索范围,最后在确定的搜索范围内搜索最匹配码字。仿真结果表明,该系统集合了动态图像块划分（PDVQ）、基于方向性分类编码和等和值块扩展最近邻码字搜索（EBNNS）三种算法的优点,在保证重建图像质量前提下,缩短了编码时间,并提高了压缩比。     

Fast Implementation of KLT-Based Speech Enhancement Using Vector Quantization

We propose a new method for implementing Karhunen–Loeve transform (KLT)-based speech enhancement to exploit vector quantization (VQ). The method is suitable for real-time processing. The proposed method consists of a VQ learning stage and a filtering stage. In the VQ learning stage, the autocorrelation vectors comprising the first$K$elements of the autocorrelation function are extracted from learning data. The autocorrelation vectors are used as codewords in the VQ codebook. Next, the KLT bases that correspond to all the codeword vectors are estimated through eigendecomposition (ED) of the empirical Toeplitz covariance matrices constructed from the codeword vectors. In the filtering stage, the autocorrelation vectors that are estimated from the input signal are compared to the codewords. The nearest one is chosen in each frame. The precomputed KLT bases corresponding to the chosen codeword are used for filtering instead of performing ED, which is computationally intensive. Speech quality evaluation using objective measures shows that the proposed method is comparable to a conventional KLT-based method that performs ED in the filtering process. Results of subjective tests also support this result. In addition, processing time is reduced to about 1/66 that of the conventional method in the case where a frame length of 120 points is used. This complexity reduction is attained after the computational cost in the learning stage and a corresponding increase in the associated memory requirement. Nevertheless, these results demonstrate that the proposed method reduces computational complexity while maintaining the speech quality of the KLT-based speech enhancement.     

均值与矢量量化复合快速图像编码算法

矢量量化是一种有效的数据压缩技术,由于其算法简单,具有较高的压缩率,因而被广泛应用于数据压缩编码领域。通过对图像块灰度特征的研究,根据图像的平滑与否,提出了对图像进行均值和矢量量化复合编码算法,该算法对平滑图像块采用均值编码,对非平滑块采用矢量量化编码。这不仅节省了平滑码字的存储空间,提高了码书存储效率,并且编码速度大大提高。同时采用码字旋转反色（2R）压缩算法将码书的存储容量减少到1/8,并结合最近邻块扩展搜索算法（EBNNS）对搜索算法进行优化。在保证图像画质的前提下,整个系统的图像编码速度比全搜索的普通矢量量化平均提高约7.7倍。     

一种基于小波变换的图像压缩方法

提出一种基于小波变换的灰度图像数据压缩编码方法,基本思路是利用小波变换实现图像的多分辨分解,用矢量量化（ＶＱ）对分解后的图像进行编码,在矢量量化ＬＢＧ算法的初始码书的选取中根据矢量中各分量的特性提出一种改进的随机选取法,避免了可能的胞腔不均现象,提高了码书的质量,而且重构的图像质量也有所提高。     

矢量量化压缩图像中的安全隐写方法

提出一种用于矢量量化压缩图像的安全数据隐藏方案.为降低数据嵌入引入的失真,以码字间的矢量均方差为优化指标,采用遗传算法实现码本的优化分割,并提出基于码本分割的数据嵌入算法.采用基于自适应算术熵解码的数据映射方法,实现了嵌入前后统计特性的保持.实验结果表明,所提出的算法在容量、失真水平和安全性方面具有较好的综合性能.     

An improved search algorithm for vector quantization using mean pyramid structure

Vector quantization (VQ) is a well-known data compression technique. In the codebook design phase as well as the encoding phase, given a block represented as a vector, searching the closest codeword in the codebook is a time-consuming task. Based on the mean pyramid structure and the range search approach, an improved search algorithm for VQ is presented in this paper. Conceptually, the proposed algorithm has the bandpass filter effect. Each time, using the derived formula, the search range becomes narrower due to the elimination of some portion of the previous search range. This reduces search times and improves the previous result by Lee and Chen (A fast search algorithm for vector quantization using mean pyramids of codewords. IEEE Trans. Commun. 43(2/3/4), (1995) 1697–1702). Some experimental results demonstrate the computational advantage of the proposed algorithm.