水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦特性和水膜刚度试验研究

针对水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦特性与轴承尺寸之间的关系开展试验研究,采用轴承试验台分别测试两种规格尺寸的水润滑橡胶轴承摩擦特性,对摩擦特性进行数学建模并进行比较。同时测试水润滑橡胶轴承水膜刚度,探讨转速对水膜刚度的影响。试验结果表明,基于缩比轴承的试验数据可以推广到原始尺寸轴承,摩擦系数随轴承尺寸的增大而增大;转速对水膜刚度几乎没有影响,动压润滑状态下的水膜刚度远高于主轴和橡胶轴承的串联刚度。     

Composite-film hydrodynamic bearings

From time-to-time, experts endeavor to estimate the amount of energy lost due to friction and wear. According to one such estimate, over 4.22 × 10¹⁸ J of energy were lost in the United States in 1978 alone - enough to supply New York city for the entire year. A major factor in limiting our energy efficiency is energy loss through friction in tribo-elements is [1]. In recognition of this, there have been significant efforts made during the past decades towards increasing the efficiency of bearing operations. The major influencing aspects of hydrodynamic lubrication are the structure of the lubricant film, the properties of the bearing surfaces, and the properties of the lubricant. Major past approaches for seeking efficiency improvement focused on the latter two of these aspects and concerned surface modification techniques and modification of lubricant properties. Here we advocate the third approach, modification of the structure of the lubricant film; this approach leads to what we call composite-film bearings (CFB). Composite-film bearings rely on a double layer, composite lubricant film to separate the load-bearing surfaces. We show in this paper that, while maintaining safe film dimensions, composite-film bearings perform with considerably lower frictional losses then do traditional bearings.In designing the CFB scheme, we rely on nature to seek out and maintain a configuration that minimizes viscous dissipation [4]. This will be achieved in our case by the localization of deformation, and thus of viscous dissipation, to the low-viscosity component of the film. The CFB construction appears to be particularly suitable to power generating equipment. The journal bearings of these large rotating apparatus dissipate considerable energy [5]; the CFB has the potential to cut these losses.     

Wear of surface engineered metal-on-metal hip prostheses

The wear of existing metal-on-metal (MOM) hip prostheses (1 mm3/million cycles) is much lower than the more widely used polyethylene-on-metal bearings (30-100 mm3/million cycles). However, there remain some potential concerns about the toxicity of metal wear particles and elevated metal ion levels, both locally and systemically in the human body. The aim of this study was to investigate the wear, wear debris and ion release of fully coated surface engineered MOM bearings for hip prostheses. Using a physiological anatomical hip joint simulator, five different bearing systems involving three thick (8-12 microm) coatings, TiN, CrN and CrCN, and one thin (2 microm) coating diamond like carbon (DLC) were evaluated and compared to a clinically used MOM cobalt chrome alloy bearing couple. The overall wear rates of the surface engineered prostheses were at least 18-fold lower than the traditional MOM prostheses after 2 million cycles and 36-fold lower after 5 million cycles. Consequently, the volume of wear debris and the ion levels in the lubricants were substantially lower. These parameters were also much lower than in half coated (femoral heads only) systems that have been reported previously. The extremely low volume of wear debris and concentration of metal ions released by these surface engineered systems, especially with CrN and CrCN coatings, have considerable potential for the clinical application of this technology.     

大型水轮机组推力轴承油膜厚度在线监测研究

油膜厚度是反映推力轴承运行状态的重要参数,对油膜厚度进行实时在线监测有助于实现推力轴承的稳定运行。以某大型水轮机组推力轴承为例,结合其润滑流体的雷诺方程和油膜厚度方程,利用有限差分法分析了不同载荷和不同转速下推力轴承油膜厚度和压力分布的变化规律,并设计了一种油膜厚度实时在线监测方法。理论分析结果表明,当转速一定时,推力轴承油膜厚度先随着载荷的增大而增大,达到峰值后,随着载荷的增大而减小;当载荷一定时,油膜厚度随着转速的增大而增大。理论分析结果与该水轮机组推力轴承油膜厚度的在线监测数据完全吻合,验证了提出的油膜厚度在线监测方法的可靠性,为推力轴承运行状态的诊断提供了科学依据。     

On the performance of narrow porous journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluid

Summary In the present analysis an attempt has been made to study the performance characteristics of a narrow porous journal bearing lubricated with couple stress fluid. A modified form of Reynolds equation is derived for the lubrication of porous journal bearings with couple stress fluid as lubricant. The analysis takes into account the velocity slip at the surface of a porous medium by using Beavers-Joseph criterion. The governing equation for flow in the porous media and the modified Reynolds equation derived from the Stokes [1] constistutive equations for the couple stress fluid satisfying the velocity slip boundary condition, are solved analytically for the film pressure distribution. Eigen type of expansions for the field variations are obtained. The dimensionless load capacity, attitude angle and coefficient of friction are presented for different operating parameters. The effect of couple stress and velocity slip on the dynamic characteristics of narrow porous journal bearings are discussed. It is observed that the bearings with couple stress fluid as lubricant provide significant load carrying capacity and ensure considerable reduction in the coefficient of friction compared with viscous lubricants.     

对转圆柱滚子轴承动态特性分析

针对内外圈对转圆柱滚子轴承内部复杂的运动特性及相互作用力,通过分析轴承径向游隙的影响因素以及考虑滚子与滚道的接触变形和热效应对油膜厚度的影响,利用拟静力学法建立了轴承的分析模型,并采用NewtonRaphson法进行求解;同时,利用该模型对滚子打滑率进行计算,以验证所采用分析方法的正确性和可靠性。然后,进一步探讨了不同工况下对转圆柱滚子轴承内部组件的转速变化规律与接触特性。结果表明：滚子的自转转速、滚子与滚道的接触载荷均随径向载荷的增大而增大;内、外圈转速变化会使受载区滚子与滚道的接触载荷以一定的规律重新分配,且转速对最小油膜厚度的影响较径向载荷更为明显。研究结果可为对转圆柱滚子轴承的结构优化和生热机理分析提供理论依据。     

Load transfer in multirow,single shear,composite-to-aluminium lap joints

A three-dimensional finite element model has been developed in order to determine the load transfer in multifastener single shear joints. The model is based on continuum elements and accounts for all important mechanisms involved in load transfer, such as bolt-hole clearances, bolt clamp-up and friction. In particular, member plates can be of different thickness and stiffness and with different coefficient of thermal expansion. An experimental programme was conducted in order to validate the finite element model through measurements of fastener loads, by means of instrumented fasteners. Good agreement between simulations and experiments was achieved and it was found that bolt-hole clearance is the most important factor in terms of load distribution between the fasteners. Any variation in clearance between the different holes implies that load is shifted to the fastener where the smallest clearance occurs. Sensitivity to this variation in clearance was found to be large, so that temperature changes could significantly affect the load distribution if member plates with different thermal expansion properties are used. It was found that good accuracy in load transfer predictions requires that all aforementioned factors are taken into consideration and that nonlinear kinematics is accounted for in the solution process.     

Optical emission spectroscopic study for diagnostics in high gravity DC-plasma CVD diamond growth

The effect of gravity on materials processing is rather complicated, and a large number of considerably unexpected results due to high gravity or sometimes centrifugation have been reported. The authors have been conducting high gravity diamond thin film growth by the DC-plasma CVD method up to 100 G. The effects of high gravity appeared in the nucleation site density, growth rate, grain size, uniformity, film coverage and morphology. With the increase in gravity, the nucleation site density, growth rate, grain size were all found to be increased, the uniformity and film coverage were improved, and {100} facet became dominant rather than {111} facet. To understand the deposition mechanism in these effects observed in high gravity, a diagnostic apparatus for spectroscopic study of the optical emission from the DC-plasma was developed, and the OES (optical emission spectroscopy) apparatus has been employed in high gravity CVD experiments. The influence of gravity on the most active species in the plasma, such as H, CH, C₂ was discussed together with the results from the Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction study.     

The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling and tribological characterization of ion- plated gold on various metals

An investigation was conducted to examine, by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and depth profiling, the atomic nature of such tribological properties as friction and microhardness of ion-plated gold. Friction properties were measured with (1) a gold film, (2) the graded interface between gold and nickel substrate and (3) the nickel substrate. All sliding was conducted against hard silicon carbide pins in two processes. The first is the adhesive process in which friction arises primarily from adhesion between sliding surfaces, and the second is a non-adhesive process, namely abrasion, in which friction occurs as a result of the hard pin sliding against the film, indenting into it and plowing a series of grooves. The other substrates used in this study included copper and 440C stainless steel. Reference experiments were also conducted with vapor-deposited gold on the substrates. A vacuum environment is used in order to maximize the adhesion effect, while oil is used to minimize the adhesion effect. The results of the investigation indicate that the friction related to adhesion as well as the friction related to abrasion are influenced by the coating depth. The trends in friction behavior as a function of film depth are, however, just the opposite. The graded interface exhibited the highest adhesion and friction, while the graded interface resulted in the lowest abrasion and friction. The coefficient of friction due to abrasion is inversely related to the hardness. The greter the hardness of the surface, the lower are the abrasion and friction. The microhardness in the graded interface exhibited the highest hardness due to an alloy hardening effect. Almost no graded interface between the vapor- deposited gold film and the substrates was detected.     

冲击激励下含限位器的气囊-船用旋转机械系统的动力学特性分析

主要研究了冲击激励下含限位器的气囊-旋转机械系统的动力学特性。首先,考虑了轴承的非线性油膜力和转子的不平衡力等因素,建立了在冲击激励下气囊-旋转机械系统的非线性动力学模型;然后,采用数值模拟的方法分析了冲击激励下,限位器对气囊-旋转机械系统动力学特性的影响,讨论了在限位器不同刚度比、安装间隙、阻尼比等参数下气囊-旋转机械系统的动力学响应。结果表明:限位器的刚度和安装间隙对冲击激励下系统的最大相对位移和绝对加速度有较大影响,而阻尼对其影响会随着刚度比的增大而减小。     

Tribological failure analysis of journal bearings used in sugar mills

In present paper the premature failure of journal bearings encountered in sugar mills has been analyzed. The causes of bearing failure are identified by simulating the operating conditions and conducting controlled experiments on a fully automated Journal Bearing Test Rig with provisions for varied combination (i.e. load, speed, and lubricating oil) of operating conditions. The results of performance behavior (i.e. coefficient of friction, change in surface roughness and weight loss) of the bearings as observed in these experiments have been reported. The theoretical and experimental results indicate the existence of boundary lubrication conditions in sugar mill journal bearings. To mitigate the problem of relatively high wear, lubricating oil with boundary additives have been tried and results are reported.     

Lager wie geschmiert

Friction reduction in ball bearings by nanodyn® ‐plasma coating Without ball bearings engines wouldn't operate. On the other hand by friction and wear in bearings a certain amount of material and energy is lost. For bottling plants, packaging machines and machine tools such bearings are indispensable as well as for gears, and motors in pumps in the automotive and aviation areas. To minimize friction and wear in bearings different types of lubricants are in use. Nevertheless a part of the kinetic energy will be transformed in heat and wear and corrosion might happen. Enhanced friction properties are gained on bearings from the company of Cerobear after applying the nanodyn® coatings deposited on all parts of the bearings by the Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial engineering and Biotechnology. The friction is reduced by more than 50%. In addition the corrosion is reduced as well and cleaning becomes easier. In conclusion, this project contributes to resource efficient production in Germany by the development of plasma coatings for enhanced wetting of lubricants, reduced friction and wear and for minimized corrosion of ball bearings.     

桥梁支座摩擦材料发展与展望

对桥梁支座摩擦材料的现状进行了综述,提出了桥梁支座未来发展方向是智能化、功能化、高效化,探讨了桥梁支座摩擦材料的发展需求,并得出更高效更可靠将是桥梁支座摩擦副材料研究的发展趋势。     

The evaluation of the micro-tracks and micro-dimples on the tribological characteristics of thrust ball bearings

One of the primary remedies for tribological problems is surface modification. The reduction of the friction between the ball and the raceway of bearings is a very important goal of the development of bearing technology. A low friction has a positive effect in terms of the extension of the fatigue life, avoidance of a temperature rise, and prevention of premature failure of bearings. Therefore, this research sought to investigate the effects of micro-tracks and micro-dimples on the tribological characteristics at the contact point between the ball and the raceway of thrust ball bearings (TBBs). The ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification (UNSM) technology was applied using different intervals (feed rates) to the TBB raceway surface to create micro-tracks and micro-dimples. The friction coefficient after UNSM at 50 microm intervals showed marked sensitivity and a significant reduction of 30%. In this study, the results showed that more micro-dimples yield a lower friction coefficient.     

Crystal orientation changes of Ag thin films on the Si(111) substrate due to tribo-assisted recrystallization

Crystal orientation changes of Ag thin films due to the tribo-assisted recrystallization have been studied using grazing incidence X-ray diffraction with synchrotron radiation. After preparation of an Si(111) √3 × √3-Ag surface, a 5-nm-thick Ag film was deposited on the surface at the substrate temperature of 303 K in an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The friction experiments were carried out using a diamond pin-on-plate type tribometer just after the Ag deposition in the same UHV chamber. We found that the coefficient of friction of the Ag films on the Si(111) √3 × √3-Ag surface decreases from 0.07 to 0.03, with increasing reciprocal sliding cycles. In synchronization with the coefficient change, Ag{100} grains are gradually disappearing. As a result, the Ag{111} grains cover the entire surface after 50 sliding cycles. Moreover, we found that the domain size of the Ag{111} grains increases with increasing reciprocal sliding cycles by measuring the rocking curve width. These results directly show that the Ag(111) plane is the sliding plane of friction and the coefficient of friction of Ag films is determined by the fraction of the Ag(111) grains in the Ag films. Moreover, to clarify the reaction between the Ag film and the Si substrate due to the tribo-assisted recrystallization, the substrate strain has been studied by an extremely asymmetric X-ray diffraction technique using synchrotron radiation.     

Effects of friction on roller expanded tube–tubesheet joint strength

Roller expansion of new tubes in enlarged heat exchanger tubesheet holes requires higher rolling torques which may result in over-thinning of the tube wall. This affects adversely the tube–tubesheet joint strength, which is measured in terms of residual contact pressure between the expanded tube and tubesheet. The axial force required to cause the mechanical failure of the tube–tubesheet joint has therefore been considered as an indication of the integrity of the joint. This force is influenced by several parameters such as the type of tube and tubesheet materials, the initial clearance and coefficient of friction. In the present work, an axisymmetric finite element (FE) model is used to evaluate the combined effects of friction between tube and tubesheet, initial clearance and tube material strain hardening on the strength of the tube–tubesheet joint. The FE results show that the increase in friction between tube and tubesheet results in higher residual contact stress and lower cutoff clearances. The residual contact stress also increased linearly with increasing tube material strain hardening level for all friction coefficients.     

Thrust cone bearings provide increased efficiency for helical gear units at moderate speed levels

Thrust cone bearings are an elegant option to handle the axial forces generated by the torque transmission in helical-toothed gear stages. They have proven as an efficient and reliable bearing concept for integrally geared compressors but are nearly unknown in other fields of gearbox engineering. The presented investigations consider three aspects which appear relevant to extend the field of possible applications for thrust cones towards gearboxes constructed with roller bearings. Based on simulations and experiments design parameters were identified, which enable a significant reduction of the necessary velocity for full film lubrication. For a single stage test gearbox noticeable increases in efficiency were achieved by replacing tapered roller bearings with a combination of thrust cone and ball bearings, especially during partially loaded operation. The resistance to wear and the determination of limits for the bearable loads under mixed friction conditions for various thrust cone design configurations are investigated in a third test series. It appears that the few limit values known so far might be exceeded significantly for future applications.     

静压支承摩擦副变形流热力耦合求解与实验

摩擦副变形对静压支承摩擦学性能有显著影响,不均匀变形会引起润滑油膜破裂和干摩擦,严重时导致静压支承摩擦失效。针对环形缝隙节流静压支承,运用计算流体动力学、弹性理论和有限元法对静压支承摩擦副变形进行流热力耦合求解,得到了旋转速度和工作台自重对支承摩擦副变形的影响规律和摩擦失效机理。并进行了实验验证,数值模拟结果和实验值吻合较好,验证了数值模拟方法的正确性。研究结果表明:随着旋转工作台转速增加,间隙油膜温度升高,热变形增大。工作台自重产生摩擦副的弹性变形对热变形有均匀化作用,但其挤压效应会加大热变形,造成工作台和底座的变形为内边靠近外部开口的喇叭状。工况继续恶劣,润滑油黏度急剧下降,局部油膜迅速变薄,出现干摩擦润滑,导致静压支承摩擦失效。     

Characterization and Tribological Behavior of Octadecene, Dodecene and Undecenoic Acid Films on Si Substrate

1.IntroductionWith the development of micromachines,the lubri-cation problem of microelectronic-mechanical systems(MEMS)has become more and more important.Con-ventional lubricants such as lubricating grease and oilcannot apply to MEMS owing to their extremely minia-turized size[1].It becomes a pressing problem to developnovel lubricating materials and methods so as to get rid ofthe friction-induced performance degradation and avoidfailure of MEMS devices.Efforts have been made in thisresp…