连续组合梁的结构性能分析与设计

本文介绍了对组合梁高阶有限元分析模型研究的最新进展。对用来模拟、分析、设计连续组合梁的通用有限元模型进行了深入的介绍、分析及实验论证。本文还检视了栓钉的变形特性对于连续组合梁的结构性能的影响,证明了栓钉的变形特性不仅对组合梁的整体刚度有着重要的影响,还会很大程度上影响组合梁的整体极限承载力。本文对组合梁的结构特性提出了新的认识,为组合梁的性能化设计提出了可行的分析及设计方法。因此,这些模型是用来详细研究组合梁的有效研究工具,它们还是进行组合梁性能化分析及设计的高效手段。合理地使用这些模型还能够对开发更加准确且合理的设计规范产生非常正面的影响。     

Comprehensive and Integrated Mine Ventilation Consultation Model – CIMVCM

Since the beginning of mining, the problems induced by ventilation in underground coal mining practices have prompted great needs of reliable consulting tools to assist mining engineers, government agencies or researchers’ investigating and analyzing the mine ventilation system, or making any ventilation managements. Due to the development of mining method and modern mining (e.g. longwall mining) employed in recent years, the mentioned needs become more and more critical for mine operators. In this paper, a PC based computer mine ventilation consultation software model developed by the authors is introduced. This model is called CIMVCM (Comprehensive and Integrated Mine Ventilation Consultation Model). The computer model is a comprehensive, reliable and user-friendly one. The nature of “comprehensive” means the model can be used to consult the system’s rational reliability allocation, can assist engineers to select the best ventilation plan from multiple candidate ones, can quantitatively rate a system’s potential risk and safety degree and also can check the system’s reliability based on field observations. All of those works are very important to mine operators understanding the system and then taking proper measures to control the potential risk. In addition to that, usages of developed computer program are also very easy. Users can operate the program without possessing an in-depth knowledge on computer and mathematical theory. Until today, CIMVCM has been successfully employed in numerous cases of designing and assessing various mine ventilation systems during the past decades. The reliability of mathematical models used in CIMVCM has also been proven by such applications.     

Dynamic knowledge nets in a changing building process

Hypotheses and explanation models are put forward about the future global structure, manipulation and transfer of knowledge. The so called Dynamic Knowledge Nets, DKN, are defined and used to explain changes for the next generation of computerized communication and knowledge handling systems. More and more powerful tools become available to model and visualize different parts of our reality. These tools will influence our possibilities to create useful models and will also have a great impact on how these models are integrated and accessed. Behind the interfaces dwell more and more capable integrated knowledge representations which are closely related to pertinent search strategies. It is now possible in a changing building process to create models which bring about a clearer and more obvious connection between the applications, our intentions and the computer stored models. The systems we are formulating today may thus provide us with dramatically better communication tools as communication rooms, personal “telescreens”, and virtual realities. We must formulate and try out new concepts. New tools for building, using and maintaining the next generation systems have been and are continuously created and tested at the KBS-MEDIA LAB (knowledge based systems-media) at Lund University. Examples are given outgoing from ongoing research mainly the Material and Vendor Information and Building Maintenance Systems as well as Decision Support at the Building Site. These systems can shortly be described as multi agent environments with multimedia context dependent user interfaces to underlying facts bases.     

隧道激发极化法超前探测快速反演研究

突（涌）水地质灾害是制约隧道等地下工程建设的瓶颈问题之一,掌子面前方存在多个含水构造的情况普遍存在,对隧道前方多个含水构造的超前探测是亟待解决的难题,基于激发极化法中极化率参数对水体响应敏感的特点,将其引入到隧道前方含水体超前探测研究工作中,从正演理论、反演解释、物理模拟和现场应用等方面入手对激发极化超前预报技术进行了较为深入的研究。首先,推导了隧道掌子面前方多个含水构造激发极化法超前探测的理论解公式,采用等效电阻率法计算视极化率观测数据,为激发极化法超前探测快速反演奠定了基础。其次,基于隧道前方多个含水构造的理论解,提出了利用两个阻尼系数控制步长和搜索方向的思路,解决了传统马奎特方法仅依靠一个阻尼系数很难有效同时控制两个变化因素的矛盾;提出了一种改进的马奎特快速反演方法,同时对视电阻率和激发极化数据进行反演,使之对初始模型参数依赖较小,收敛速度较快,精度较高,并对隧道前方存在多个含水构造模型进行了较为成功的反演。最后,物理模型试验和现场实际应用表明,激发极化法超前探测快速反演方法是行之有效的, 为解决隧道多个含水构造超前探测这一难题提供了可行的途径。     

Mining subsidence forecasting by structural and geomechanical analysis

Mining subsidence within Petrila coal field was surveyed since 1978 on several topographic profiles in accordance with the ongoing of the underground works. Availability of a good set of measured data on vertical and horizontal movements of the marks, correlated with detailed knowledge on lithologic and structural conditions provides for a complex modelling approach. Long time measurements are processed by a package of computer programs. Vertical movements, ground tilt and horizontal strain are computed for every year and marked on topographic profiles. Graphs of the running sums of the subsidence deformations and contour-maps are drown as main tools for quantitative prognosis. On this experimental basis, subsidence parameters are automatically forecasted for new developments of the underground coal mining during the next five and ten years. As overlays of the experimental data were tailored nummerical models to forecast the evolution of the mining subsidence. The prognosis is validated by analogy with the development of the actual observed subsidence parameters. Finaly, the forecasting package advances definit assessments on building stability risk level induced by the evolution of the ground surface subsidence.     

Predicting Best with Imperfect Data

Anyone who plans uses prediction of some kind. However, the most elaborate and inclusive predictive model is not necessarily the best for applied work. This may be the case if the cumulation of data errors exceeds the predictive gain from superior specification, a stage which some of our most ambitious models may have reached. Rules of thumb for choosing and building models by this criterion suggest that, when complication leads to negative returns, a strategy of netting out simple, complementary models may be better. In general, poorer data call for simpler models. In passing, a technique is suggested for estimating the value of improvements in data. Meanwhile, elaborate models which are poor predictors may serve as useful contexts for partial models, and may achieve their full worth if maintained and improved over time. Further, even a poor predictor may contribute significantly to scientific knowledge and to the understanding of processes, and thus be helpful for making decisions. Some features of current practice may keep us from receiving the full benefit of the most advanced work in the modeling field.     

A new discipline: Architectural-bioclimatology. Towards an interdisciplinary research program

Architecture, as a building art, is a new scientific study though the traditional rules are very old.The scientific discipline in architecture has as its aim knowledge of the processes of architectural creation and the elaboration of methods for the design and representative systems of the project.According to modern theories, architecture is an intricate praxis for which building is an aim. These buildings have to correspond to obvious needs and must also comply with the local economical conditions.Among the musts, we shall consider climatologic data only. Among the needs, we shall investigate natural comfort. Among the conditions, we must consider the whole cost, which includes building, maintenance and expenses.Architectural design aims to choose a type and to represent it in various ways: drawings, miniature models, etc… nd to test these models.The empirical methods, which are unreliable, provide an explanation for the numerous errors which are observed and which it is essential to correct.The attempts made by various scientists (physicists, physicians, climatologists, meteorologists) to contribute to better planning and building, have proved to be unfruitful. This is why it is imperative to create a new scientific program, which could be entitled “Architectural-bioclimatology”.     

A formalism for utilization of sensor systems and integrated project models for active construction quality control

Defects experienced during construction are costly and preventable. However, inspection programs employed today cannot adequately detect and manage defects that occur on construction sites, as they are based on measurements at specific locations and times, and are not integrated into complete electronic models. Emerging sensing technologies and project modeling capabilities motivate the development of a formalism that can be used for active quality control on construction sites. In this paper, we outline a process of acquiring and updating detailed design information, identifying inspection goals, inspection planning, as-built data acquisition and analysis, and defect detection and management. We discuss the validation of this formalism based on four case studies.     

建筑中的现代性:述评与重构

本文探讨近期理论动向为反思当代建筑与现代性之关系所带来的影响.文章指出,在最近的研究中,单极的、线性的、欧洲中心主义的现代性模型,正在为"多元"、"全球"和"他者"现代性所代替.这个转向鼓励研究者通过新的界定来考量现代性,并为观察建筑与现代性之间错综复杂的关系开启了新视野.文章回顾呈现于20世纪主流西方话语中建筑的现代...     

Estimation of non-linear continuous time models for the heat exchange dynamics of building integrated photovoltaic modules

This paper focuses on a method for linear or non-linear continuous time modelling of physical systems using discrete time data. This approach facilitates a more appropriate modelling of more realistic non-linear systems. Particularly concerning advanced building components, convective and radiative heat interchanges are non-linear effects and represent significant contributions in a variety of components such as photovoltaic integrated façades or roofs and those using these effects as passive cooling strategies, etc. Since models are approximations of the physical system and data is encumbered with measurement errors it is also argued that it is important to consider stochastic models.     

Comparison of mercury and zinc profiles in peat and lake sediment archives with historical changes in emissions from the Flin Flon metal smelter, Manitoba, Canada

The copper-zinc smelter at Flin Flon, Manitoba, was historically the largest single Hg point-source in Canada, as well as a major source of Zn. Although emissions were reported by industry to have declined significantly since the late 1980s, these reductions have never been independently verified. Here, the histories of Hg and Zn deposition over the past century or more were determined at five lake sediment and three peat study sites in the surrounding region. At sites spanning the range from heavy to minor pollution, lake sediment Hg and Zn concentration and flux profiles increased significantly in the early 1930s after the smelter opened. Two of the three peat archives were wholly or partially compromised by either physical disturbances or biogeochemical transitions which reduced their effectiveness as atmospheric metal deposition recorders. But the remaining peat records, including a detailed recent 20 yr record at a moderately polluted site, appeared to show that substantive reductions in metal levels had occurred after the late 1980s, coincident with the reported emission reductions. However, the lake sediment results, taken at face value, contradicted the peat results in that no major declines in metal concentrations or fluxes occurred over recent decades. Mercury and Zn fluxes have in fact increased substantially since 1988 in most lakes. We suggest that this discrepancy may be explained by catchment soil saturation by historically deposited metals which are now mobilizing and leaching into lakes, as has been reported from other smelter polluted systems in Canada, whereas the upper sections of the peat cores reflected recent declines in atmospheric deposition. However, further research including instrumented wet and dry deposition measurements and catchment/lake mass balance studies is recommended to test this hypothesis, and to provide definitive data on current atmospheric metal deposition rates in the area.     

The impact of cemented layers and hardpans on oxygen diffusivity in mining waste heaps A field study of the Halsbrücke lead-zinc mine tailings (Germany)

This article reports fibre-optic oxygen measurements on a reactive mine waste heap located in the polymetallic sulphide mine district of Freiberg in south-eastern Germany. The heaped material consists of sulphide-bearing tailings from a processing plant of a lead-zinc mine. Mine waste material was deposited in the water phase after separation of mining ores in a flotation process. The tailing impoundment is partly covered with coarse sand and topsoil. Oxygen profiles were monitored during one year at eleven locations showing different physical and mineralogical compositions. At each location a borehole was drilled where the optic sensors were installed at 2-5 different depths. After installation the oxygen profiles were monitored seven times during one year from 2006-2007 and three to five oxygen profiles at each location were obtained. Oxygen measurements were accompanied by physical, chemical and mineralogical data of the tailing material. Additionally, a detailed mineralogical profile was analysed at a location representative for the central part of the heap, where the cemented layers show lateral continuity. Results showed that cemented layers have a significant influence on natural attenuation of the toxic As and Pb species owing to their capacity of water retention. The measured oxygen profiles are controlled by the zone of active pyrite weathering as well as by the higher water content in the cemented layers which reduces gaseous atmospheric oxygen supply. In contrast, gypsum bearing hardpans detected at three other locations have no detectable influence on oxygen profiles. Furthermore, the grain size distribution was proved to have a major effect on oxygen diffusivity due to its control on the water saturation. Temporal changes of the oxygen profiles were only observed at locations with coarse sediment material indicating also an important advective part of gas flux.     

Sediment-adsorbed total mercury flux through Yolo Bypass,the primary floodway and wetland in the Sacramento Valley,California

The fate and transport of mercury are of critical concern in lowland floodplains and wetlands worldwide, especially those with a history of upstream mining that increases the mobility of both dissolved and sediment-bound Hg in watersheds. A mass budget of total mercury (THg) quantifies sources and storage for particular areas — knowledge that is required for understanding of management options in lowland floodplains. In order to assess contaminant risk in the largest flood-control bypass, prime wetland, and restoration target in the Sacramento River basin, we estimated empirical relationships between THg, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and streamflow (Q) for each of the major inputs and outputs using data from various publicly available sources. These relationships were improved by incorporating statistical representations of the dynamics of seasonal and intra-flood exhaustion (hysteresis) of sediment and mercury. Using continuous records of Q to estimate SSC suspended sediment flux and SSC to estimate THg flux, we computed the net transfer of sediment-adsorbed mercury through the Yolo Bypass over a decade, 1993–2003. Flood control weirs spilling Sacramento River floodwaters into the bypass deliver ~ 75% of the water and ~ 50% of the river's suspended sediment load, while one Coast Range tributary of the bypass, Cache Creek, contributes twice the THg load of the mainstem Sacramento. Although estimated sediment flux entering Yolo Bypass is balanced by efflux to the Sacramento/San Francisco Bay-Delta, there is much evidence of deposition and remobilization of sediment in Yolo Bypass during flooding. These factors point to the importance of the bypass as sedimentary reservoir and as an evolving substrate for biogeochemical processing of heavy metals. The estimates of mercury flux suggest net deposition of ~ 500 kg in the 24,000 ha floodway over a decade, dominated by two large floods, representing a storage reservoir for this important contaminant.     

Development and validation of online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with VAV system

The energy consumption by building heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems has evoked increasing attention to promote energy efficient control and operation of HVAC systems. Application of advanced control and operation strategies requires robust online system models. In this study, online models with parameter estimation for a building zone with a variable air volume system, which is one of the most common HVAC systems, are developed and validated using experimental data. Building zone temperature and zone entering air flow are modeled based on physical rules and only the measurements that are commonly available in a commercial building are used. Various validation experiments were performed using a real-building test facility to examine the prediction accuracies for system outputs. Using the online system models with parameter estimation, the prediction errors for all validation experiments are less than 0.28 °C for temperature outputs, and less than 84.9 m³/h for air flow outputs. The online models can be further used for local and supervisory control, as well as fault detection applications.     

黄土力学数据挖掘系统研究

岩土工程智能化系统研究是岩土工程领域前缘问题。本文基于信息技术中最先进的数据挖掘技术,研制了黄土力学数据挖掘系统,包括有预处理模块、挖掘操作模块、知识库管理模块,自重湿陷与湿陷性判定决策树模型、判定规则和评价模型的精度以及其他应用软件接口等。可实现数据的归约、聚类分析、分类、预测等。通过工程实例分析,证明了该系统的有效性和实用性。采用59项工程的2766组黄土试验数据对决策树的每条规则进行测试,结果表明自重湿陷性判定规则的准确率为87.3%,湿陷性判定规则的准确率为92.5%。利用挖掘所得到的判定规则和决策树模型,可减少试验工作、降低成本;提出的模型还可用于确定湿陷底界与自重湿陷的底界,从而为地基处理深度的确定提供依据。     

Average permeability measurements for an individual dwelling in Romania

The air permeability represents that feature of the building playing a major role in both the building energy performance and the indoor environment quality, therefore its prediction is very important. The statistical prediction models which are used today on a very large scale present large errors. The experimental measurements correct this deficit, but they are impossible to be carried out for large apartment building due to technical concerns. In this study we propose an intermediate approach “the prediction of average permeability as a weighted mean of the different measured permeabilities characteristic to the different types of joinery”. The article presents the mathematical models and the adapted experimental protocol for four different parameters that describes the permeability. The experimental work was carried out for an apartment placed at the ground level of a two storey house in Romania. The proposed approach presents smaller errors: 5% for the overall leakage airflow and 15% for the average permeability. The study presents interesting data being among the first permeability measurements in Romania. The originality of the study is also given by the proposed model which is oriented towards large dimensions blocks of apartments.     

地铁隧道穿越大型老旧管线的处理措施

地铁施工建设带来了城市交通的发展,中心城区的老旧管线对于地铁隧道施工产生不利影响。矿山法是地铁隧道施工中比较广泛采用的施工工艺,施工过程中,在严格按照矿山法施工工艺要求的同时,注意对老旧管线进行保护,并对施工现场进行严格的监控量测,根据监控量测数据,对比设计的允许沉降值,及时调整施工工艺及方法,不断加强施工过程的控制,做到安全文明施工。     

Our model of models in the Anthropocene

This contribution will consider our contemporary models of architectural reasoning and imagination in the context of the Anthropocene. In this context, architects habitually defer to a technocratic, scientistic posture to validate a range of design strategies and agendas, often through simulation techniques. But as the contemporary philosophy of science establishes, the ontology of projective simulations for buildings, cities and climates exists to simulate dynamics in contexts for which data are necessarily scarce (otherwise an experiment would provide more reliable knowledge). This scarcity of data, in turn, makes the process of validation a compromised, at best, proposition.

Whilst the scientism of contemporary architecture is ostensibly secular in its disposition, its models of faith-based simulation suggest otherwise. However, in contexts for which data are scarce, as the philosopher Eric Winsberg observes, fables offer an alternative, dissimulating mode of knowledge production and transmission that imparts reliability precisely by announcing their often preposterous fictions, rather than concealing the murkiness of their ontology in scientistic representations. All of this raises numerous questions about our modes of architectural reasoning and imagination today. As architecture aims to address projective scenarios for which real data are scarce, our model of models must evolve.     

木之建构——关于国际当代木构建筑的发展

当今国际木构建筑的新发展要求我们对世界木建构文化重新认识。事实上，木材作为建材的许多优点我们并没有认识清楚，国际上，尤其是欧洲当代木构建筑的新发展正是以这种思想为基础的，欧洲的木构建筑传统实际上也是很深厚的，并且分布很广，经过社会和理论上的准备，一些具有先进意识的建筑大师们或功地探索了当代木构建筑的发展，主要集中在欧洲的阿尔卑斯山地区和北欧地区。我们在接受潮流影响的同时，有必要理解木建构文化在人类不同文明历史发展阶段的意义。尤其是在现阶段作为后工业文明阶段的木建构文化的特性，以及该建筑潮流的建造规律和造型表现力。     

A comparison of luminous efficacy models based on data from Vienna, Austria

To support building design in view of daylight quality, computational (simulation) tools can provide effective support. To perform detailed daylight analysis via simulation, appropriate sky models are needed. In the past, various sky luminance distribution models have been developed. Such models, however, require illuminance data for the relevant location. As measured external illuminance levels are not available for many locations, the more widely available irradiance measurements can be translated, using proper luminance efficacy functions, into illuminance values. The present paper compares five global luminous efficacy models based on a database of measured illuminance and irradiance data from Vienna, Austria. These models typically involve mathematical formulations with multiple coefficients, whose values are derived for a specific location. The results suggest that these models performed rather poorly, once tested against Vienna data. However, the models’ performance improved significantly, once the respective coefficients were modified (calibrated) using the Viennese database.