新型动态旋流燃烧器的燃烧特性数值研究

基于旋流燃烧技术,自行设计了一款动态旋流燃烧器,通过电机带动旋流叶片旋转以获得不同的旋流强度。对燃烧器五组旋流叶片转速（v=600 rad/min、900 rad/min、1200 rad/min、1500 rad/min和1800 rad/min）工况进行了数值模拟。结果表明：当旋流叶片转速v=600 rad/min时,燃烧室内没有形成中心回流区域;随着v的增大,中心回流区域的形成直接影响火焰结构和高温区域面积,高温区面积明显减小,并逐渐向燃烧室前段移动,燃烧室内整体温度均匀性得到很好地改善。燃烧室出口NO排放量先增大后减小,在旋流叶片转速v=900 rad/min时,NO排放量达到峰值。当v从900 rad/min增大至1800rad/min时,燃烧室出口处NO排放量降低了98.71%。较高的旋流叶片转速对于提高燃烧器的燃烧效率和燃烧室的整体工作性能,以及降低污染物排放是一个好的选择。     

旋转流中预混合火焰高速传播现象—II.点火位置与燃烧过程

在前期关于Vortex-bursting旋流式预混燃烧器的燃烧效率及其进口混合气速度分布对燃烧效率的影响实验基础上,围绕燃烧器的点火特性,对旋流场中的点火位置和稳定火焰形成进行了数值分析.结果表明,不适当的点火位置会影响稳定火焰的形成,在相同的燃烧工况下,在流场中点火位置不同,火焰的发展出现不同的趋势.在靠近中心轴附近的低速区点火时,火焰能够稳定;在靠近管壁的高速区点火时,撤离点火源后,火焰吹熄.本结果对于强化预混合燃烧的稳定性具有理论和工程指导意义.     

旋转流中预混合火焰高速传播现象-II. 点火位置与燃烧过程

在前期关于Vortex-bursting旋流式预混燃烧器的燃烧效率及其进口混合气速度分布对燃烧效率的影响实验基础上，围绕燃烧器的点火特性，对旋流场中的点火位置和稳定火焰形成进行了数值分析. 结果表明，不适当的点火位置会影响稳定火焰的形成，在相同的燃烧工况下，在流场中点火位置不同，火焰的发展出现不同的趋势. 在靠近中心轴附近的低速区点火时，火焰能够稳定；在靠近管壁的高速区点火时，撤离点火源后，火焰吹熄. 本结果对于强化预混合燃烧的稳定性具有理论和工程指导意义.     

一种新型燃烧方法的探索

所谓浸没燃烧就是将燃烧器浸没在玻璃液中,高温、高速的燃烧废气直接喷入玻璃液中,搅动着玻璃液并将大部分热量传给玻璃液和配合料,使玻璃料迅速熔化,可大大提高热效率。作者对燃烧室型和无焰型两种燃烧器进行了研究,并通过在空窑和试验窑中进行燃烧实验和熔化试验初步模索出一些规律。     

高速煤粉燃烧器内燃烧特性数值模拟及结构优化

高速煤粉燃烧器火焰喷射速度高达60~200 m/s,炉膛内火焰较长,对流换热比例提高,使得炉膛内温度分布均匀,没有传统低速煤粉燃烧器火焰短,炉膛内局部过热和结焦等缺点。笔者以14 MW高速煤粉燃烧器为研究对象,采用数值模拟的方法,研究旋流强度、二次风温度等关键参数对燃烧器内煤粉燃烧的影响,针对燃烧器内煤粉燃烧特点进行结构优化设计。对旋流强度研究结果表明,当旋流强度S=2.2、2.8、3.2及3.7时,燃烧器内回流区形状变化不大,从一次风喷口开始到旋流叶片位置结束,回流区环绕一次风管;最大回流量在一次风喷口附近,距离一次风喷口越远,回流量越小;旋流强度对一次风喷口附近最大回流量影响不大,喷口附近最大回流量均在0.45 kg/s左右,当距喷口超过一定距离(L/H<0.35)时,旋流强度对回流量的影响开始变得明显,表现为旋流强度越大,回流区末端回流量越大,回流区末端回流量最大为0.30 kg/s,最小为0.17 kg/s。研究燃烧器喷口处燃烧状态表明,喷口处火焰旋流强度为0.10~0.28,与入口旋流强度正相关,火焰喷射速度150 m/s,为中等旋流强度的高速旋流火焰;喷口中心区可燃性组分富集,缺氧,燃料和氧气分层分布。当旋流强度提高,喷口中心区可燃性组分浓度降低,CO浓度从11%降低到10%,H2浓度从1.65%降低到1.40%,焦炭浓度从0. 14%降低到0. 11%,喷口边缘O2浓度从13%降低到10%。旋流强度S=3.2和S=3.7时可燃组分和氧气浓度分布变化较小,说明旋流强度提高对燃烧的影响减弱。考察0、100和200℃下二次风温度对燃烧的影响,结果表明,当二次风温度提高,煤粉在燃烧器内的反应时间有所降低,从0.15 s降低到0.11 s,但燃烧器内的煤粉碳转化率提高20%,达到65%。对燃烧器结构进行优化,加入中心风,对比中心风直流和旋流与不加中心风3种状态,结果表明,加入旋流中心风和直流中心风后喷口中心区半径r≤75 mm范围内可燃组分浓度降低,采用直流时由于气流刚性较强,喷口中心区氧气浓度升高,采用旋流中心风对中心区氧浓度影响弱,对可燃组分浓度降低效果优于直流中心风。     

CaCl_2浓缩单元浸没式燃烧器的开发应用

介绍了一种用于CaCl2浓缩单元的新型浸没式燃烧器。通过工艺计算、优化结构设计,在热负荷不变的前提下实现了燃烧器火焰长度的灵活可调性,满足工艺要求的燃烧空间灵活、燃烧速度快、燃烧强度大以及低NOx燃烧等要求。     

四通道回转窑燃烧器的开发、研制与应用

在三通道燃烧器的基础上，四通道燃烧器的开发采用了现代最新燃烧技术——大速差和强旋流理论，减少了一次风量，优化了燃烧器喷嘴。其特点主要有一次风比例低(仅为5％～7％)，火焰形状规整、活泼有力、温度高并且调整方便灵活，热力集中稳定、热工制度合理，对煤质适应性强，NO2排放量低，寿命长等。该产品具有相当强的市场竞争力，可完全替代进口产品。     

基于CO2稀释的旋流无焰燃烧理论判别方法

基于温度判据和时间判据,本文建立了考虑旋流入口条件和CO₂稀释的无焰燃烧理论判别方法并进行验证,进而讨论了结构参数和操作参数对燃烧模式和火焰稳定性的影响。模型预测的旋流无焰燃烧临界氧浓度与文献中实验数据相比,最大相对误差不超过8%。降低氧浓度、减小当量比或提高入口流量时,温度判据1变化不大,而时间判据更易满足,因此有利于实现无焰燃烧;低旋流数条件下,无焰燃烧稳定性较差。增大燃烧室高度时,温度判据1更易满足,而时间判据更难满足,温度判据1分界线下移更快,有利于形成无焰燃烧;减小燃烧室截面积时,温度判据1变化不大,而时间判据更易满足,有利于实现无焰燃烧;增大燃烧器出口面积时,温度判据1和时间判据均更难满足,且时间判据分界线下移更快,不利于形成无焰燃烧。     

劣质煤种对1000MW旋流对冲锅炉燃烧性能的影响

旋流对冲燃烧锅炉在燃用劣质煤种时,由于劣质煤着火困难,会造成主燃区温度较低,引起炉内燃烧不稳定,并且水冷壁经常发生高温腐蚀和结渣,上部对流受热面超温,飞灰含碳量也增加,锅炉热效率明显降低,是目前电站锅炉运行面临的一大难题。针对某1 000 MW旋流对冲燃烧锅炉,采用CFD方法研究了锅炉燃用劣质煤种时炉内燃烧组织的分布特性,并将结果与设计煤种进行了对比分析。结果表明:与设计煤种相比,劣质煤灰分高,热值低,原燃烧器的分级配风方式不利于劣质煤粉及时着火,燃点推迟,炉膛水平截面温度分布不均匀,四周水冷壁中心附近出现高温区和高浓度CO,炉膛中心高温区减小,火焰中心上移,因此对流受热面附近出现高温区域,这些会导致水冷壁高温腐蚀,对流受热面超温问题发生,同时出口烟温也会增加,即锅炉效率降低。另外,由于分级燃烧组织的不合理,炉膛出口NOx生成量也明显增加。在实际运行中,可以采用混煤掺烧的方式,改善劣质煤种的燃烧特性,从而提高锅炉燃烧稳定性;其次,可以对原旋流燃烧器进行改造优化,如适当减小一次风速,或者在水冷壁中心增设墙式风,保证劣质煤粉有足够的时间预热并能够及时与二次风混合,稳定着火,提高锅炉燃用劣质煤种的能力。     

多风道煤粉燃烧器旋流数的分析与计算

通过对多风道煤粉燃烧器旋流数S'的分析,阐明了采用强旋流的重要性。既可使火焰更加稳定,又可使燃烧强度提高,进而保证热工制度稳定,不扫窑皮,延长火砖寿命、节煤和提高回转窑的产质量。     

旋流燃烧室内冷态和热态流场的三维数值模拟分析

采用RNGk-ε湍流模型以及有限化学反应速率涡破碎模型(Eddy break up)对Allied Signal公司75 kW微型燃气轮机旋流燃烧室内冷态和热态时气流三维流动过程进行了模拟计算。结果表明,燃烧室火焰筒内热态时与冷态时的流场相似,烧室火焰筒内都有3个回流区,3个回流区的存在将有助于燃料的连续点火和火焰的稳定;燃烧室内热态三维流场的中心回流区长度小于冷态时的中心回流区长度,气流的轴向速度也大于相应的冷态轴向速度,而且掺冷孔空气射流对环向速度分布的影响小于冷态时的影响。     

氯化法钛白氧化反应器甲苯燃烧室仿真模拟研究

运用有限元系列分析软件ANSYS—CFX对燃烧反应器型腔的燃烧工况进行了仿真模拟,探讨了在不同进气参数下燃烧反应火焰的分布情况。并通过对反应器的进气参数加以约束,分析比较了各预定进气参数工况下的燃烧求解情形。     

小尺度受限空间内瓦斯湍流爆燃大涡模拟

构建了150 mm × 150 mm × 500 mm小尺度受限空间三维模型,基于火焰表面密度模型和Charlette湍流燃烧模型,对两侧连续障碍物条件下瓦斯爆燃火焰与湍流耦合过程进行了大涡模拟(LES)。模拟结果均与实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:大涡模拟可以很好预测瓦斯爆燃过程中的火焰结构、火焰锋面位置、火焰传播速度及超压,验证了大涡模拟及湍流燃烧模型对于瓦斯爆燃的适用性。此外,通过Karlovitz数定量描述了瓦斯爆燃火焰与湍流之间的相互作用及其变化规律,并对不同时刻的火焰模态进行了判别,在两侧连续障碍物条件下瓦斯湍流爆燃火焰先后经历波纹小火焰和薄反应区两种模态。     

膨胀型阻燃剂组份配比对阻燃性能的影响

本文分别选取聚磷酸铵、季戊四醇、尿素及聚酯树脂为膨胀型阻燃剂中的酸源、碳源、气源及成膜剂,基于正交试验,依据小室燃烧和氧指数测试法探索各个组分对阻燃性能的影响主次顺序,衡量在不同配方下的阻燃效果,结果表明组份影响顺序为m(聚磷酸铵)>m(聚酯树脂)>m(尿素)>m(季戊四醇);得到具有最优阻燃性能的阻燃剂,即9#配方A3B3C2D1,经该配方处理的试样,其氧指数明显提升至38%;同时,通过热重和电镜扫描分析其燃烧过程,解释阻燃机理.     

Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of Combustion of Synthetic Fuel of Thermochemical Heat Recuperation Systems

CFD modeling of the combustion of synthetic fuel formed in the systems of thermochemical recuperation of waste flue gas heat due to steam methane reforming was performed using the ANSYS Fluent software. Scientific justification and validation of the physicomathematical approaches involved the ANSYS Fluent for the problems of modeling the combustion of multicomponent hydrogen-containing gas mixtures. Numerical results were validated against experimental data. A visual comparison of the flame contours obtained by burning syngas at Reynolds numbers of 600, 800, and 1000 was performed. In all cases there is obvious convergence of the results. Change in the temperature of the fuel–air mixture at the entrance to the combustion chamber was found to have no significant effect on the temperature of the combustion products. The obtained results are of practical importance for the design of burner units of high-temperature plants with thermochemical heat recuperation.     

赛科裂解炉辐射段燃烧的数值模拟及优化

利用计算流体软件,采用合适的数学模型,对赛科（SECCO）裂解炉的两种设计方案进行数值模拟,得到裂解炉炉膛内流体流场、燃料燃烧和烟气温度场等详细信息,揭示了炉膛内烟气流动、燃烧和传热过程的相互影响及特点。模拟结果表明,底部燃烧器的原始设计方案中,热量分布不均,局部高温区,炉膛内温度梯度大;底部燃烧器加侧壁燃烧器的优化方案中,能提供较均匀的热量分布,炉膛内温度梯度小,有利于反应管均匀受热。     

Gap effect on the initiation of detonation in gas mixtures in cylindrical combustion chambers. II. Triggering of detonation within a turbulent flame

Schlieren moving-picture photography is used to study the burnup of oxygen gaseous mixtures in a cylindrical chamber with a gap at its periphery. It is found that a flame penetrating from the chamber into the gap can accelerate up to detonation speeds. The reaction wave in the gap precedes the primary combustion front propagating through the chamber and the reaction products escaping the gap create secondary combustion sources in the chamber. A process occurs in which a detonation wave that appears in the gap near one flank of the flame enters the main volume through the opposite flank, first triggering an explosion in the turbulent combustion zone (“an explosion within an explosion”) and then a detonation wave in the unreacted gas charge (“knock” in an engine). An interpretation is provided for the gas-dynamic structure of the secondary combustion source which is created in the cylindrical combustion chamber by a detonation wave propagating in the gap. Translated fromFizika Goreniya i Vzryva, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp. 77–87, July–August 1998     

Effect of the radiation surface on temperature and NOx emission in a gas fired furnace

A significant increase in the efficiency of furnaces burning natural gas is achieved by increasing the radiation heat transfer from the flame. In this study, the effect of cylindrically shaped additional radiation surface called, filling material (FM), on emissions and temperature distribution in the combustion chamber (CC) was investigated experimentally. Experiments were carried out on a fire tube water heater described in the standard EN 676 for the firing rates of 58, 87 and 116 kW. Two diameters of the filling materials, 25 and 30 cm, and two lengths of 20 and 40 cm were considered. The flame temperature and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission were measured for different positions and geometries of the filling material in the combustion chamber. The flame temperature and the temperature drop of the flame in the back flow increased with the increasing diameter and length of the filling materials compared to the case without filling material. It was observed that the filling material with the larger diameter increased the heat transfer rate in the back flow compared to the case without filling material. The in-furnace measured NO concentration was in good agreement with NO concentration in the well-mixed flue gas. The 20 cm long filling materials decreased the NO emission. Increased length of the filling material resulted in increased the NO emission.     

Heavy-fuel flame radiation in gas turbine combustors—exploratory results

With lower costs and greater availability, heavy fuel oil appears as an attractive alternative to the conventional gas oil used in industrial gas turbines. However, higher levels of radiation and smoke are expected, and this note reports on some preliminary tests made with a combustion chamber burning fuels of different carbon content, ranging from kerosine to a 25% blend of residual fuel oil in gas oil, at a chamber pressure of 10 atm^*. The combustion rig was equipped with a total-radiation pyrometer and black-body furnace capable of measurement at different axial stations along the spray-stabilized flame. The presence of the residual fuel oil in the gas oil was found to promote significant increases in the mean levels of radiation, emissivity and smoke density, with a modest increase in liner temperature.     

Ignition kernel development studies relevant to lean-burn natural-gas engines

In lean-burn premixed natural-gas engines, ignition and combustion can be accelerated by burning a small fraction of the mixture in a pre-chamber. High pressure generated in the pre-chamber results in the discharge of burned products into the main chamber. This creates multiple ignition kernels along the surface of the resulting jet. In this work, lean-burn characteristics of methane under the high pressure and high temperature conditions of a hot-jet ignited combustion chamber are investigated numerically by initializing a kernel of specified composition, temperature and size in a lean premixed gas, and following the development of the flame. In the case of hot-jet ignition the kernel temperature is limited by the temperature of the hot products. The influence of variations in ignition energy, affected by both temperature and size, and equivalence ratio, on the flame development is studied in an initially quiescent gas. It is shown that as long as the available ignition energy is greater than a minimum, the duration in which a steady flame speed is achieved is a strong function of kernel temperature; it is not a function of kernel size.