棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠的合成与性能

棕榈仁油乙氧基化物磺酸钠(SNS80)以棕榈仁油为原料经过乙氧基化、磺化工艺制备而成,FT IR表征,对SNS80常温下的物理化学性能及应用性能进行了测试,如表面张力、临界胶束浓度、水溶液黏度、泡沫、去污力、乳化力,并与月桂醇聚醚硫酸钠(AES)进行了对比。结果表明,SNS80表面张力为34.96mN/m;临界胶束质量浓度为467.3mg/L;SNS80水溶液的黏度随活性物浓度的增加,表现出先升高后降低的趋势,SNS80质量分数为50%水溶液黏度达到最高值1 600mPa·s;SNS80在硬水中起始起泡高度为10mm;SNS80对碳黑油污布、蛋白污布的去污力与AES相当,对皮脂污布的去污力与AES相比较弱;对大豆油及液体石蜡的乳化力与AES相当。     

不同降温速率下棕榈仁油结晶特性的对比分析

用在线监测设备PVM和FBRM及偏光显微镜,XRD及查式扫描量热仪（DSC）对不同降温速率下棕榈仁油的结晶特性进行了对比分析,得到不同降温速率下棕榈仁油（PKO）的结晶特征,丰富了油脂悬浮结晶分提过程研究的资料。PKO作为天然油脂存在同质多晶,实验发现当降温速率低于4 K/h时结晶产品接近文献中描述的β型表观特征,当降温速率高于8 K/h时结晶产品形态接近为β'型表观特征。通过对产品的晶型及DSC热分析,发现不同降温速率下的产品熔点及晶体特征表现不同,也为悬浮结晶分段降温的参数设定提供了一定的应用参考价值。     

棕榈油和棕榈仁油在制皂中的应用

本文叙述了棕榈油和棕榈仁油的特性,并从生产实践中总结了其在肥皂的油脂配方中的应用情况。     

油脂化学品为明天祈祷

菲律宾的椰子油产量很高，但由于城市化进程和其他应用领域展开的原料竞争，油脂化学品行业的椰子油供应受到了巨大的威胁。此外，油脂化学品产能太小和基础设施薄弱也是这个行业面临的问题。     

棕榈仁油取代椰子油制皂的应用研究

棕榈仁油和椰子油成分大致相似。通过成品分析,采用棕榈仁油制成的皂基质量指标符合标准要求,完全可以代替椰子油使用,同时能够提高经济效益。     

棕榈仁油—生产,性质,用途

棕榈仁油是棕榈油的伴生产品,它的成分和性质与椰子油相似,棕榈仁油的产量随着油棕业的迅速发展而稳定增长,其增长速率是椰子油的１０多倍。不久的将来,棕榈仁油将取代椰子油的地位,成为最主要的月桂油资源。在市场竞争方面,棕榈仁油同样具有明显的优势     

Determination of cypermethrin in palm oil matrices

In this study, a new method was developed for the determination of cypermethrin residue in both crude palm oil (CPO) and crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) using GC with electron capture detector. In this method, the oil was extracted with acetonitrile. Aliquots were cleaned‐up using combined solid phase extraction (SPE), and a primary‐secondary amine in combination with graphitized carbon black. The SPE cartridges were first conditioned and then eluted with acetonitrile. Cypermethrin recoveries from the fortified CPO samples were 87–98% with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 4–8%, while those for the fortified CPKO samples were 83–100% with RSD values of 3–10%. Since good recoveries were obtained with RSD values below 10% in most cases, the proposed methodology will be useful for the analyses of palm oil samples. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of cypermethrin in real palm oil samples from various parts of Malaysia. No cypermethrin residue was found among 30 samples analyzed.     

Mineral saturated hydrocarbons and mineral aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical plant oils and their removal by molecular distillation

Nowadays, tropical plant oils (e.g., palm oil and coconut oil) are extensively used in consumer products, especially in infant formulas. However, there is a lack of statistical data on the levels of mineral oil in these oils, including mineral saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). In this study, we reported a survey of MOSH/MOAH in tropical oils, and in addition, we provided an effective strategy (i.e., molecular distillation) to reduce their contents. A total of 686 tropical plant oils were collected from five tropical countries for this survey. The highest quantifiable MOSH and MOAH concentrations were up to 456.0 and 78.9 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. Interestingly, MOSH was ubiquitous in almost all the tested samples. The distribution of sub-fractions for MOSH centered at C25–C35 and C35–C40 in most crude and refined oils. After distillation, the MOH sub-fraction ≤40 was effectively removed, but >40 was unaltered.     

Lubrication properties of trimethylolpropane esters based on palm oil and palm kernel oils

Due to the global drive towards biodegradable products, trimethylolpropane [2‐ethyl‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐1, 3‐propanediol] (TMP) esters based on palm and palm kernel oils were synthesized, their lubrication properties evaluated, and their potential as base stock for biodegradable lubricants assessed. Two types of TMP esters were considered: palm kernel (PKOTE) and palm oil (PPOTE) TMP esters, derived from palm oil and palm kernel methyl esters, respectively. Lubrication properties such as viscosity, viscosity index (VI) and pour point (PP) were determined according to methods of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Wear and friction properties were evaluated using a four‐ball test machine, while oxidative stability was studied with the Penn State Micro‐oxidation thin‐film test. High VI ranges between 170 to 200 were recorded for these base stocks. PP were relatively high, between 4 to —1 °C, but were improved to at least —33 °C in high oleic palm oil TMP esters. The effects of chemical structure and impurities on wear properties and oxidative stability were also studied. The presence of methyl esters was found to improve wear, but hydroxyl groups in mono‐ and diesters had negative effects at high concentrations. Differences in chemical structures of PKOTE and PPOTE were shown to affect friction and wear results. Both base fluids exhibit oxidative stability comparable to other high oleic base fluids.     

DSC study on the melting properties of palm oil, sunflower oil, and palm kernel olein blends before and after chemical interesterification

Changes in DSC melting properties of palm oil (PO), sunflower oil (SFO), palm kernel olein (PKOo), and their belends in various ratios were studied by using a combination of blending, and chemical interesterification (CIE) techniques and determining total melting (ΔH _f ) and partial melting (ΔH _i°C ) enthalpies. Blending and CIE significantly modified the DSC melting properties of the PO/SFO/PKOo blends. PO and blends containing substantial amounts of PO and PKOo experienced an increase in their DSC ΔH _f and ΔH _i°C following CIE. The DSC ΔH _f and ΔH _i°C of PKOo, blends of PO/SFO at 1∶1 and 1∶3 ratios, and all blends of PKOo/SFO significantly decreased after CIE. The DSC ΔH _f and ΔH _i°C of SFO changed little following CIE. Randomization of FA distribution within and among TAG molecules of PO and PKOo led to modification in TAG composition of the PO/PKOo blends and improved miscibility between the two fats and consequently diminished the eutectic interaction that occurred between PO and PKOo.     

Effects of superfatting agents on cracking phenomena in toilet soap

Palm stearin (POs) is one of the cheapest sources of C16–C18 fatty acids for use in soap making. Toilet-soap formulations containing a high content of POs, however, would result in hard soaps with a tendency to form cracks on the surface. This phenomenon can be overcome by addition of superfatting agents to increase plasticity of the finished product. In this study, two different blends of soap made from distilled POs, palm oil (PO), and palm kernel oil (PKO) fatty acids in the ratio of 40POs/40PO/20PKO and 70POs/30PKO were evaluated. The soaps were superfatted with glycerin, palm kernel olein, coconut oil, olive oil and canola oil. The levels of incorporation of each superfatting material were 1, 2, 4, and 6%, respectively. The samples were subsequently tested for both wet and dry crackings using the Hewitt Soap Company methods (numbers 78 and 79, respectively). The superfatted soaps had a total fatty matter of 73–83% and an average moisture content of 10%. The penetration value which indicates hardness increased with increasing amount of superfatting agents. Foaming or lathering property was good with the exception of the formulation using palm kernel olein and canola oil as superfatting agents. At all the above levels of superfatting agents added, no cracks were observed during both wet and dry cracking tests. A sample of soap superfatted with 2% canola oil, however, developed cracks during the wet cracking test. This resulted in a test score of 7. Superfatting soaps with 1–2% neutral oils or glycerin resulted in better quality soaps that were free of cracks.     

月桂酸改性生物质材料处理乳化油的机理

油污染对环境、生物和经济产生了不利的影响。目前,诸多研究均希望得到一种有效、简单且价廉的除油方法。为了提高对含乳化油废水的处理效果,以玉米芯和花生壳为原料,采用月桂酸对其进行改性,并且利用扫描电镜、比表面积测试和红外光谱等测试手段研究生物质材料的改性和处理含乳化油废水的机理。研究发现,月桂酸改性是利用月桂酸上含有的羧基和生物质材料的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素上含有的羟基发生的酯化反应,形成的酯基链接月桂酸本身的烷基链,增强了亲油疏水性,同时也有造孔的作用即进一步增大微孔和提高孔隙率,由于改性材料是通过亲油性烷基链和微孔吸附油粒子,因此这两者的共同作用提高了材料的吸油能力。利用石油醚萃取水中油分,采用紫外分光光度法测定水中的油浓度。这种方法能够更加直接地看出含乳化油废水的处理程度,也更加贴近实际工程概况。研究表明,原始玉米芯和花生壳对含乳化油废水的油吸附容量分别是6.86 mg·g^-1和5.21 mg·g^-1,经月桂酸改性后,其吸附容量有了较大提高,分别达到了10.79 mg·g^-1和7.44 mg·g^-1。因此,当处理含乳化油废水时,利用月桂酸改性玉米芯和花生壳不仅能高效率除油,而且基于以废治废,是一项相当环保的措施     

Composition of the oil in palm kernel fromElaeis guineensis

The composition of oil from the outer, middle, and inner section of palm kernel had been evaluated by gas-liquid chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. The composition was not homogenous throughout the kernel and was found to be more unsaturated in the outer kernel. The inner core of the kernel is less unsaturated, having a higher lauric content. The variation in the iodine value from the outer to inner section of the kernel suggested that composition of palm kernel oil was affected by the kernel size. This was found to be true, as small kernels tend to have oil with higher iodine value than do larger kernels.     

Temperature effect on the viscosities of palm oil and coconut oil blended with diesel oil

One of the major difficulties in using crude vegetable oils as substitute fuels in diesel engines is their relatively high viscosities. Increasing the temperature of the crude vegetable oil, blending it with diesel oil, or the combination of both offers a simple and effective means of controlling and lowering the viscosities of vegetable oils. This work reports viscosity data, determined with a rotational bob-and-cup viscometer, for crude palm oil and cononut oil blended with diesel oil over the temperature range of 20–80°C and for different mixture compositions. All the test oil samples showed a time-independent newtonian type of flow behavior. The reduction of viscosity with increasing liquid temperature followed an exponential relationship, with the two constants of the equation being a function of the volume percentage of the vegetable oil in the mixture. A single empirical equation was developed for predicting the viscosity of these fuel mixtures under varying temperatures and blend compositions.     

Physico-chemical characteristics of palm-based oil blends for the production of reduced fat spreads

The effect of blending and interesterification on the physicochemical characteristics of fat blends containing palm oil products was studied. The characteristics of the palm-based blends were tailored to resemble oil blends extracted from commercial reduced fat spreads (RFS). The commercial products were found to contain up to 20.4% trans fatty acids, whereas the palm-based blends were free of trans fatty acids. Slip melting point of the blends varied from 26.0–32.0°C for tub, and 30.0–33.0°C for block RFS. Solid fat content at 5 and 10°C (refrigeration temperature), respectively, varied from 10.9–19.7% and 8.5–17.6% for tub, and 28.2–38.6% and 20.8–33.5% for block RFS. Melting enthalpy of the tub RFS varied from 35.0–54.3 J/g and that of block RFS varied from 58.0–75.4 J/g. To produce block RFS, 65% palm oil (PO) and 18% palm kernel olein (PKOo) could be added in a ternary blend with sunflower oil (SFO), but only 47% PO and 10% PKOo are suggested for tub RFS. Higher proportion of PO, i.e., 72% for block RFS and 65% for tub RFS, could be used after the ternary blend was interesterified. Although a ternary blend of palm olein (POo)/SFO/PKOo was not suitable for RFS formulation, after interesterification as much as 90% POo and 26% PKOo could be used in the block RFS formulation. For tub RFS a maximum of 30% POo was found suitable.     

Comparative evaluation of palm oil color measurement using a prototype palm oil colorimeter

The color of refined palm oil and palm oil products is conventionally measured using the manually operated Lovibond^® Tintometer. In the present study, one manual/visual and three automatic colorimeters for the measurement of vegetable oil color were used for color measurements of refined palm oil. All colorimeters used were commercially available instruments except for an automatic palm oil colorimeter developed specifically for the measurement of palm oil color. The color values obtained from all four instruments were compared using the visually obtained readings as reference values. Results showed that all three automatic instruments gave correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9300 for red color measurements. In addition, the Student t-test showed no difference between the analysis of red color using the visual method and the palm oil colorimeter. This investigation concludes that, although it is extremely difficult to reduce the lack of precision in color measurement of palm oil, a properly designed and calibrated automatic instrument may still be the better choice because reproducibility and repeatability are required in all standard test methods. The palm oil colorimeter offers a ready and relatively inexpensive solution to the problem of color matches based on visual observations.